Grammar presentation: Expressing different degrees of probability(5 /11)En presenteLa probabilidad se expresa conwill, must, should, may, could, might, can'tywon't.Se utiliza uno u otro modal en funcin del grado de certeza del hecho en concreto.A continuacin se ilustra el nivel de probabilidad de cada verbo modal.The trainwillarrive on time.(El tren llegar puntual.)The trainmustarrive on time.(El trendebe llegar puntual.)The trainshouldarrive on time.(El tren debera llegar puntual.)The trainmayarrive on time.(Puede que el tren llegue puntual.)The traincouldarrive on time.(El tren podra llegar puntual.)The trainmightarrive on time.(Es posible que el tren llegue puntual.)The traincan'tarrive on time. (El tren no puede llegar puntual.)The trainwon'tarrive on time.(El tren no llegar puntual.)Cada verbo modal expresa una cierta probabilidad.Conwilles seguro en un 100% y conwon'thay un 0% de probabilidad de que el hecho se produzca. My auntmayretire to Spain.(Puede quemi ta se vaya a vivir a Espaa cuando se jubile.) The renovation workshouldbe finished by July.(Las obras de remodelacindeberanestar acabadas antes de julio.) Theywon'tagree to our request.(No aceptarnnuestra peticin.) Sammymightbe late today due to the strike.(Puede queSammy llegue tarde hoy debido a la huelga.) The new premiseswillopen in January 2010.(Los nuevos localesse abrirnen enero de 2010.) Williamcouldbe made redundant in the downsizing of the company.(Williampodraser despedido por los recortes de la plantilla en la empresa.)Can'tymustson mucho ms subjetivos que todos los otros modales en el contexto de probabilidad.En pasadoDe la misma manera, estos verbos se utilizan cuando se analiza el pasado y cuando se dan razones o explicaciones sobre una accin o situacin del pasado.Los verbos expresan el mismo nivel de probabilidad, pero en un tiempo pasado.Se utiliza el "verbo modal +have+ participio". Ruppert wasn't at the meeting. Hemay haveoverslept.(...Puede quese haya quedado dormido.) Maisiecould havephoned while I was out.(Puede queMaisie haya llamado mientras yo no estaba.) Christinemight havelost my phone number. I'd better try phoning her.(Puede queChristine haya perdido mi nmero de telfono. Debera llamarla...) Christinemusthaveswitched off her cell phone andcan't have gotmy message.(Christinedebe dehaber apagado su mvil ynopuederecibir mi mensaje.) He'll havereceived the package by now.(Yadebe dehaber recibido el paquete.) Hewon'thaveseen the contract yet.(Todavano debe dehaber visto el contrato.)

Grammar presentation: Asking polite questions(5 /11)Canycouldson los verbos modales ms frecuentes para pedir algo de manera educada. Canyou fax that for me please?(Por favor, mepuedesmandar esto por fax?) Couldyou lend me some money?(Podrasprestarme dinero?)Couldes la forma educada.Canes una forma ms directa.Otras expresiones para pedir algo Would you mindclosing the door?(Le importaracerrar la puerta?) Do you thinkyou could possibly...?(Piensas quepodras...?)

starter:(noun) a small dish eaten before a mealWe always get chicken wings for a starter.main course:(noun) the principal dish of a mealJohns favorite main course is chicken and potatoes.dessert:(noun) something sweet eaten at the end of a mealMy favorite dessert is cake and ice cream.beverage:(noun) a drinkThe only beverages Loretta likes are milk and juice.tip:(noun) a small amount of extra money you give to people like waiters or taxi driversIn the U.S., people usually leave a tip in restaurants.

(abbreviation) written for please, which is used to make polite requestsPls email me when you arrive.thx:(abbreviation) written for thanks, which is an informal way to say thank youThx for your help with the presentation.pix:(noun) written abbreviation for pictures, which are photographs or other imagesCan you send me the pix from our office party?docs:(noun) written abbreviation for documents, which are written or printed materials that provide informationI am sending you all of the docs from the MacroSquee file.FYI:(expression) abbreviation for for your information, which is a way of introducing information you feel is usefulFYI, the bank is closed on Tuesdays.ASAP:(expression) abbreviation for as soon as possible, which means in as little time as there can beWe need you to finish this project ASAP.CC:(verb) abbreviation for carbon copy, which means to send a copy to someoneI always CC my boss when I send out an important email.IntroduccinEn ingls, existen dos presentes:Simple Present:Iread. (Leo).Que describe acciones habituales, de rutina o generales.Present Continuous: Iamreading. (Leo/estoy leyendo).Que describe acciones temporales y que no estn relacionadas con ningn hbito.El 'Simple Present'FormaTiene la misma forma que el infinitivo salvo en la tercera persona de singular, que aade unasoessi el verbo termina ensh, ss, ch. Iread. Youread. She / Hereads. Weread. Youread. Theyread.Para construir la forma negativa utilizamos "do/does+not+ infinitivo sinto". Ido not work. / Idon't work. (No trabajo). Jackdoes not work. / Jackdoesn't work. (Jackno trabaja).La forma interrogativa se construye con "do/does+ sujeto + infinitivo sinto". Doyouwork? (Trabajas?) Doesheplay? (Juega?) DotheyspeakEnglish? (Hablaningls?)UsosPara hablar de acciones habituales, genricas o que tienen lugar con cierta frecuencia. Heplaystennis on Saturdays.(ljuegaal tenis los sbados). Shesingsat the Opera.(Ellacantaen la pera). Every month, heconsolidatesthe reports from all our subsidiaries.(Cada mes lconfirmalos informes de todas nuestras filiales).Generalmente, los adverbios de frecuencia se utilizan con el 'simple present' (always, often, etc.).Para expresar trminos relacionados con horarios, citas, etc. WeleaveParis on Monday at 9 a.m. andarrivein Rome at 11 a.m.(Salimosde Pars el lunes a las 9h. yllegamosa Roma a las 11h.). The planeleavesat 2:00 p.m.(El avinsalea las 14h.). The trainarrivesat 12:00 a.m.(El trenllegaa medioda). The new termstartson 1st October.(El nuevo trimestreempiezael 1 de octubre).En frases en las que existe una condicin conif(condicional 1) o una relacin causa-efecto. If youworkhard, you will succeed.(Sitrabajasduro, lo conseguirs).Despus dewhenyas soon as(en espaol presente de subjuntivo). I will buy a Porsche when Iamrich.(Me comprar un Porsche cuandosearico). He'll have a coffee as soon as hearrives.(Se tomar un caf en cuantollegue).Para hablar de hechos indiscutibles. The earthgoesround the sun.(La tierragiraalrededor del sol).El 'Present Continuous'FormaElpresent continuousse forma con el presente del auxiliar"to be+ infinitivo sinto+-ing". AmIdoingthis right? (Loestoyhaciendobien?). Heis playing.(lest jugando). Theyare reading.(Ellosleen/ Ellosestn leyendo).Con los infinitivos que terminan ene,la vocal se suprime para aadir-ing. I'm writinga report. (Estoy escribiendoun informe). Theyare takinga taxi to the airport. (Ellosvana coger un taxi para ir al aeropuerto).La forma negativa se contruye con "be + not +verbo+ -ing" I'm not working. (No trabajo/No estoy trabajando). He's not playing/ Heisn't playing. (lnoest jugando).La forma interrogativa se construye invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y del auxiliar. AmIworking?(Trabajo? / Estoy trabajando?). Isheplaying?(Juega? / Est jugando?).UsosSe utiliza para referirse a:Una accin que se desarrolla en el momento en el que hablamos. Whatareyoudoing(now)? (Quests haciendo?) I'mplaying. (Estoy jugando).Una accin que est ocurriendo en el presente pero no necesariamente en el momento en el que hablamos. He's workingfor Microsoft andtakingSpanish classes in the evening.(ltrabajapara Microsoft yvaa clases de espaol por las noches).Una accin futura que ya se ha planeado. I'm meetingJane tonight for a coffee.(Esta nochehe quedadocon Jane para tomar un caf). He's goingto Spain tomorrow on business.(lvaa Espaa maana por motivos de negocios).Los siguientes verbos se utilizan en raras ocasiones en la forma continua porque no son verbos de accin:Like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know, realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, contain, consist, depend, seem.

ntroduccinEn ingls hay diversas formas de expresar el futuro."to be+going to+ infinitivo"Para expresar acciones futuras y planeadas. He'sgoing tostart a new job next month.(Va a empezarun nuevo trabajo el mes que viene.) Weare goingto open a new branch in Australia next year.(Vamos aabrir una nueva sucursal en Australia el ao que viene.)Para expresar certeza o intencin respecto a un futuro prximo. It'sgoingto be a difficult meeting.(Va a seruna reunin difcil.) I'm goingto miss the train. (Voy a perderel tren.)el 'present continuous'El 'present continuous' se utiliza para expresar acciones futuras que ya se han planeado y preparado. I'm movingto New York next year.(Mevoya vivir a Nueva York el ao que viene.) I'm flyingto Rome tomorrow.(Mevoya Roma en avin maana.)Con los verbos que no se pueden usar en tiempos continuos comoknow / like / understand,etc. se empleawill/shallpara expresar acciones futuras. Iwill knowthe results tomorrow.I'm knowing the results tomorrow.(Sabrlos resultados maana.)el 'simple present'El 'simple present' en ingls se puede utilizar tambin para hablar de planes o hechos previstos en un futuro prximo. What timedoesthe meetingfinish?(A qu horaacabala reunin?) Th Chicago-Madrid flightarrivesat 10 o'clock in the morning. (El vuelo Chicago-Madridllegaa las 10 de la maana.)WillLas construcciones conwillno se emplean con mucha frecuencia.Se emplean sobre todo para expresar acciones espontneas que hemos decidido en el momento en el que hablamos (acciones no premeditadas), para hacer predicciones o hablar de acciones futuras en el lenguaje formal.a. Para expresar decisiones espontneasSe utiliza muy a menudo en lenguaje oral (para hacer propuestas y promesas). Can you send me the document as soon as possible?(Mepuedesmandar el documento lo antes posible?) Yes, Iwillsend it now by fax.(S, te lo[mandar] mandoahora mismo por fax.) Iwillget you some coffee.(Tevoy atraer un caf.) I'llconnect you. (Lepasocon l / ella.) I'llhave a steak please but Iwon'thave a dessert. (Pedirun bistec, perono tomarpostre.)b. Para hacer predicciones House priceswillgo upin the future.(El precio de la viviendaaumentaren el futuro.) Itwill be wortha fortune in a year or two.(Valdruna fortuna en uno o dos aos.) I'llprobably arrive late.(Puede quellegue tarde.)c. Para hablar de acciones futuras en el lenguaje formalWillse utiliza ms a menudo en el registro formal (o escrito) y muy poco en el ingls hablado. The Presidentwillbein Italy this weekend.(El presidenteestaren Italia este fin de semana.) Wewill releasethe information next week.(Daremos a conocerla informacin la semana que viene.)Shall I / we?Shall I? / Shall we?son expresiones que ya no se utilizan con valor de futuro pero s con expresiones interrogativas para proponer o sugerir algo.En espaol equivalen a una pregunta con el verbo principal en presente. ShallI open the window?(Abro la ventana?). ShallI get you a coffee?(Te voy a buscar un caf?). Shallwe start the meeting?(Empezamos la reunin?).

