Vocab Ula Rio

Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

Glossary Advanced Real English 2

IntRoductIon

above /L'VJd/ encima de, sobre

apple /'DUo/ manzana

architect /'EYBWCYW/ arquitecto/a

artist /'EWBgW/ artista

athlete /'DeoAW/ deportista; atleta

behind /VB'kOmX/ detrs de

between /VB'WrAm/ entre (dos cosas)

big /VBZ/ grande

boots /VIWg/ botas

bread /VpCX/ pan

butter /'VJWL/ mantequilla

cake /YMY/ tarta, pastel

calm /YEl/ tranquilo/a

cat /YDW/ gato

chicken /'aBYBm/ pollo

chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/ chimpanc

clever /'YoCdL/ listo/a, inteligente

coat /YNW/ abrigo

computer programmer /YLlUqIWL'UpLHZpDlL/ programador/a informtico/a

corn /YGm/ maz

cow /YP/ vaca

curly /'YKoi/ rizado/a

dark /XEY/ oscuro/a; moreno/a

dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista

doctor /'XFYWL/ doctor/a; mdico/a

dress /XpCg/ vestido

eagle /'AZo/ guila

eggs /CZh/ huevos

electrician /BoCY'WpBim/ electricista

elephant /'CoBcLmW/ elefante

evil /'Ado/ malvado/a

fair /cCL/ claro/a; rubio/a

fat /cW/ gordo/a

firefighter /'cOLcOWL/ bombero/a

fish /cBi/ pescado; pez / peces

fox /cFYg/ zorro

friendly /'cpCmXoi/ simptico/a

frog /cpFZ/ rana

fruit /cpIW/ fruta

fruit salad /cpIW'gDoLX/ macedonia

funny /'cJmi/ gracioso/a

good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ guapo/a, atractivo/a

hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ trabajador/a

hat /kDW/ sombrero

horse /kGg/ caballo

in /Bm/ en, dentro de

in front of /Bm'cpJmWLd/ delante de

jeans /bAmh/ pantalones vaqueros

kind /YOmX/ amable, atento/a

lazy /'oCBhi/ perezoso/a, vago/a

long /oFn/ largo/a

meat /lAW/ carne

milk /lBoY/ leche

mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/ mosquito

mouse /lPg/ ratn

narrow /'mDpN/ estrecho/a

nervous /'mKdLg/ nervioso/a

next to /'mCYgWWL/ al lado de, junto a

old /NoX/ viejo/a

on /Fm/ sobre, en

onion /'JmqLm/ cebolla

pancakes /'UDmYMYg/ tortitas

pig /UBZ/ cerdo

plumber /'UoJlL/ fontanero/a

potato /UL'WMWN/ patata

rabbit /'pDVBW/ conejo

rice /pOg/ arroz

sailor /'gMoL/ marinero/a

sandals /'gDmXoh/ sandalias

sausages /'gFgBbBh/ salchichas

serious /'gBLpiLg/ serio/a, formal

shark /iEY/ tiburn

shirt /iKW/ camisa

short /iGW/ bajo/a, corto/a

shorts /iGWg/ pantalones cortos

skirt /gYKW/ falda

small /glGo/ pequeo/a

snake /gmMY/ serpiente, culebra

socks /gFYg/ calcetines

steak /gWMY/ filete

straight /gWpMW/ liso/a

strawberry /'gWpGVLpi/ fresa

strong /gWpFn/ fuerte


Glossarysweater /'grCWL/ jersey, suter

swimsuit /'grBlgIW/ baador

tall /WGo/ alto/a

thin /eBm/ delgado/a

tiger /'WOZL/ tigre

trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte

trousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalones

ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a

under /'JmXL/ bajo, debajo de