move:(verb) to leave your home to live in a new oneWe moved to the countryside because there are too many people in the city.meet:(verb) to go somewhere at the same time as someone you know to do something with them.Jen and Fred are meeting at the movies at 8:00 p.m.process:(verb) to deal with a request in the usual wayYour application will be processed within three to five business days.receive:(verb) to be given somethingYou will receive the plans shortly. Let me know when you do. house:(noun) a place where someone lives, often used by a familyMy grandfathers house is going to be sold at the end of the year.plan:(noun) a drawing of a building showing how it will appear when it is completedOur friend is going to draw up a plan for our new house.deadline:(noun) a time by which a projectmust be finishedWere going to submit the proposal before the deadline in May.developer:(noun) a company or person that makes money by buying land to build homes, hotels, shopping centers, etc.The developers are going to tell us when the shopping mall is finished.

I failed togetmy ideaacrossto him.(No conseguhacerle entendermi idea.) How are yougetting alongwith the project?(Cmoos va conel proyecto?) Iget alongvery well with my manager.(Me llevomuy bien con mi jefe.) Ihaven't got around tosending him a letter.(Nohe encontrado tiempo paramandarle una carta.) What exactly are yougetting at? (in a meeting) (Adnde quieresllegarcon eso?/ Qu quieresdecir?) We like toget awayat weekends, far from the stress and pollution of the city.(Nos encantairnoslos fines de semana, lejos del estrs y de la contaminacin de la ciudad.) My English is far from perfect but Iget by.(Mi ingls no es perfecto perome las arreglo muy bien.) Now that everyone's here, let'sget down tobusiness.(Ahora que estamos todos,pongmonosa trabajar.) What time does your trainget in? (A qu horallegatu tren?) Igot offthe train.(Me baj deltren.) Shegot onthe bus as it was moving away from the stop.(Ellasubial autobs cuando ya se iba.) Get outof here!(Fuerade aqu!) Hegot overhis accident and went back to work.(Se recuper delaccidente y volvi al trabajo.) I've been trying toget throughto him all day, but the line is always engaged.(He intentadoponerme en contactocon l todo el da pero estaba siempre ocupado). Iget upat 7 o'clock in the morning. (Me levantoa las 7 de la maana.)get (an idea or concept):(expression) to understand somethingI dont get why we have to arrive at 7:00 a.m. Isnt that too early?get (something) right:(expression) to be correct about somethingI got all the answers right.get tired:(expression) to feel like you want to rest or sleepIm getting tired. Lets go home soon.get along:(phrasal verb) when two or more people are nice and friendly with each otherThey get along very well.get to know (something or someone):(expression) to become friends with someone or have a deeper understanding of somethingId like to get to know this system better.get going:(expression) to start or to leaveWe need to get going now if we want to get there on time.get (somebody) to do (something):(expression) to make somebody to do somethingCan I get you to come in early tomorrow? No one else is available.get to do (something):(expression) to have to opportunity to do somethingLast year I got to go to the European soccer final.

people:(noun) more than one personThose people are talking about the weather.guest:(noun) a person who comes to visit your homeI cant go shopping with you, I have guests over.ticket:(noun) a piece of paper showing that you paid for something like transportation, an event, a plane, etc.John got tickets for the concert. Hes lucky!car:(noun) a vehicle with an engine used to travel by roadAmy goes to work by car.

work:(noun) tasks and activities you must do for your jobI had so much work to do yesterday. I didnt go home until 8:00 p.m.!time:(noun) something measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc.John didnt have time to go to the movies last week.money:(noun) coins and bills used to buy products and servicesDo you have some money for the store?food:(noun) the things that we eatI dont have any food at home, I need to go shopping.IntroduccinA lot of - many - (a) fewse emplean cuando el sustantivo al que acompaan es contable. A lot ofemployees finish work early on Fridays. (Muchostrabajadores salen antes de trabajar los viernes). There are stilla fewpoints to discuss. (Todava nos quedanalgunospuntos que tratar). Were theremanypeople at the congress? (Habamuchagente en el congreso?).Usosa.A lot of(mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas)A lot ofse emplea con la forma afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa. A lot ofpeople speak English in Sweden.(Muchagente habla ingls en Suecia). Nota lot ofour clients buy our top-of-the-range products(Nomuchosde nuestros clientes compran los mejores productos de nuestra gama). Do you geta lot oftourists in Brittany?(Haymuchosturistas que vienen a Bretaa?)Lots ofpuede sustituira lot ofen lenguaje informal en la forma afirmativa e interrogativa: Did you getlots ofpresents? (Recibistemuchosregalos?)b.Many(mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas)Manypuede sustituir aa lot ofen formas negativas e interrogativas; en forma afirmativa, se limita a contextos ms formales. Did you buymanyclothes?(Comprastemucharopa?) No, I didn't buymany.(No, nomucha). There aremanyadvantages in using our new system. (El uso de nuestro nuevo sistema tienemuchasventajas).Too manyindica exceso con cantidades contables. There aretoo manycars on the roads.(Haydemasiadoscoches en las carreteras).c.A few(algunos, algunas, (unos) pocos, (unas) pocas, unos cuantos, unas cuantas)A fewse emplea para hablar de una pequea cantidad. There werea fewwomen in the pilot training course. (Habapocas/algunasmujeres en la formacin de piloto).A fewse puede matizar conquiteyonly: There werequite a fewwomen in the pilot training course.(Hababastantesmujeres en la formacin de piloto). There wereonly a fewwomen in the pilot training course. (Habapocasmujeres en la formacin de piloto).d.Few(poco)Fewse utiliza mucho para sugerir una cantidad poco importante. En este caso, implica un juicio de valor. There arefewapples left. (Quedanpocasmanzanas.)No confundirfew(poco) cona few(algunos, unos pocos).Hoy en da,fewse limita a contextos formales. A menudo va precedido de:very,too,relatively,comparatively, etc. Veryfewpeople attended the lecture. (Muypocagente asisti a clase). Relativelyfewcountries respect international agreements. (Relativamentepocospases respetan los acuerdos internacionales).IntroduccinA lot of - much - (a) littlese emplean con sustantivos incontables y por lo tanto van siempre con el verbo en singular. There isa lotof pollution in my town during the summer. (En mi ciudad haymuchacontaminacin en verano.) There is stilla littlemoney for research. (Todava quedaun poco dedinero para la investigacin.) He doesn't havemuchexperience. (No tienemuchaexperiencia.)Usosa.A lot of(mucho, mucha)A lot ofse emplea con las tres formas. A lot ofshopping is done over the Internet.(Se compramuchopor Internet.) There isn'ta lot ofinformation about genetic diseases.(No haymuchainformacin sobre las enfermedades genticas.) Do you geta lot ofoverseas business?(Tenismuchosnegocios en el extranjero?)b.Much(mucho, mucha)Muchse utiliza en frases negativas e interrogativas. In general, notmuchwork is done on Sundays.(En general no trabajamosmucholos domingos.) Howmuchtime do you have for lunch? (Cuntotiempo tienes para comer?)ParaHow Much, verLos pronombres interrogativos.Too muchindica exceso con sustantivos incontables. I havetoo muchwork.(Tengodemasiadotrabajo.)c.A little(un poco,un poco de)A littlese utiliza sobre todo en contextos formales. I'll havea littletime at the end of the day. (Tendrun poco detiempo al final del da.)En casi todos los registros, se suele utilizar msa bit of(GB) oa little bit of(EU) en lugar dea little: I think we've madea bitof progress. (Creo que hemos avanzadoun poco.)d.Little(poco)No confundirlittle(=poco/a) ya little(=un poco [de]).Hoy en da,littlese limita a contextos formales.A menudo va precedido de:very - too - so - relatively - comparatively, etc. Relativelylittleoil is imported. (Se importa [relativamente]pocopetrleo.) Toolittleattention is paid to emerging countries. (Se prestamuy pocaatencin a los pases en vas de desarrollo.)

abroad(adj):

how about:(expression) used to introduce an ideaHow about we work on this together?what about:(expression) used to introduce the idea of doing an actionWhat about meeting at 11:00 a.m?why don't you:(expression) used to give one person or a group of people advice or a suggestionWhy dont you walk to work? Its much healthier than driving.let's:(expression) used to suggest that the speaker and one or more people do something togetherLets go to the cinema tomorrow.IntroduccinLa obligacin se expresa conmustyhave to.Formaa.MustMustes una forma invariable que tiene valor de presente y de futuro. Forma afirmativa: I must, he must, etc. Forma negativa: I mustn't, he mustn't, etc. Forma interrogativa: Must I? Must he?, etc.b.Have toHave tose conjuga como el verboto haveen todos los tiempos. Forma afirmativa: I have to, he has to, etc. Forma negativa: I don't have to, he doesn't have to, etc. Forma interrogativa: Do I have to ?, Does he have to ?, etc.Usosa. La obligacinEn la forma afirmativa e interrogativa hay poca diferencia entremustyhave to.Mustindica a menudo una obligacin que procede del hablante, mientras quehave tosuele ser ms objetiva y general. What time will wehave tobe there? (A qu horatendremos queestar all?) What timemustwe be there?(A qu horadebemos / tenemos queestar all?) Youhave tofill in your tax return form by 25th March.(Tienes querellenar tudeclaracin de impuestos antes del 25 de marzo.)Have got toslo puede sustituir ahave toen el 'simple past'. Para enfatizar se utilizagot. You'vegottobe there half an hour before boarding.(Tienes queestar all media hora antes del embarque.)b. La ausencia de obligacinLa ausencia de obligacin se expresa connot have to. Youdon't have toread this document. It's not very important.(No tienes queleer este documento. No es muy importante.) Youdon't havetowear a suit and tie.(No tienesquellevar traje y corbata.) Shedoesn't havetoenroll until next autumn.(Notiene quematricularse hasta el prximo otoo.) Wewon't have topay much tax.(Notendremosquepagar muchos impuestos.)En registro muy formal y britnico, se puede usar"needn't+ infinitivo sinto"para expresar la falta de obligacin. Sheneedn'tenroll until next autumn.(Noes necesario quese matricule hasta el prximo otoo.)Needn'tes una forma invariable que puede indicar presente o futuro.c. La prohibicinSe indica prohibicin conmust notycannot. Youmustn'tread this document. It's top secret.(No debesleer este documento. Es altamente confidencial.) Youmustn'tsmoke in the warehouse.(No debesfumar en el almacn.) Wecan'ttake that street: it's one way. (No podemoscoger esta calle: es de sentido nico.) Youcan'texceed 50 kilometres per hour in a built-up area.(Nopuedessobrepasar los 50 kilmetros por hora en zona urbana.)FormaEl verbo modalshouldes invariable.Forma afirmativaForma negativaForma interrogativa

I should,he shouldetc.I should not / I shouldn't,He should not / He shouldn'tetc.Should I?Should he?etc.

Shouldse utiliza con el infinitivo sinto.Ought to + infinitivose puede intercambiar conshouldy se utiliza sobre todo en oraciones afirmativas.UsosShouldse utiliza para dar consejos. Youshouldsee a doctor if the pain persists. (Deberasir al mdico si el dolor persiste.) = You ought to see a doctor. Youshouldn'teat a big meal before going swimming. (No deberascomer mucho antes de ir a nadar.)Shouldse utiliza muy a menudo conI think. I think we shouldstay at home. (Creo que deberamosquedarnos en casa.)En pasado se utiliza"should have+ participio" para hablar de lo que deberamos haber hecho. Weshould have checkedwith the post office before complaining to them that the package hadn't arrived.(Deberamos haberlo consultadoen la oficina de correos antes de quejarnos porque el paquete no haba llegado.) Youshouldn't have spentso much money on my present.(No deberais haberte gastadotanto dinero en mi regalo.)Tambin se utilizahad better / 'd betterpara dar consejos. You'dbettertell your father.(Sermejor / ms valeque se lo digas a tu padre.) You'dbetternot forget your notes for the lecture.(Sermejor / ms valeque no olvides tus notas para la conferencia.)Otras expresiones para dar consejos o recomendar algo If I were you, I would...(Yo en tu lugar...) Why don't you...? (Por qu no...?) You mustsee his latest show.(Tienes quever su ltimo espectculo.)[Aqu, no se trata de obligacin sino de una fuerte recomendacin.] You've got tovisit Venice. (Tienes queir a Venecia.)

Out of one's own country. ormGeneral adjectivesAdjectives are always before a noun. The adjective does not change if the noun is singular or plural. theblackcat thesmallpackages (thesmallpackage) ahappychild-ed or -ing adjectivesAdjectives can also sometimes be formed from verbs by using theverb + -ingorverb + -ed to interestaninterestingstorytheinterestedclients to amazetheamazingstorytheamazedpeople to soothethesoothingmusicthesoothedbaby to tirethetiringactivitiesthetiredpeopleUseOrderGeneral order for more than one adjective:OpinionSizeAgeShapeColourMaterialOriginPurpose

I have anice,little,old,square,blue,cotton,German,winterhat.Normally, we use only one or two adjectives when we describe a noun. awarm,orangescarf (opinion and colour) asmall,silverring (size and material) anold,Britishflag (age and origin) asquare,red,non-fictionbook (shape, colour, purpose)Adjectives can also go at the end of a sentence: The water iscold. The flower ispretty. The girl isyoung. The sky isblue.-ed or -ingAn-ing adjectivehas an active meaning: Thenounit describes does the action. The movieboredthe students. = It was aboringmovie.(Themoviewas boring.) The neighbors' dogbarksall the time. = I don't like theirbarkingdog.(Thedogbarks.)An-ed adjectivehas a passive meaning. Thenounit describes receives the action. The accidentinjuredJohn's leg. = John has aninjuredleg.(Hislegreceived the injury.) The stormdelayedour flight. = We waited for thedelayedflight. (Theflightwas delayed.)IntroductionThe verb'can'describes someones capabilities or the things they are able to do.Paulcanplay the piano.Joancan'tcome to the meeting. She is busy.Can Icomelate to work? I have a doctor's appointment.FormationCanAffirmativeNegativeQuestions

Icanyoucanhe/she/itcanwecanyoucantheycanIcannot/can'tyoucannot/can'the/she/itcannot/can'twecannot/can'tyoucannot/can'ttheycannot/can'tcanI...?canyou...?canhe/she/it...?canwe...?canyou...?canthey...?

can + base form of the verb IcanspeakFrench. Youcan goon vacation in August. Hecan ridein the front seat. We can cook dinner together. Canyougoto the store this afternoon? Theycan't findthe file.CouldThe past tense form of can iscouldorcould not/couldn't: When I was young, Icouldswim very fast. Las night, Icouldn'tfind my cell phone.UseAbilityUse to explain something that a person or thing is able to do: Icanswim. Shecanspeak Portuguese. Wecanplay the guitar. Canshe use a computer? Canshe cook? Canhe play soccer? Ican't fix the computer. Hecan't understand you. Theycan't ski.PossibilityUse to explain that something is possible to do: Wecantake a vacation in May. Itcanbe cold in the winter. Canwe take a bus to the station? Canyou open that window?PermissionUse to ask for permission: Canwe come to your party? CanI have a slice of cake? CanI go home?Use to give permission: Youcanleave early. Theycango home. Hecanhave the day off.Polite requestsUse could to ask for something politely: Couldyou please pass me the salt? CouldI borrow your umbrella? CouldI speak to Tony, please?