unfriendly /Jm'cpCmXoi/ antiptico/a

vegetables /'dCbWLVoh/ verdura/s

waiter /'rMWL/ camarero/a

weak /rAY/ dbil

wide /rOX/ ancho/a

wolf /rHoc/ lobo

young /qJn/ joven

unIt 1

aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/ avin

all the way /GofL'rM/ todo el viaje / recorrido

another /L'mJfL/ otro/a

backpack /'VDYUDY/ mochila

by any means /VO'Cmi lAmh/ de cualquier forma, del modo que sea

camera /'YlLpL/ cmara

canoe /YL'mI/ canoa, piragua

cockroach /'YFYpNWi/ cucaracha

establish /B'gWDVoBi/ establecer, fundar

family name /'cDlLoi mMl/ apellido

ferry /'cCpi/ transbordador, ferry

fill with /'cBorBf/ llenar(se) de

first name /'cKgWmMl/ nombre

fish /cBi/ pescar

heavily /'kCdBoi/ mucho

helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/ helicptero

highlights /'kOoOWg/ lo ms destacado

Home Secretary /kNl'gCYpLWLpi/ Ministro/a del Interior

including /Bm'YoIXBn/ incluido/a, inclusive

incredible /Bm'YpCXLVo/ increble

island /'OoLmX/ isla

jeep /bAU/ todoterreno

journey /'bKmi/ viaje; trayecto

limousine /'oBlLhAm/ limusina

look around /oHYL'pPmX/ echar un vistazo

lose your way /oIhqG'rM/ perderse, extraviarse

luckily /'oJYBoi/ afortunadamente, por suerte

maiden name /'lCBXmmMl/ apellido de soltera

map /lDU/ mapa

middle name /'lBXomMl/ segundo nombre

mistake /lB'gWMY/ error

motorbike /'lNWLVOY/ motocicleta, moto

motorboat /'lNWLVNW/ lancha motora

name /mMl/ nombre

nearby /mBL'VO/ cerca

no way /mN'rM/ de ninguna manera; ni hablar

on the way /FmfL'rM/por el camino

once /rJmg/ una vez

passport /'UEgUGW/ pasaporte

population /UFUqI'oMim/ poblacin, habitantes

programme /'UpNZpDl/ programa

ride /pOX/ paseo, vuelta

safe /gMc/ seguro/a

scooter /'gYIWL/ vespa, scooter

ship /iBU/ barco

side /gOX/ lado

sink /gBnY/ hundirse

sleeping bag /'goAUBnVDZ/ saco de dormir

soon /gIm/ pronto

souvenirs /gIdL'mBLh/ souvenirs, recuerdos

squirrel /'gYrBpLo/ ardilla

stop working /gWFU'rKYBn/ dejar de funcionar

suddenly /'gJXLmoi/ de repente / pronto

suitcase /'gIWYMg/ maleta

sun cream /'gJmYpAl/ crema (de proteccin) solar

surname /'gKmMl/ apellido

taxi /'WYgi/ tax i

time /WOl/ vez

torch /WGa/ linterna

train /WpMm/ tren

tram /WpDl/ tranva

travel (n) /'Wpdo/ viaje

travel (v) /'Wpdo/ viajar

travel guide /'WpdoZOX/ gua de viaje

trip /WpBU viaje; excursin

true /WpI/ verdadero/a, cierto/a

truth /WpIe/ verdad

turtle /'WKWo/ tortuga

underground /'JmXLZpPmX/ metro

van /dDm/ furgoneta, camioneta

wallet /'rFoBW/ cartera

waterproof mat /rGWLUpIc'lW/ esterilla impermeable

way /rM/ forma, modo, manera; camino

ways of life /rMhLd'oOc/ estilos / formas de vida


Glossarywhile /rOo/ mientras

yacht /qFW/ yate

your own way /qGNm'rM/ (a) tu (propia) manera / forma

unIt 2

a rise in temperature /LpOhBm'WClUpLaL/ una subida / un aumento de temperatura / fiebre