abuse(noun):Improper use or handling; misuse.accept(verb):To answer affirmatively.acceptable(adj):Adequate to satisfy a need, requirement, or standard; satisfactory.a-c-h-e(noun):a dull, continuous painachievement(noun):Something accomplished successfully, especially by means of exertion, skill, practice, or perseverance.acquaintance(noun.):Knowledge of a person acquired by a relationship less intimate than friendship.acquaintance(noun):a person one knows but who is not a particularly close friendaction(noun):Something done or accomplished; a deed.active(adj):Being in physical motion.activity(noun):A specified pursuit in which a person partakes.ad(noun):An advertisement.address(verb):to speak toadjective(noun):The part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, such as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by posi.administrative(adj):Of or relating to or responsible for administration.admire(verb):To regard with pleasure, wonder, and approval.advance(verb):To cause to move forward.advantage(noun):A relatively favorable position; superiority of means.adverb(noun):The part of speech that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.advertise(verb):to make public announcement of, especially to proclaim the qualities or advantages (of a product or business) so as to increase salesadvertisement(noun):A notice, such as a poster or a paid announcement in the print, broadcast, or electronic media, designed to attract public attention or patronage.advice(noun):Opinion about what could or should be done about a situation or problem; counsel.advise(verb):To offer advice to; counsel.advised(adj):Offered advice to; counselled.afraid(adj):filled with fearago(adv):Gone by; past.agreement(noun):Harmony of opinion; accord.air(noun):A colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture, mainly nitrogen (approximately 78 percent) and oxygen (approximately 21 percent) with lesser amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, and other gases.airmail(noun):The system of conveying mail by aircraft.alliance(noun):A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance common interests or causes.allocate(verb):to use something for a particular purpose, give something to a particular personallow(verb):To let do or happen; permit.allowed(adj):permitted to happenalmost(adv):Slightly short of; not quite; nearly.alone(adj):Being apart from others; solitary.alternatively(adv):expression used to introduce a suggestion that is a second possibilityamount(verb):To add up in number or quantity.anger(noun):A strong feeling of displeasure or hostility.anybody(pron):any person; anyoneanyone(pron):Any person.anyway(adv):In any case; at least. In whatever way or manner.aperture(noun):An opening, such as a hole, gap, or slit.appear(verb):To become visible.applicant(noun):a person who applies for something, a job for exampleappointment(noun):doing something or meeting someone at a particular time and placearbitration(noun):The process by which the parties to a dispute submit their differences to the judgment of an impartial person or group appointed by mutual consent or statutory provision.argument(noun):A discussion in which disagreement is expressed; a debate.asleep(adj):in a state of sleep; sleepingassertiveness(noun):Aggressive self-assurance.assess(verb):To set or determine the amount of (a payment, such as a tax or fine).assignment(noun):Something, such as a task, that is assignedassurance(noun):A statement or indication that inspires confidence; a guarantee or pledge.at last(adj):After a considerable length of time; finally.at least(adj):According to the lowest possible assessment; not less than.at once(adv):All at one time; simultaneously.at present(adv):At the present time; right now.attorney(noun):A person legally appointed by another to act as his or her agent in the transaction of business, specifically one qualified and licensed to act for plaintiffs and defendants in legal proceedings.attractive(adj):having the power to attractauditor(noun):Someone who makes an examination of the accounts of a business.author(noun):the writer of a book, article, or other textaverage(noun):A number that typifies a set of numbers of which it is a function.award(noun):Something awarded or granted, as for merit.background(noun):The part of a pictorial representation that appears to be in the distance and that provides relief for the principal objects in the foreground.bacon(noun):The salted and smoked meat from the back and sides of a pig.badly(adv):In a bad manner.balance(verb):To bring into or maintain in a state of equilibrium.balance(noun):A weighing device, especially one consisting of a rigid beam horizontally suspended by a low-friction support at its center, with identical weighing pans hung at either end, one of which holds an unknown weight while the effective weight in the other is i.balanced(adj):Being in a state of proper balance or equilibrium.ban(verb):To prohibit, especially by official decree.band(noun):A thin strip of flexible material used to encircle and bind one object or to hold a number of objects together.bar chart(noun):A graphic means of quantitative comparison by rectangles with lengths proportional to the measure of the data or things being compared.bargain(noun):An agreement between parties fixing obligations that each promises to carry out.bargain(noun):something bought at a low pricebarrier(noun):Something immaterial that obstructs or impedes.battery(noun):Two or more connected cells that produce a direct current by converting chemical energy to electrical energy.battle(noun):An encounter between opposing forces.beard(noun):The hair on a man's chin, cheeks, and throat.beat(verb):To strike repeatedly.beauty(noun):The quality that gives pleasure to the mind or senses and is associated with such properties as harmony of form or color, excellence of artistry, truthfulness, and originality.beef(noun):A full-grown steer, bull, ox, or cow, especially one intended for use as meat.beer(noun):A fermented alcoholic beverage brewed from malt and flavored with hops.belief(noun):The mental act, condition, or habit of placing trust or confidence in another.believe(verb):to accept as true or realbilingual(adj):Using or able to use two languages, especially with equal or nearly equal fluency.billboard(noun):A panel for the display of advertisements in public places, such as alongside highways or on the sides of buildings.biology(noun):The science of life and of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. It includes botany and zoology and all their subdivisions.bite(noun):A skin wound or puncture produced by an animal's teeth or mouthparts.blind(adj):Sightless.blood(noun):The fluid consisting of plasma, blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues.booking office(noun):A ticket office.bore(verb):To make weary by being dull, repetitive, or tedious.bored(adj):Made weary by dullness, repetitiveness or tediousness.bought(adj):Acquired in exchange for money or its equivalent; purchase.brain(noun):The portion of the vertebrate central nervous system that is enclosed within the cranium, continuous with the spinal cord, and composed of gray matter and white matter. It is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receivin.breadth(noun):The measure or dimension from side to side; width.break(verb):To cause to separate into pieces suddenly or violently; smash.breath(noun):The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration.brick(noun):A molded rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln until hard and used as a building and paving material.bridge(noun):A structure spanning and providing passage over a gap or barrier, such as a river or roadway.bring(verb):To carry, convey, lead, or cause to go along to another place.broadsheet(noun):Standard size newspaper.buoyant market(noun):a market which sees plenty of trading activity and on which prices are rising, rather than fallingburn(verb):To cause to undergo combustion.calm(adj):Nearly or completely motionless; undisturbed.camcorder(noun):A self-contained unit of communications equipment made up of a lightweight, hand-held television camera and a videocassette recorder.cancellation(noun):Something canceled, especially a released accommodation or an unfilled appointment.cap(noun):A usually soft and close-fitting head covering, either having no brim or with a visor.card(noun):A flat, usually rectangular piece of stiff paper, cardboard, or plastic.care(verb):To be concened or interested.career(noun):A chosen pursuit; a profession or occupation.careful(adj):Attentive to potential danger, error, or harm; cautious.careless(adj):Taking insufficient care; negligent.cash(verb):To exchange for or convert into ready money.cashed(adj):Exchanged for or converted into ready money.casing(noun):The outer covering or housing of something.cattle(noun):Any of various chiefly domesticated mammals including cows, steers, bulls, and oxen, often raised for meat and dairy products.cautious(adj):Showing or practicing caution; careful.celebrate(verb):To observe (a day or event) with ceremonies of respect, festivity, or rejoicing.century(noun):A period of 100 years.chance(noun):The unknown and unpredictable element in happenings that seems to have no assignable cause.character(noun):The combination of qualities or features that distinguishes one person, group, or thing from another.charge(verb):To impose a duty, responsibility, or obligation on.charged(adj):Imposing a duty, responsibility, or obligation on.chemistry(noun):The science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems.choice(noun):The act of choosing; selection.circle(noun):A plane curve everywhere equidistant from a given fixed point, the center.citizen(noun):A person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the protection of a state or nation.civil servant(noun):A person employed in the civil service.clarify(verb):to make clear or easier to understandclear(adj):Free from clouds, mist, or haze.clever(adj):Mentally quick and original; bright.clockwise(adv):In the same direction as the rotating hands of a clock.cock(noun):An adult male chicken; a rooster.collect(verb):To bring together in a group or mass; gather.college(noun):An institution of higher learning that grants the bachelor's degree in liberal arts or science or both.comics(noun):Comic strips.commercial(adj):Of or relating to commerce.common(adj):Belonging equally to or shared equally by two or more; joint.compare(verb):To consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous; liken.comparison(noun):The act of comparing or the process of being compared.competition(noun):The act of competing, as for profit or a prize; rivalry.compile(verb):To put together or compose from materials gathered from several sources.comprehensive(adj):So large in scope or content as to include much.concert(noun):A performance given by one or more singers or instrumentalists or both.confidence(noun):trust or faith in a person or thingconfident(adj):Marked by assurance, as of success.confirm(verb):to tell someone that an appointment is now setconfirmed(adj):Having been ratified; verified.connection(noun):Reference or relation to something else; context.consider(verb):To think carefully about.constraint(noun):limitation or restrictionconsumer(noun):One that consumes, especially one that acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing.contact(noun):A coming together or touching, as of objects or surfaces.continue(verb):To go on with a particular action or in a particular condition; persist.contract(noun):An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law.contravention(noun):Being in opposition to something.conversation(noun):The spoken exchange of thoughts, opinions, and feelings; talk.convey(verb):to communicate or make known; impartcooperate(adj):to work together with so else in order to achieve sth.corn(noun):The grains or kernels of this plant, used as food for humans and livestock or for the extraction of an edible oil or starch.corner(noun):The position at which two lines, surfaces, or edges meet and form an angle.correct(verb):To remove the errors or mistakes from.cost(verb):To require a specified payment, expenditure, effort, or loss.cost-effective(adj):Economical in terms of the goods or services received for the money spent.council(noun):An assembly of persons called together for consultation, deliberation, or discussion.court(noun):A person or body of persons whose task is to hear and submit a decision on cases at law.crab(noun):Any of various similar related crustaceans, such as the hermit crab or king crab.crash(noun):A sudden loud noise, as of an object breaking.crash(verb):To break violently or noisily; smash.crazy(adj):Affected with madness; insane.creditworthy(adj):Having an acceptable credit rating.crew(noun):A group of people working together; a gang.cricket(noun):An outdoor game played with bats, a ball, and wickets by two teams of 11 players each.crime(noun):An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction.crossing(noun):A place at which a river, railroad, or highway, for example, may be crossed.cry(verb):To sob or shed tears because of grief, sorrow, or pain; weep.culture(noun):the totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thoughtcure(noun):Restoration of health; recovery from disease.currency(noun):Money in any form when in actual use as a medium of exchange, especially circulating paper money.current assets(noun):Cash or assets convertible into cash at short notice.dance(noun):A series of motions and steps, usually performed to music.data(noun):Factual information, especially information organized for analysis or used to reason or make decisions.data processing(noun):Conversion of data into a form that can be processed by computer.deaf(adj):Partially or completely lacking in the sense of hearing.deal(noun):an agreement, especially one that is mutually beneficialdear(adj):Loved and cherished.death(noun):The act of dying; termination of life.decide(verb):To settle conclusively all contention or uncertainty about.decided(adj):Settled conclusively.deer(noun):Any of various hoofed ruminant mammals, characteristically having deciduous antlers borne chiefly by the males. The deer family also includes the elk, moose, caribou, and reindeer.definite(adj):Having distinct limits.delicious(adj):Highly pleasing or agreeable to the senses, especially of taste or smell.deliver(verb):to bring or transport to the proper place or recipient; distributedemonstration(noun):The act of showing or making evident.depend(verb):To rely, especially for support or maintenance.deposit(verb):to put money in a bank or financial accountdepressed(adj):low in spirits; dejecteddescribe(verb):To give an account of in speech or writing.desert(noun):A barren or desolate area, especially.despatch(verb):To relegate to a specific destination or send on specific business.destroy(verb):to ruin completely; spoildestroyed(adj):Ruined completely; spoilt.detergent(noun):A cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye.develop(verb):To bring from latency to or toward fulfillment.developed(adj):Advanced in industrial capability, technological sophistication, and economic productivity.development(noun):A significant event, occurrence, or change.device(noun):A contrivance or an invention serving a particular purpose, especially a machine used to perform one or more relatively simple tasks.dial(verb):To call (a party) on a telephone.dictate(verb):to say or read aloud to be recorded or written by