ability /L'VBoLWi/ habilidad, capacidad

advice /LX'dOg/ consejo/s

affect /L'cCYW/ afectar a, influir en

aquatics /L'YrDWBYg/ deportes acuticos

at the beginning /DWfLVB'ZBmBn/ al principio

behaviour /VB'kMdqL/ comportamiento, conducta

believe /VB'oAd/ creer

break a record /VpMYL'pCYGX/ batir un rcord

carbohydrate /YEVN'kOXpMW/ carbohidrato, hidrato de carbono

celebrate /'gCoBVpMW/ celebrar

champion /'aDlUiLm/ campen/ona

championship /'aDlUiLmiBU/ campeonato

cloudy /'YoPXi/ nublado/a

coach /YNWi/ entrenador/a

cold /YNoX/ fro/a

cool /YIo/ fresco/a

disappear /XBgL'UBL/ desaparecer

especially /B'gUCiLoi/ especialmente, sobre todo

expect /BY'gUCYW/ esperar

finish line /'cBmBioOm/ lnea de meta

fresh water/cpCi'rGWL/ agua dulce

from the beginning /cpLlfLVB'ZBmBn/ desde el principio

get tired /ZCW'WOLX/ cansarse

glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar

global warming /ZoNVo'rGlBn/ calentamiento global

grow /ZpN/ cultivar

have a temperature /kLdL'WClUpLaL/ tener fiebre

high /kO/ alto/a, elevado/a

hot /kFW/ caluroso/a, clido/a (its ~: hace calor); moderno/a

in the middle /BmfL'lBXo/ en mitad

increase /'BmYpAg/ aumento

indoors /Bm'XGh/ en un lugar cubierto, dentro

intelligence /Bm'WCoBbLmg/ inteligencia

juice /bIg/ zumo

kick /YBY/ dar una patada

lightning /'oOWmBn/ rayo/s, relmpago/s

lose /oIh/ perder

match /lWi/ partido, combate

melt /lCoW/ derretir(se), fundir(se)

mountain /'lPmWLm/ montaa

outdoors /PW'XGh/ al aire libre, fuera

owner /'NmL/ propietario/a, dueo/a

physical /'cBhBYo/ fsico/a

quiz /YrBh/ prueba, test

race /pMg/ carrera

rain /pMm/ lluvia

rainy /'pMmi/ lluvioso/a

referee /pCcL'pA/ rbitro/a

score goals /gYG'ZNoh/ marcar goles

ski resort /'gYApBhGW/ estacin de esqu

snow /gmN/ nieve

snowboarding /'gmNVGXBn/ hacer / practicar snowboard

snowy /'gmNi/ nevoso/a, de mucha nieve

stormy /'gWGli/ tormentoso/a (its ~: hay tormenta)

sunny /'gJmi/ soleado/a (its ~: hace sol)

sweat /grCW/ sudar

sweet /grAW/ dulce

take your temperature /WMYqG'WClUpLaL/ tomar la temperatura

team /WAl/ equipo

temperature /'WClUpLaL/ temperatura; fiebre

thunder /'eJmXL/ trueno/s

together /WL'ZCfL/ juntos/as

towards the end /WLrGXhfL'CmX/ hacia el final

trouble /'WpJVo/ problema (in ~: en un apuro / aprieto)

underwater /JmXL'rGWL/ debajo del agua

wait for /rMWcL/ esperar

warm /rGl/ clido/a, templado/a

win /rBm/ ganar

wind /rBmX/ viento

windy /'rBmXi/ ventoso/a, de mucho viento (its ~: hace viento)