anotherdifficulty(noun):troubledirector(noun):one that supervises, controls, or managesdirectory(noun):A book containing an alphabetical or classified listing of names, addresses, and other data, such as telephone numbers, of specific persons, groups, or firms.disadvantage(noun):An unfavorable condition or circumstance.disagree(verb):To have a differing opinion.disappear(verb):To pass out of sight; vanish.disappeared(adj):Passed out of sight; vanished.disappointed(adj):failed to satisfy the hope, desire, or expectation ofdiscover(verb):to notice or learndiscuss(verb):To speak with another or others about; talk over.discussion(noun):Consideration of a subject by a group; an earnest conversation.disease(noun):an illnessdissatisfied(adj):Not happy or satisfied with sthdissolve(verb):To end or break up.disturb(verb):To break up or destroy the tranquillity or settled state of.draft(noun):A written order directing the payment of money from an account or fund.drain(verb):To draw off (a liquid) by a gradual process.draw(verb):to create an image of something using a pen, pencil, or crayondraw up(verb):To compose or write in a set form, write out.drawer(noun):a compartment in furniture that can be pulled out and pushed indream(noun):A series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations occurring involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.dream(verb):To experience a dream in sleep.dressing gown(noun):A robe worn for lounging or before dressing.drive(noun):a trip or journey in a vehicledrug(noun):A substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or as a component of a medication.drugstore(noun):A store where prescriptions are filled and drugs and other articles are sold; a pharmacy.duck(noun):Any of various wild or domesticated swimming birds of the family Anatidae, characteristically having a broad, flat bill, short legs, and webbed feet.during(prep):Throughout the course or duration of.duty(noun):An act or a course of action that is required of one by position, social custom, law, or religion.each other(pron):Each the other. Used to indicate that a relationship or an action is reciprocal among the members of the set referred to by the antecedent.earn(verb):To gain especially for the performance of service, labor, or work.earnings(noun):Salary or wages.economic(adj):Of or relating to the production, development, and management of material wealth, as of a country, household, or business enterprise.economical(adj):Prudent and thrifty in management; not wasteful or extravagant.effectiveness(noun):The power to be effective.efficient(adj):Acting directly to produce an effect.electricity(noun):The physical phenomena arising from the behavior of electrons and protons that is caused by the attraction of particles with opposite charges and the repulsion of particles with the same charge.elevator(noun):A platform or an enclosure raised and lowered in a vertical shaft to transport people or freight.enemy(noun):One who feels hatred toward, intends injury to, or opposes the interests of another; a foe.energy(noun):The capacity for work or vigorous activity; vigor; power.enjoy(verb):to receive pleasure or satisfaction fromentertainment(noun):Something that amuses, pleases, or diverts, especially a performance or show.envelope(noun):A flat paper container, especially for a letter, usually having a gummed flap.environment(noun):the circumstances or conditions that surround youequipment(noun):a material or object that one needs for a purpose, for example a task or an activityescape(verb):To break loose from confinement; get free.especially(adv):To an extent or degree deserving of special emphasis; particularly.essential(adj):Basic or indispensable; necessary.even(adj):Having a horizontal surface; flat.event(noun):Something that takes place; an occurrence.ever(adv):At all times; always.Everything was wonderful.(exp):a way to say that an event was very nice and to show that you are grateful that the hosts invited youexam(noun):An examination; a test.except(prep):With the exclusion of; other than; but.excuse(verb):To explain (a fault or an offense) in the hope of being forgiven or understood.executive(noun):a person in a company (usually a manager) who helps make important decisions for the companyexhausted(adj):Worn out completely.exhibition(noun):A large-scale public showing, as of art objects or industrial or agricultural products.expand(verb):To increase the size, volume, quantity, or scope of; enlarge.expect(verb):to look forward to the probable occurrence or appearance of somethingexpenditure(noun):The spending or disbursement of money.experience(noun):The apprehension of an object, thought, or emotion through the senses or mind.experiment(noun):A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy of something previously untried.explanation(noun):A clarification in order to make plain or comprehensible.expression(noun):The act of expressing, conveying, or representing in words, art, music, or movement; a manifestation.extraordinary(adj):Beyond what is ordinary or usual.facilitator(noun):Someone who makes progress easier.fact(noun):Knowledge or information based on real occurrences.factor(verb):To act or transact business for another; to act as an agent.false(adj):Contrary to fact or truth.famous(adj):Well or widely known.fanatic(noun):A person marked or motivated by an extreme, unreasoning enthusiasm, as for a cause.far(adv):To or at a more distant or remote point.fashion(noun):The prevailing style or custom, as in dress or behavior.father-in-law(noun):The father of one's husband or wife.faucet(noun):A device for regulating the flow of a liquid from a reservoir such as a pipe or drum.feasibility(noun):Capable of being accomplished or brought aboutfeather(noun):One of the light, flat growths forming the plumage of birds, consisting of numerous slender, closely arranged parallel barbs forming a vane on either side of a horny, tapering, partly hollow shaft.feature(noun):a prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristicfeed(verb):To give food to; supply with nourishment.fellow(noun):A man or boy.few(adj):Amounting to or consisting of a small number.fight(verb):To attempt to harm or gain power over an adversary by blows or with weapons.figure(noun):A written or printed symbol representing something other than a letter, especially a number.file(noun):A container, such as a cabinet or folder, for keeping papers in order.fill(verb):To put into (a container, for example) as much as can be held.fill out(verb):to write all the necessary information on a form or a documentfinance(noun):The science of the management of money and other assets.fine(adj):Of superior quality, skill, or appearance.fine(noun):A sum of money required to be paid as a penalty for an offense.fingernail(noun):The thin, horny, transparent plate covering the upper surface of the end of a finger.fingertip(noun):The extreme end or tip of a finger.fire engine(noun):Any of various large motor vehicles that carry firefighters and equipment to a fire and support extinguishing operations, as by pumping water.first floor(noun):The ground floor of a building.fishing(noun):the act, occupation, or sport of catching fishfit(verb):to be the proper size forfitted(adj):Suited, adapted, or acceptable for a given circumstance or purpose.fixed(adj):Placed securely; made stable or firm.flavour(noun):Distinctive taste; savor.flight(noun):The motion of an object in or through a medium, especially through the earth's atmosphere or through space.flood(noun):an overflowing of water, usually from a river or the sea, onto land that is normally dryflotation(noun):an act or instance of financing (as an issue of stock)flu(noun):Influenza.fog(noun):Condensed water vapor in cloudlike masses lying close to the ground and limiting visibility.foggy(adj):surrounded by fogfollow(verb):To come or go after; proceed behind.foreground(noun):The part of a scene or picture that is nearest to and in front of the viewer.foreign(adj):Located away from one's native country.foreigner(noun):One who is from a foreign country or place.forgive(verb):To excuse for a fault or an offense; pardon.form(noun):The shape and structure of an object.fox(noun):Any of various carnivorous mammals related to the dogs and wolves and characteristically having upright ears, a pointed snout, and a long bushy taifranchisee(noun):One that is granted a franchise, as to market a company's goods or services in a certain local area.franchisor(noun):One that grants a franchise.free(verb):To set at liberty; make free.freedom(noun):Liberty of the person from slavery, detention, or oppression.freeze(verb):To pass from the liquid to the solid state by loss of heat.frequent(adj):Occurring or appearing quite often or at close intervals.fresh(adj):New to one's experience; not encountered before.friendly(adj):Of, relating to, or befitting a friend.friendship(noun):the quality or condition of being friendsfrog(noun):Any of numerous tailless, aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial amphibians characteristically having a smooth moist skin, webbed feet, and long hind legs adapted for leaping.fuel(noun):A material such as wood, coal, gas, or oil burned to produce heat or power.fulfill(verb):to bring into effect; to do or provide what is necessary or neededfurious(adj):Full of or characterized by extreme anger; raging.gambit(noun):A move at the beginning of a conversation intended to give some advantage.gamble(verb):To bet on an uncertain outcome, as of a contest.gas(noun):The state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by relatively low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, the ability to diffuse readily, and the spontaneous tendency t.gate(noun):A structure that can be swung, drawn, or lowered to block an entrance or a passageway.generally(adv):Popularly; widely.generous(adj):Liberal in giving or sharing.gentleman(noun):A man of gentle or noble birth or superior social position.geography(noun):The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity.get in(verb):To enter.given(adj):Specified;fixed.go in(verb):To take part in a cooperative venture.go on(verb):To take place; happen.goal(noun):The purpose toward which an endeavor is directed; an objective.golf(noun):A game played on a large outdoor course with a series of 9 or 18 holes spaced far apart, the object being to propel a small, hard ball with the use of various clubs into each hole with as few strokes as possible.goodwill(noun):The positive reputation of a business viewed as an asset, equal to the excess cost required to acquire the business over the fair market value of all other assets.grade(noun):A stage or degree in a process.grammar(noun):The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences.greeting(noun):a word or gesture of welcome or salutationgrievance(noun):an actual or supposed circumstance regarded as cause for complaint; an unfair situation that upsets youground floor(noun):The floor of a building at or nearest ground level.grow(verb):To increase in size by a natural process.guess(verb):to predict (a result or an event) without sufficient informationguilty(adj):Responsible for or chargeable with a reprehensible act; deserving of blame; culpable.gun(noun):A weapon consisting of a metal tube from which a projectile is fired at high velocity into a relatively flat trajectory.handout(noun):A sheet or sheets of paper containing topical information, distributed to people attending a speech, lecture, or meeting.handsome(adj):Pleasing and dignified in form or appearance.harbour(noun):A sheltered part of a body of water deep enough to provide anchorage for ships.harmful(adj):Causing or capable of causing harm; injurious.He has got blond hair.(phrase)heading(noun):A line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about.health(noun):The overall condition of an organism at a given time.heart(noun):The chambered muscular organ in vertebrates that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.heat(noun):A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation.heaven(noun):The sky or universe as seen from the earth; the firmament. Often used in the plural.height(noun):the distance from the base of something to the tophidden(adj):Put or kept out of sight.hide(verb):To put or keep out of sight.highway(noun):a main public road that connects towns and citieshit(verb):to come into contact with forcefully; strikehole(noun):A hollowed place in something solid; a cavity or pit.holy(adj):Belonging to, derived from, or associated with a divine power; sacred.honest(adj):Marked by or displaying integrity; upright.honey(noun):A sweet yellowish or brownish viscid fluid produced by various bees from the nectar of flowers and used as food.honour(noun):Personal integrity ; allegiance to moral principles.huge(adj):Of exceedingly great size, extent, or quantity.hunger(noun):A strong desire or need for food.identity(noun):The collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a thing is definitively recognizable or known.illness(noun):Poor health resulting from disease of body or mind; sickness.imagination(noun):The formation of a mental image of something that is neither perceived as real nor present to the senses.imagine(verb):To form a mental picture or image of.immediately(adv):Without delay.immigrant(noun):A person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another.improve(verb):to make betterimproved(adj):Raised to a more desirable or more excellent quality or condition; made better.improvement(noun):Something that raises to a more desirable or more excellent quality or condition.in case(adv):As a precaution.incentive(noun):something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effortinclusive(adj):Taking a great deal or everything within its scope; comprehensive.indemnification(noun):Being paid for loss, hurt or damage.industrial relations(noun):Relations between the management of an industrial enterprise and its employees.industry(noun):Commercial production and sale of goods.influence(noun):A power affecting a person, thing, or course of events, especially one that operates without any direct or apparent effort.injury(noun):Damage or harm done to or suffered by a person or thing.innocent(adj):Uncorrupted by evil, malice, or wrongdoing; sinless.insurance(noun):coverage by a contract binding a party to indemnify another against specified loss in return for premiums paidintelligence(noun):The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.intermediate(adj):Lying or occurring between two extremes or in a middle position or state.interpreter(noun):One who translates orally from one language into another.interview(noun):A formal meeting in person, especially one arranged for the assessment of the qualifications of an applicant.into(prep):To the inside or interior of.introduce(verb):To present (someone) by name to another in order to establish an acquaintance.invention(noun):A new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation.invest(verb):To commit (money or capital) in order to gain a financial return.investigate(verb):to observe or inquire into detail; to try to find out the truth about or the cause of somethinginvestigation(noun):A detailed inquiry or systematic examination.Investment(noun):Property or another possession acquired for future financial return or benefit.investor(noun):One who commits (money or capital) in order to gain a financial return.invite(verb):to ask for the presence or participation of someoneIs Tom there?(exp):a way to ask if this person is available to answer a telephone call

make some coffee

decorate celebrate catchup

Situation

After lunch, Sandra and Simon see each other in the corridor.Sandra:"What happened Simon? Did you drink too much coffee this morning?"

Simon:"No, but the baby is coming! Natalie just called me; her contractions have started and she is about to leave for the hospital. I don't know what to do!"

Sandra:"You have to begin by calming down. Then have a coffee and after taking a deep breath, you should join your wife for the birth of your child!"

RulesRecounting a story in chronological orderStartingContinuingFinishing

first of all to start off with to begin firstly initially beforehand in the beginning continuing on after secondly, thirdly later further on then since next additionally from this moment during so / therefore finally to finish in conclusion lastly in the end all things considered eventually last but not least all in all

Indicating the time that an action takes placeIn the pastIn the presentIn the future

yesterdaythe day before yesterdaya few days agothree weeks agoa long time agoyesterday morningyesterday eveninglast weeklast yeartodayMonday/Tuesday...nowat this instantat this momentin the morningtonightthis weekthis yeartomorrowthe day after tomorrowtwo days from nowsoonin three daystwenty years from nowtomorrow morningtomorrow eveningnext weeknext year

Words Expressing Durations of TimeSinceindicates the duration of an action that began in the past and continues in the present. It is used after thepresent perfect(have been, have done, etc.). We use since to indicate the beginning of a period. The companyhas beenbased in this buildingsinceDecember. Ihave beenworkingsinceeight o' clock this morning!Forindicates a fixed amount of time. We use it to define a period of time. I have been sickfortwo days! I will be absentforthree weeks starting Monday. I have had my driver's permitforthree years now.Inindicates an action that will start in the future. We will leave for our conferenceinten days. Inone week, I will be on vacation.Inalso indicates a precise date or duration of time. I learned to speak Englishintwo months! I was hiredin1997.Untilindicates the duration of an action that will end in the future. I will be working hereuntilMay. UntilI have those figures, I cannot do anything.Atis used to indicate time Atmidnight, the bells will ring! I usually leave for workateight am.We usually leave out "at" when we ask (At) what time?: "What time are you coming to the party tonight?"Atis also used with the following expressions: At night: I usually go out with friendsat night. At the moment / at present: She is very busyat the moment. At the same time: Jenny and Peter leftat the same time. At the age of: I started drinking coffeeat the age ofnineteen.Talking about habits or regular eventsRegularly, frequently, always, every day, every week, every month Iregularlygo to the barber. I check my emailfrequently. In the morning, Ialwayseat breakfast before taking a shower. Every day, I read the Guardian. I go out for Chinese foodevery week. Every monthI receive a copy of the magazine I subscribe to.Sometimes, from time to time, occasionally, often SometimesI take the tube to work, although I prefer the bus! From time to time, I will eat my lunch on the patio. Ioccasionallygo to the pool. Ioftenchoose to ride my bike to work instead of driving.Rarely, not very often, little Irarelyuse that printer. It'snot very oftenthat I get a day off! I go to the movies verylittle.Never, not any more, don't Inevertake the plane. It's too bad that Idon'tsee my childhood friendsanymore! Idon'tgo to the doctor, as I prefer to take care of myself! colleague:(noun) a person whom you work with Emma talked to her colleague about some ideas for the new project. employee:(noun) a person who works for another person or company Can you ask the employees to come in at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow? manager:(noun) a person who has control of an office, business, organization or a store Ryan is the sales manager in our company. customer:(noun) a person or an organization that buys goods or services from a store or company Fred-E Industries has many satisfied customers. agree:(verb) to have the same opinion about something as someone else George didnt agree with the new prices for the products. He thinks its too expensive. disagree:(verb) to have a different opinion about something from someone else I disagree with the plan completely. If you read this report, youll see that Im right. know (someone):(verb) to be familiar with a person He has known Mark for ten years. meet (someone):(verb) to see and talk to a person for the first time I have just met your friend Marie. She is a very nice person. get along:(phrasal verb) when two or more people are nice and friendly My colleagues and I work on many projects together so it is important that we get along well.esentacin de gramtica: El presente perfecto(5 /11)UsosElpresent perfectes un tiempo que indica una relacin entre el presente y el pasado.Se emplea en los siguientes casos:Cuando el momento en el que se produce la accin no se precisa porque lo ms importante es la accin en s misma.Observa las dos frases: Iphonedhim yesterday. (Lollamayer.):simple past I've phonedhim. (Lohe llamado.):present perfectPara describir una accin que empez en el pasado y que todava contina en el presente: I have alwaysliveden Liverpool. (Siemprehe vividoen Liverpool.)Con la partculajustpara describir una accin que acaba de terminar: Ihave just finished.(Acabo determinar.) Hehas just called.(Acaba dellamar.)En ingls americano, el 'simple past' se utiliza en este caso. (ej.:I just finished).Con las palabras siguientes: yet(todava / hasta ahora) ever(alguna vez / nunca) lately(ltimamente) recently(recientemente) already(ya)Ejs.: Have youeverbeen to the USA? (Has estadoalguna vezen Estados Unidos?) Have youalreadyseen that film?(Yahas visto esta pelcula?) Have they arrivedyet?(Yahan llegado?) I haven't seen himrecently.(No lo he vistoltimamente.)Con una palabra o una frase que indica un perodo de tiempo no terminado: this morning(esta maana) this afternoon(esta tarde) this evening(esta noche) this week(esta semana) this month(este mes) today(hoy) etc.Ejs.: Ihaven'treadthe paper today.(Nohe ledoel peridicohoy.) [El da no ha acabado.] Wehavedonea lot of work this afternoon.(Hemos trabajadomucho esta tarde.)[La tarde no ha acabado.]For y sinceForysincesignifican generalmentedesde (hace)con el 'present perfect'. I've worked with this companyforten years.(Trabajo en esta empresadesde hacediez aos.) I've worked with this companysince1994.(Trabajo en esta empresadesdeel ao 1994.)a.'For' indica un perodo de tiempoFor 5 daysdesde hacecinco das(con el 'present perfect') odurantecinco das[o slocinco das] (con el 'simple past').For 2 hoursdesde hacedos horas(con el 'present perfect') odurantedos horas[o slodos horas] (con el 'simple past').For 3 weeksdesde hacetres semanas(con el 'present perfect') odurantetres semanas[o slotres semanas] (con el 'simple past'). I have worked hereforfive days.(Trabajo aqudesde hacecinco das.) I worked hereforfive days.(Trabaj aqudurantecinco das.)b.'Since' indica una fecha o introduce el momento de inicio de una accinSignifica a partir de este momento y hasta el momento presente. He has been heresincesix o'clock. (Est aqudesdelas seis.) She's lived in Parissinceshe was seven. (Vive en Parsdesdelos siete aos.) I've known himsince1995.(Lo conozcodesde1995.)Ejemplos con elpresent perfecty elsimple past: He's played footballfor2 years and he loves it. (Juega al ftboldesde hace2 aos, y le gusta mucho = todava lo practica.) [present perfect] He played footballfor2 years and then quit because he hated it. (Jug al ftboldurante2 aos y par porque no le gustaba = ya no juega.)[simple past] She has lived in Wales all her life and probably will never move. (Ha vivido en Gales toda su vida y no se ir probablemente nunca = todava vive all.)[present perfect] She lived in Wales all her life and insisted on being burried there. (Vivi en Gales toda su vida e insisti para que laenterraran all = ha fallecido.)[simple past] I've smokedsinceI was 20 and I plan on stopping soon. (Fumodesdeque tengo 20 aos y pienso parar=sigo fumando)[present perfect] I smokedfortwo years and then stopped. (Fumdurantedos aos y par = ya no fumo.)[simple past]c. Para preguntar cunto tiempo ha pasado desde que una accin empez se utiliza'how long' (desde cundo) How longhave you lived in Madrid?(Desde cundovives en Madrid ?) How longhave you been here?(Desde cundoests aqu?) How longdid you live in Madrid?(Cunto tiempohas vivido en Madrid?)IntroduccinLa obligacin se expresa conmustyhave to.Formaa.MustMustes una forma invariable que tiene valor de presente y de futuro. Forma afirmativa: I must, he must, etc. Forma negativa: I mustn't, he mustn't, etc. Forma interrogativa: Must I? Must he?, etc.b.Have toHave tose conjuga como el verboto haveen todos los tiempos. Forma afirmativa: I have to, he has to, etc. Forma negativa: I don't have to, he doesn't have to, etc. Forma interrogativa: Do I have to ?, Does he have to ?, etc.Usosa. La obligacinEn la forma afirmativa e interrogativa hay poca diferencia entremustyhave to.Mustindica a menudo una obligacin que procede del hablante, mientras quehave tosuele ser ms objetiva y general. What time will wehave tobe there? (A qu horatendremos queestar all?) What timemustwe be there?(A qu horadebemos / tenemos queestar all?) Youhave tofill in your tax return form by 25th March.(Tienes querellenar tudeclaracin de impuestos antes del 25 de marzo.)Have got toslo puede sustituir ahave toen el 'simple past'. Para enfatizar se utilizagot. You'vegottobe there half an hour before boarding.(Tienes queestar all media hora antes del embarque.)b. La ausencia de obligacinLa ausencia de obligacin se expresa connot have to. Youdon't have toread this document. It's not very important.(No tienes queleer este documento. No es muy importante.) Youdon't havetowear a suit and tie.(No tienesquellevar traje y corbata.) Shedoesn't havetoenroll until next autumn.(Notiene quematricularse hasta el prximo otoo.) Wewon't have topay much tax.(Notendremosquepagar muchos impuestos.)En registro muy formal y britnico, se puede usar"needn't+ infinitivo sinto"para expresar la falta de obligacin. Sheneedn'tenroll until next autumn.(Noes necesario quese matricule hasta el prximo otoo.)Needn'tes una forma invariable que puede indicar presente o futuro.c. La prohibicinSe indica prohibicin conmust notycannot. Youmustn'tread this document. It's top secret.(No debesleer este documento. Es altamente confidencial.) Youmustn'tsmoke in the warehouse.(No debesfumar en el almacn.) Wecan'ttake that street: it's one way. (No podemoscoger esta calle: es de sentido nico.) Youcan'texceed 50 kilometres per hour in a built-up area.(Nopuedessobrepasar los 50 kilmetros por hora en zona urbana.)FormaEl verbo modalshouldes invariable.Forma afirmativaForma negativaForma interrogativa

I should,he shouldetc.I should not / I shouldn't,He should not / He shouldn'tetc.Should I?Should he?etc.