unIt 3

art /EW/ arte; dibujo

ask for permission /EgYcLUL'lBim/ pedir permiso

atlas /'DWoLg/ atlas

biology /VO'FoLbi/ biologa

bookshop /'VHYiFU/ librera

browse the web /VpPhfL'rCV/ navegar por la web / Internet

business studies /'VBhmLggWJXBh/ ciencias empresariales

calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/ calculadora

chat with friends /aDWrBf'cpCmXh/ charlar / conversar con los amigos


Glossarychemistry /'YClBgWpi/ qumica

computer game /YLl'UqIWLZMl/ juego de ordenador

definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/ seguro que

dictionary /'XBYiLmpi/ diccionario

drama /'XpElL/ teatro

English /'BnZoBi/ ingls

enjoy /Bm'bQ/ disfrutar (de)

enterprise /'CmWLUpOh/ empresa

exam /BZ'hDl/ examen

fact /cYW/ dato; hecho

fail a test /cMoL'WCgW/ suspender un examen

fall /cGo/ bajar, descender

feel /cAo/ sentir(se)

French /cpCma/ francs

geography /bi'FZpLci/ geografa

get permission /ZCWUL'lBim/ obtener permiso

give permission /ZBdUL'lBim/ conceder / dar permiso, permitir

go dancing /ZLH'XEmgBn/ ir a bailar

go ice skating /ZLH'OggYMWBn/ ir a patinar sobre hielo

go to parties /ZLHWL'UEWih/ ir a fiestas

have permission /kLdUL'lBim/ tener permiso

history /'kBgWpi/ historia

home economics /kNlAYL'mFlBYg/ ciencia del hogar, economa domstica / familiar

ICT /OgA'WA/ TIC, Tecnologas de la Informacin y la Comunicacin

improve /Bl'UpId/ mejorar

laptop computer /oDUWFUYLl'UqIWL/ ordenador porttil

lesson /'oCgm/ clase

library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca

literature /'oBWpLWiL/ literatura

loud /oPX/ alto/a, fuerte; escandaloso/a

mall (Am. Eng.) /lGo/ centro comercial

maths /lDeg/ mates (matemticas)

middle /'lBXo/ mitad, medio

music /'lqIhBY/ msica

notebook /'mNWVHY/ cuaderno

notes /mNWg/ apuntes

on a regular basis /FmL'pCZqLoLVMgBg/ de forma habitual, regularmente

paints /UCBmWg/ pinturas

pass a test /UEgL'WCgW/ aprobar un examen

PE /UA'A/ educacin fsica

physics /'cBhBYg/ fsica

play the guitar /UoMfLZB'WE/ tocar la guitarra

play volleyball /UoM'dFoiVGo/ jugar al voleibol

practise the piano /UpYWBgfLUi'DmN/ practicar piano

quiz /YrBh/ hacer preguntas, preguntar

remember /pB'lLlVL/ recordar, acordarse de

remind /pB'lOmX/ recordar (a)

research /pB'gKa/ investigacin

ride a bike /pOXL'VOY/ montar / ir en bici

send text messages /gCmX'WCYgWlCgBbg/ mandar mensajes (de texto)

shopping centre /'iFUBngCmWL/ centro comercial

skill /gYBo/ habilidad, destreza

skip /gYBU/saltarse

spend /gUCmX/ gastar

study for a test /gWJXi cLL'WCgW/ estudiar para un examen

subject /'gJVbBYW/ asignatura

take a test /WMYL'WCgW/ hacer un examen

tennis racket /'WCmBgpDYBW/ raqueta de tenis

test /WCgW/ examen, test; prueba

textbook /'WCsWVHY/ libro de texto

tip /WBU/ consejo

tired /'WOLX/ cansado/a

turn into /WKm'BmWL/convertir(se) en

unIt 4

ancient /'MmiLmW/ antiguo/a

attractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/a, bonito/a

branch /VpEma/ rama

bright /VpOW/ brillante; vivo/a (color)

bush /VHi/ arbusto

busy /'VBhi/ ocupado/a; concurrido/a

carat /'YDpLW/ quilate

carob /'YDpLV/ algarrobo

character /'YpLYWL/ personaje

cheap /aAU/ barato/a

colourful /'YJoLco/ colorido/a, de colores vivos

conquer /'YFnYL/ conquistar

crowded /'YpPXBX/ abarrotado/a, lleno/a (de gente)