Shouldse utiliza con el infinitivo sinto.Ought to + infinitivose puede intercambiar conshouldy se utiliza sobre todo en oraciones afirmativas.UsosShouldse utiliza para dar consejos. Youshouldsee a doctor if the pain persists. (Deberasir al mdico si el dolor persiste.) = You ought to see a doctor. Youshouldn'teat a big meal before going swimming. (No deberascomer mucho antes de ir a nadar.)Shouldse utiliza muy a menudo conI think. I think we shouldstay at home. (Creo que deberamosquedarnos en casa.)En pasado se utiliza"should have+ participio" para hablar de lo que deberamos haber hecho. Weshould have checkedwith the post office before complaining to them that the package hadn't arrived.(Deberamos haberlo consultadoen la oficina de correos antes de quejarnos porque el paquete no haba llegado.) Youshouldn't have spentso much money on my present.(No deberais haberte gastadotanto dinero en mi regalo.)Tambin se utilizahad better / 'd betterpara dar consejos. You'dbettertell your father.(Sermejor / ms valeque se lo digas a tu padre.) You'dbetternot forget your notes for the lecture.(Sermejor / ms valeque no olvides tus notas para la conferencia.)Otras expresiones para dar consejos o recomendar algo If I were you, I would...(Yo en tu lugar...) Why don't you...? (Por qu no...?) You mustsee his latest show.(Tienes quever su ltimo espectculo.)[Aqu, no se trata de obligacin sino de una fuerte recomendacin.] You've got tovisit Venice. (Tienes queir a Venecia.)

Presentacin de gramtica: El presente perfecto(6 /12)UsosElpresent perfectes un tiempo que indica una relacin entre el presente y el pasado.Se emplea en los siguientes casos:Cuando el momento en el que se produce la accin no se precisa porque lo ms importante es la accin en s misma.Observa las dos frases: Iphonedhim yesterday. (Lollamayer.):simple past I've phonedhim. (Lohe llamado.):present perfectPara describir una accin que empez en el pasado y que todava contina en el presente: I have alwaysliveden Liverpool. (Siemprehe vividoen Liverpool.)Con la partculajustpara describir una accin que acaba de terminar: Ihave just finished.(Acabo determinar.) Hehas just called.(Acaba dellamar.)En ingls americano, el 'simple past' se utiliza en este caso. (ej.:I just finished).Con las palabras siguientes: yet(todava / hasta ahora) ever(alguna vez / nunca) lately(ltimamente) recently(recientemente) already(ya)Ejs.: Have youeverbeen to the USA? (Has estadoalguna vezen Estados Unidos?) Have youalreadyseen that film?(Yahas visto esta pelcula?) Have they arrivedyet?(Yahan llegado?) I haven't seen himrecently.(No lo he vistoltimamente.)Con una palabra o una frase que indica un perodo de tiempo no terminado: this morning(esta maana) this afternoon(esta tarde) this evening(esta noche) this week(esta semana) this month(este mes) today(hoy) etc.Ejs.: Ihaven'treadthe paper today.(Nohe ledoel peridicohoy.) [El da no ha acabado.] Wehavedonea lot of work this afternoon.(Hemos trabajadomucho esta tarde.)[La tarde no ha acabado.]For y sinceForysincesignifican generalmentedesde (hace)con el 'present perfect'. I've worked with this companyforten years.(Trabajo en esta empresadesde hacediez aos.) I've worked with this companysince1994.(Trabajo en esta empresadesdeel ao 1994.)a.'For' indica un perodo de tiempoFor 5 daysdesde hacecinco das(con el 'present perfect') odurantecinco das[o slocinco das] (con el 'simple past').For 2 hoursdesde hacedos horas(con el 'present perfect') odurantedos horas[o slodos horas] (con el 'simple past').For 3 weeksdesde hacetres semanas(con el 'present perfect') odurantetres semanas[o slotres semanas] (con el 'simple past'). I have worked hereforfive days.(Trabajo aqudesde hacecinco das.) I worked hereforfive days.(Trabaj aqudurantecinco das.)b.'Since' indica una fecha o introduce el momento de inicio de una accinSignifica a partir de este momento y hasta el momento presente. He has been heresincesix o'clock. (Est aqudesdelas seis.) She's lived in Parissinceshe was seven. (Vive en Parsdesdelos siete aos.) I've known himsince1995.(Lo conozcodesde1995.)Ejemplos con elpresent perfecty elsimple past: He's played footballfor2 years and he loves it. (Juega al ftboldesde hace2 aos, y le gusta mucho = todava lo practica.) [present perfect] He played footballfor2 years and then quit because he hated it. (Jug al ftboldurante2 aos y par porque no le gustaba = ya no juega.)[simple past] She has lived in Wales all her life and probably will never move. (Ha vivido en Gales toda su vida y no se ir probablemente nunca = todava vive all.)[present perfect] She lived in Wales all her life and insisted on being burried there. (Vivi en Gales toda su vida e insisti para que laenterraran all = ha fallecido.)[simple past] I've smokedsinceI was 20 and I plan on stopping soon. (Fumodesdeque tengo 20 aos y pienso parar=sigo fumando)[present perfect] I smokedfortwo years and then stopped. (Fumdurantedos aos y par = ya no fumo.)[simple past]c. Para preguntar cunto tiempo ha pasado desde que una accin empez se utiliza'how long' (desde cundo) How longhave you lived in Madrid?(Desde cundovives en Madrid ?) How longhave you been here?(Desde cundoests aqu?) How longdid you live in Madrid?(Cunto tiempohas vivido en Madrid?)

Grammar presentation: Expressing different degrees of probability(5 /11)En presenteLa probabilidad se expresa conwill, must, should, may, could, might, can'tywon't.Se utiliza uno u otro modal en funcin del grado de certeza del hecho en concreto.A continuacin se ilustra el nivel de probabilidad de cada verbo modal.The trainwillarrive on time.(El tren llegar puntual.)The trainmustarrive on time.(El trendebe llegar puntual.)The trainshouldarrive on time.(El tren debera llegar puntual.)The trainmayarrive on time.(Puede que el tren llegue puntual.)The traincouldarrive on time.(El tren podra llegar puntual.)The trainmightarrive on time.(Es posible que el tren llegue puntual.)The traincan'tarrive on time. (El tren no puede llegar puntual.)The trainwon'tarrive on time.(El tren no llegar puntual.)Cada verbo modal expresa una cierta probabilidad.Conwilles seguro en un 100% y conwon'thay un 0% de probabilidad de que el hecho se produzca. My auntmayretire to Spain.(Puede quemi ta se vaya a vivir a Espaa cuando se jubile.) The renovation workshouldbe finished by July.(Las obras de remodelacindeberanestar acabadas antes de julio.) Theywon'tagree to our request.(No aceptarnnuestra peticin.) Sammymightbe late today due to the strike.(Puede queSammy llegue tarde hoy debido a la huelga.) The new premiseswillopen in January 2010.(Los nuevos localesse abrirnen enero de 2010.) Williamcouldbe made redundant in the downsizing of the company.(Williampodraser despedido por los recortes de la plantilla en la empresa.)Can'tymustson mucho ms subjetivos que todos los otros modales en el contexto de probabilidad.En pasadoDe la misma manera, estos verbos se utilizan cuando se analiza el pasado y cuando se dan razones o explicaciones sobre una accin o situacin del pasado.Los verbos expresan el mismo nivel de probabilidad, pero en un tiempo pasado.Se utiliza el "verbo modal +have+ participio". Ruppert wasn't at the meeting. Hemay haveoverslept.(...Puede quese haya quedado dormido.) Maisiecould havephoned while I was out.(Puede queMaisie haya llamado mientras yo no estaba.) Christinemight havelost my phone number. I'd better try phoning her.(Puede queChristine haya perdido mi nmero de telfono. Debera llamarla...) Christinemusthaveswitched off her cell phone andcan't have gotmy message.(Christinedebe dehaber apagado su mvil ynopuederecibir mi mensaje.) He'll havereceived the package by now.(Yadebe dehaber recibido el paquete.) Hewon'thaveseen the contract yet.(Todavano debe dehaber visto el contrato.)Presentacin de gramtica: Formas del futuro(5 /11)IntroduccinEn ingls hay diversas formas de expresar el futuro."to be+going to+ infinitivo"Para expresar acciones futuras y planeadas. He'sgoing tostart a new job next month.(Va a empezarun nuevo trabajo el mes que viene.) Weare goingto open a new branch in Australia next year.(Vamos aabrir una nueva sucursal en Australia el ao que viene.)Para expresar certeza o intencin respecto a un futuro prximo. It'sgoingto be a difficult meeting.(Va a seruna reunin difcil.) I'm goingto miss the train. (Voy a perderel tren.)el 'present continuous'El 'present continuous' se utiliza para expresar acciones futuras que ya se han planeado y preparado. I'm movingto New York next year.(Mevoya vivir a Nueva York el ao que viene.) I'm flyingto Rome tomorrow.(Mevoya Roma en avin maana.)Con los verbos que no se pueden usar en tiempos continuos comoknow / like / understand,etc. se empleawill/shallpara expresar acciones futuras. Iwill knowthe results tomorrow.I'm knowing the results tomorrow.(Sabrlos resultados maana.)el 'simple present'El 'simple present' en ingls se puede utilizar tambin para hablar de planes o hechos previstos en un futuro prximo. What timedoesthe meetingfinish?(A qu horaacabala reunin?) Th Chicago-Madrid flightarrivesat 10 o'clock in the morning. (El vuelo Chicago-Madridllegaa las 10 de la maana.)WillLas construcciones conwillno se emplean con mucha frecuencia.Se emplean sobre todo para expresar acciones espontneas que hemos decidido en el momento en el que hablamos (acciones no premeditadas), para hacer predicciones o hablar de acciones futuras en el lenguaje formal.a. Para expresar decisiones espontneasSe utiliza muy a menudo en lenguaje oral (para hacer propuestas y promesas). Can you send me the document as soon as possible?(Mepuedesmandar el documento lo antes posible?) Yes, Iwillsend it now by fax.(S, te lo[mandar] mandoahora mismo por fax.) Iwillget you some coffee.(Tevoy atraer un caf.) I'llconnect you. (Lepasocon l / ella.) I'llhave a steak please but Iwon'thave a dessert. (Pedirun bistec, perono tomarpostre.)b. Para hacer predicciones House priceswillgo upin the future.(El precio de la viviendaaumentaren el futuro.) Itwill be wortha fortune in a year or two.(Valdruna fortuna en uno o dos aos.) I'llprobably arrive late.(Puede quellegue tarde.)c. Para hablar de acciones futuras en el lenguaje formalWillse utiliza ms a menudo en el registro formal (o escrito) y muy poco en el ingls hablado. The Presidentwillbein Italy this weekend.(El presidenteestaren Italia este fin de semana.) Wewill releasethe information next week.(Daremos a conocerla informacin la semana que viene.)Shall I / we?Shall I? / Shall we?son expresiones que ya no se utilizan con valor de futuro pero s con expresiones interrogativas para proponer o sugerir algo.En espaol equivalen a una pregunta con el verbo principal en presente. ShallI open the window?(Abro la ventana?). ShallI get you a coffee?(Te voy a buscar un caf?). Shallwe start the meeting?(Empezamos la reunin?).Presentacin de gramtica: There is/there are(5 /12)IntroductionTo haveis one of the most common and important verbs in English.Ihavea new car.Marthahasa lot of things to do.FormPresent TenseAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