death /XCe/ (de la) muerte

discovery /XB'gYJdLpi/ descubrimiento

dry /XpO/ seco/a, rido/a

dull /XJo/ soso/a; sin brillo, apagado/a

elaborate /B'oDVLpLW/ elaborado/a, recargado/a

expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/ caro/a

exploit /BY'gUoQW/ hazaa, proeza

fit /cBW/ encajar, pegar

flower /'coPL/ flor

forever /cLp'CdL/ para siempre

gain control /ZMmYLm'WpNo/ hacerse con el control


Glossarygold /ZLHoX/ oro

gold rush /'ZLHoXpJi/ fiebre del oro

golden /'ZLHoXLm/ dorado/a; de oro

hard /kEX/ duro/a

hardly /'kEXoi/ apenas

heavy /'kCdi/ pesado/a

in control /BmYLm'WpNo/ que manda / controla; sereno/a

jewellery /'bILopi/ joyera, joyas

land /oDmX/ tierra (~ animal: animal terrestre)

last /oEgW/ durar

lawn /oGm/ (jardn con) csped

leaf /oAc/ hoja (planta)

light /oOW/ ligero/a, liviano/a

lively /'oOdoi/ animado/a, bullicioso/a

look for /'oHYcG/ buscar

lose control /oIhYLm'WpNo/ perder el control

low /oLH/ bajo/a

mining area /'lOmBnCLpiL/ rea / zona minera

noisy /'mQhi/ ruidoso/a

ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal, corriente

out of control /PWLdYLm'WpNo/ fuera de control, descontrolado/a

peaceful /'UAgco/ tranquilo/a

perhaps /UL'kDUg/ quiz(s), tal vez

plain /UoCBm/ sencillo/a

pleasant /'UoChmW/ agradable

reach /pAa/ alcanzar, llegar a

real /'pALo/ autntico/a, verdadero/a

reason /'pAhm/ razn, motivo

recycle /pA'gOYo/ reciclar

redwood /'pCXrHX/ secuoya roja

right /pOW/ derecho

rocky /'pFYi/ rocoso/a

root /pIW/ raz

sandy /'gDmXi/ arenoso/a, de arena

search (n) /gKa/ bsqueda

search (v) /gKa/ buscar

seed /gAX/ semilla

sequoia /gB'YrQL/ secuoya

shady /'iMXi/ sombreado/a, umbro/a

soft /gFcW/ suave; blando/a

state /gWMW/ estado

strong /gWpFn/ fuerte

take control /WMYYLm'WpNo/ hacerse con el control; tomar las riendas

tear /WBL/ lgrima

tree /WpA/ rbol

trunk /WpJnY/ tronco

unattractive /JmL'WpDYWBd/ poco atractivo/a

unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ inusual, poco comn / corriente

up to /'JUWL/ hasta

valley /'dDoi/ valle

valuable /'doqHLVo/ valioso/a

weak /rAY/ dbil

weight /rMW/ peso

unIt 5

adopt /L'XFUW/ adoptar

alone /L'oNm/ solo/a

Arctic /'EYWBY/ rtico/a

bath /VEe/ baar

be alone /VAL'oNm/ estar solo/a

bounce /VPmg/ botar, rebotar

bring /VpBn/ traer (~ back to life: devolver a la vida)

by choice /VO'aQg/ por eleccin propia

by yourself /VOqG'gCoc/ solo/a; sin ayuda

catch /YDa/ coger, atrapar

choice /aQg/ eleccin, preferencia, alternativa

claim /YoMl/ afirmacin

crash /YpDi/ chocar(se), estrellar(se)

dig /XBZ/ cavar, excavar

discover /XB'gYJdL/ descubrir

dive /XOd/ bucear; sumergir(se)