IhaveIdo not have(don't have)DoIhave ... ?

youhaveyoudo nothave(don't have)Doyouhave ... ?

he/she/ithashe/she/itdoesnot have(doesn'thave)Doeshe/she/ithave ...?

wehavewedo not have(don't have)Dowehave ...?

youhaveyoudo not have(don't have)Doyouhave ...?

theyhavetheydo not have(don't have)Dotheyhave ...?

Youhaveone apple and two oranges. Shehasthree reports due on Friday. Theyhavea new baby. Shedoesn't havea car. Theydon't haveany shoes in my size.Short answersYes,he/she/itdoes.

I/we/you/theydo.

No,he/she/itdoesn't.

I/we/you/theydon't.

Doyouhavea map?Yes, Ido. Doesthe departmenthavea new director?Yes, itdoes. Doeshehavetime to meet with me today?No, hedoesn't. Dotheyhavethe tickets for the play tonight?No, theydon't.Past tenseAffirmativeIyouhe/she/itwetheyhad

NegativeIyouhe/she/itwetheydid not have (didn't have)

QuestionsDidIyouhe/she/itwetheyhave...?

Youhada meeting last Friday. Wehada great time at the event. Shedidn't haveany pets when she was young. Theydidn't haveenough time to talk about the next project.Short answersYes,I/he/she/it/we/you/theydid.

No,I/he/she/it/we/you/theydidn't.

Did you haveenough money to buy the tickets?Yes, Idid. Did they havedinner in a restaurant?Yes, theydid. Didthe package have the right address?No, itdidn't. Did Jane and Harry goto the meeting?No, theydidn't.Have gotBritish English often uses the form "have got" instead of "have". This is not common in American English.Present TenseAffirmativeIyouwetheyhave got ('ve got)

he/she/ithas got ('s got)

NegativeIyouwetheyhave not got (haven't got)

he/she/ithas not got (hasn't got)

QuestionsHave/Haven'tIyouwetheygot...?

Has/Hasn'the/she/itgot...?

Youhave gotone apple and two oranges. Shehas gotthree reports due on Friday. Theyhavegota new baby. Shehasn't gota car. Theyhaven't gotany shoes in my size.Short answersYes,he/she/ithas.

I/we/you/theyhave.

No,he/she/ithasn't.

I/we/you/theyhaven't.

Have you gota map.Yes, I have. Has he gotany time to meet with me today?Yes, he has. Hasn'the got seven cousins?No, he hasn't. Haven'tthey got a dog?No, they haven't.UsePossession Wehavea dog. Hehasa house. Ihavethree apples.We can use'have got'instead of'have'in the present tense to describe possession.We normally use 'have got'in the contracted form: I've gota new computer. Ihaven't gota DVD player. Has he gotmy letter?Food and drink Ihavebreakfast at 7:00 a.m. Wehavelunch at 12:00 p.m. Hehassalad at lunch. Dothey oftenhavedinner at a restaurant?No, theydon't. Haveyou got a drink? Doyouhavesome water?Yes, Ido.Appearance Shehasblue eyes. Wehavebrown hair. Youhavelong legs. Ihavebig hands.We can use'have got'instead of'have'in the present tense to talk about appearance.We normally use 'have got'in the contracted form: She'sgotblue eyes. We'vegotbrown hair.El verbo "TO HAVE"(6 /12)IntroduccinTo havepuede funcionar como verbo principal o como auxiliar. Para el auxiliar, vase El verbo auxiliar "TO HAVE".Presente de indicativoForma afirmativaForma negativaForma interrogativa

I haveYou haveHe hasShe hasIt hasWe haveYou haveThey haveI don't haveYou don't haveHe doesn't haveShe doesn't haveIt doesn't haveWe don't haveYou don't haveThey don't haveDo I have?Do you have ?Does he have?Does she have?Does it have?Do we have?Do you have?Do they have?

UsosHaveindica posesin. Wehavetwo subsidiaries abroad. (Tenemosdos filiales en el extranjero). Theyhada house by the sea. (Tenanuna casa a orillas del mar).Have gottiene exactamente el mismo significado quehaveen presente (indica posesin). Se utiliza mucho en Gran Bretaa.Have gotse suele utilizar contrado en forma afirmativa y negativa. I've gota new computer.(Tengoun nuevo ordenador.) Ihaven't gota DVD player.(No tengolector de DVD.) Hashegotthe parts I ordered?(Tienelas piezas que le he encargado?)Havese utiliza en muchas expresiones:a. Con comidas Ihavebreakfast at 7:00 every day.(Desayunoa las 7 todos los das.) I usuallyhavelunch at 12:00.(Suelocomera medioda.) Will youhavesome salad?(Tomarsensalada?) We arehavingdinner.(Estamoscenando.) Let'shavea drink!(Vamos atomaruna copa!)b. En otros contextos He has justhada shower.(Acaba deducharse). Let'shavea walk!(Vamos adaruna vuelta!). Ihada party last night.(Diuna fiesta ayer por la noche). She's justhada baby. (Acaba detenerun beb.)Havese utiliza tambin en el sentido de pedirle a alguien que haga algo.Construccin:"Have+ objeto + participio" Theyhad the offices redecorated.(Hanmandado redecorarlas oficinas.) We'rehavingan extension built. (Estn construyendouna extensin.)"Have to+ infinitivo" indica obligacin.Vase ficha Expresar la obligacin, la ausencia de obligacin y la prohibicin Family Youhaveone brother and two sisters. Shehasgot three brothers. Theyhaveseven cousins. Wehavegot twelve grandchildren.We can use'have got'instead of'have'in the present tense to talk about family.We normally use 'have got'in the contracted form: I've gotone brother and two sisters. Ihaven't gotany

break (a bone):(verb) to separate into two or more pieces in a sudden or violent wayShe broke her arm playing baseball.be allergic to:(expression) to have a negative physical response to a food, plant, animal or substanceI am allergic to dogs and cats. They make me sneeze a lot, so I cant have pets.cut:(verb) to hurt with something sharp so that the skin is open and bleedingI cut my foot on a piece of broken glass.burn:(verb) to hurt with fire or something hotHe burned his mouth when he drank some very hot coffee.Presentacin de gramtica: El pasado(5 /12)IntroduccinEn ingls, elsimple pastse utiliza para referirse a acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado.Formaa. Los verbos regularesElsimple pastde los verbos regulares se forma aadiendo-edal infinitivo. Infinitivo:to work Pasado simple:workedSi el verbo termina ene, slo se aaded: arrive / arrived postpone / postponedSi el verbo termina eny, se suprime layy se aadeied: carry/ carried diversify/ diversifiedb. Los verbos irregularesLos verbos irregulares varan considerablemente en elsimple pasty por lo tanto deben aprenderse de memoria. Vase la ficha Los verbos irregularesInfinitivoSimple past

to eat to go to see to buy to take to begin ate went saw bought took began

Iatemy lunch at the company canteen today. (Hoyhe comidoen la cantina de la empresa.) Theywentto the congress in Singapore. (Fueronal congreso en Singapur.) Theysawthe presentation last week. (Vieronla presentacin la semana pasada.) Sheboughta new computer in the sales. (Comprun nuevo ordenador en las rebajas.) Hetooka lot of photographs on holiday. (Sacmuchas fotos durante las vacaciones.) Theybeganproduction on the new range last week. (Empezaronla produccin de la nueva gama la semana pasada.)La forma del pasado es la misma para todas las personas, tanto con verbos regulares como irregulares (salvo el verboto be - was / were).Ejemplos:to play (regular)to see (irregular)

I played You played He / she / it played We played You played They played I saw You saw He / she / it saw We saw You saw They saw

c. La forma negativaLa forma negativa se forma con "did not+ infinitivo sinto". Hedidn'tcome to the meeting yesterday.(No vinoa la reunin ayer.) Hedidn'tmake any mistakes.(No hizoningn error.)d. La forma interrogativaLa forma interrogativa se forma con"did+ sujeto + infinitivo sinto". Whatdidyou see?(Qu viste?) Didhe see the film?(Vio la pelcula?)UsosDescribe una accin que tuvo lugar en un momento determinado del pasado: We metin 1990.(Nos conocimosen 1990.) He workedlast night.(Trabajla noche pasada.) They got marriedtwo years ago.(Se casaronhace dos aos.)Describe una accin que se produjo en el pasado pero sin indicar el momento preciso: Spielberg directed E.T.(Spielberg produjo ET.) I bought this dress in Paris.(Compr este vestido en Pars.)En ciertas ocasiones, cuando se hace una pregunta / respuesta enpresent perfectque indica que la accin est acabada, la pregunta siguiente aparece ensimple past.Present Perfect:Present Perfect:Simple Past:Where have you been?I've been to the cinema.What did you see?Dnde has estado?He estado en el cine.Qu has visto?

Present Perfect:Present Perfect:Simple Past:Have you ever beento the United States?Yes, I have actually.When was that?Has estado alguna vezen los Estados Unidos?S, he ido.Cundo fui