diver /'XOdL/ buceador/a; submarinista, buzo

DNA /XACm'M/ ADN

Earth /Ke/ la Tierra

egg /CZ/ huevo; vulo

explore /BY'gUoG/ explorar

extinct /BY'gWBnYW/ extinto/a, extinguido/a, desaparecido/a (become ~: extinguirse, desaparecer)

feed /cAX/ alimentar / dar de comer a

first choice /cKgW'aQg/ primera opcin / alternativa

floor /coG/ piso, planta

focus /'cNYLg/ centro / foco de atencin

for long /cL'oFn/ por mucho tiempo

goat /ZNW/ cabra

grapefruit /'ZpMUcpIW/ pomelo

ground /ZpPmX/ suelo

have no choice /kLdmN'aQg/ no tener opcin / alternativa

hold /kNoX/ sujetar

hole /kNo/ agujero, hoyo

land /oDmX/ aterrizar, alunizar, amerizar; caer, ir a parar

leave someone alone /oAdgJlrJmL'oNm/ dejar solo/a / en paz a alguien


Glossarylight /oOW/ luz

lonely /'oNmoi/ solitario/a, solo/a

make a choice /lMYL'aQg/ elegir

meteor /'lAWiL/ meteorito

method /'lCeLX/ mtodo

milk /lBoY/ ordear

mixed /lBYgW/ diverso/a, variado/a

on your own /FmqG'Nm/ solo/a; sin ayuda

parachute /'UDpLiIW/ lanzarse / saltar en paracadas

pool /UIo/ piscina; estanque

prehistoric /UpAkB'gWFpBY/ prehistrico/a

preserve /UpB'hKd/ preservar, conservar

pull /UHo/ tirar (de)

push /UHi/ empujar

Pyrenean ibex /UipLmCLm'OVCYg/ cabra monts pirenaica

recreate /pAYpi'MW/ recrear

row /pN/ remar (en)

sabre-toothed tiger /gMVLWIeW'WOZL/ tigre dientes de sable

save /gMd/ salvar

short-faced bear /'iGWcMgWVS/ oso de hocico corto / cara corta

solo /'gNoLH/ solo/a, a solas

spectacled bear /'gUCYWLYoXVS/ oso andino

succeed /gLY'gAX/ dar resultado, salir bien

survive /gL'dOd/ sobrevivir

swim /grBl/ nadar

touch /WJWi/ tocar

train /WpMm/ amaestrar, entrenar

trek /WpCY/ hacer senderismo, dar una caminata

volunteer /dFoLm'WBL/ hacer voluntariado, ser voluntario

whale /rMo/ ballena

woolly mammoth /rHoi 'lDlLe/ mamut lanudo/a

woolly rhino /rHoi 'pOmN/ rinoceronte lanudo

unIt 6

air conditioner /'CLYLmXBiLmL/ (aparato de) aire acondicionado

alarm clock /L'oElYoFY/ despertador

ambulance siren /'DlVqLoLmggOpLm/ sirena de ambulancia

audience /'GXiLmg/pblico

awake /L'rCBY/ despierto/a

blender /'VoCmXL/ batidora, licuadora

brain /VpMm/ cerebro

break a heart /VpMYL'kEW/ partir / romper un corazn

car horn /'YEkGm/ bocina del coche

classical /'YoDgBYo/ (msica) clsica

come out /YJl'PW/ salir

coordination /YNGXB'mCBim/ coordinacin

costume /'YFgWqIl/ de disfraces

country /'YJmWpi/ (msica) country

damage /'XDlBXj/ daar, perjudicar

danger signal /'XMmbLgBZmLo/ seal de peligro

decibel /'XCgBVCo/ decibelio

drill /XpBo/ taladradora, taladro

drums /XpJlh/ batera; tambores

electric shaver /BoCYWpBY'iMdL/ mquina de afeitar

environment /Bm'dOpLmlLmW/ ambiente, entorno

find a solution /cOmXLgL'oIim/ encontrar una solucin

find it in yourself /cOmXBWBmqG'gCoc/ animarse a / encontrar motivo para (hacer algo)

find out /cOmX'PW/ averiguar; descubrir

find the time /cOmXfL'WOl/ encontrar / sacar tiempo

find your way /cOmXqG'rM/ saber llegar, orientarse

greater /'ZpCBWL/ mayor

guitar /ZB'WE/ guitarra

hairdryer /'kCLXpOL/ secador de pelo

hard rock /kEX'pFY/ rock duro

heart /kEW/ corazn

heart attack /'kEWLWDY/ ataque al corazn, infarto

hip-hop /'kBUkFU/ hip-hop

illegally /B'oAZLoi/ ilegalmente

instrument /'BmgWpLlLmW/ instrumento

iron /'OLm/ plancha

jazz /bDh/ jazz

keyboard /'YAVGX/ teclado

Latin /'oDWBm/ (msica) latina

lawnmower /'oGmlNL/ cortacsped

learn by heart /oKmVO'kEW/ aprender de memoria

live /oBd/ en vivo

machinery /lL'iAmLpi/ maquinaria

mark /lEY/ nota, calificacin

measure /'lCjL/ medir

MP4 player /ClUA'cGUoML/ MP4, reproductor de MP4

musician /lqI'hBim/ msico/a

noise-meter /'mQhlAWL/ medidor de ruido

perform /UL'cGl/ interpretar

pop /UFU/ pop

public /'UJVoBY/ pblico

R&B /pmX'VA/ R & B (Rhythm and Blues)

rap /pDU/ rap

reggae /'pCZM/ reggae

rhythm /'pBfLl/ ritmo

rock /pFY/ rock

salsa /'gDogL/ salsa


Glossarysaxophone /'gDYgLcNm/ saxofn, saxfono

sound system /'gPmXgBgWLl/ equipo de sonido

sudden /'gJXm/ repentino/a, inesperado/a

the heart of the matter /fLkEWLdfL'lDWL/ lo esencial, el meollo de la cuestin

UK /qI'YM/ Reino Unido

vacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLlYoAmL/ aspirador/a

vinyl record /'dOmopCYGX/ disco de vinilo

violin /dOL'oBm/ violn

wake up /rMY'JU/ despertar(se)

zoom /hIl/ ir / pasar a toda velocidad

unIt 7

according to /L'YGXBnWL/ de acuerdo con, segn, conforme a

after-world /'EcWLrKoX/ el ms all

angry /'DnZpi/ enfadado/a

apply for a job /L'UoOcLLbFV/ presentarse a / solicitar un trabajo

bad luck /VDX'oJY/ mala suerte

bless /VoCg/ bendecir

bored /VGX/ aburrido/a

break /VpMY/ romper

bring /VpBn/ traer

carry /'YDpi/ llevar; traer

cave /YMd/ cueva

century /'gCmaLpi/ siglo

common /'YFlLm/ comn, corriente, frecuente

confused /YLm'cqIhX/ confundido/a, confuso/a, desconcertado/a

connection /YL'mCYim/ conexin, relacin

crack /YpDY/ grieta

dark /XEY/ oscuridad

dead /XCX/ muerto/a

deadly /'XCXoi/ mortal; mortfero/a

death /XCe/ muerte

die /XO/ morir

die for /XO'cL/ morir por

die of /XO'Ld/ morir de

disappear /XBgL'UBL/ desaparecer

dream /XpAl/ soar

drop /XpFU/ dejar caer; tirar

dying to /'XOnWL/ que se muere de ganas de

early /'Koi/ primer/o/a

embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergonzado/a; violento/a, incmodo/a

excited /BY'gOWBX/ emocionado/a, ilusionado/a

exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ exhausto/a, agotado/a

four-leafed clover /cGoAcW'YoPdL/ trbol de cuatro hojas

frightened /'cpOWmX/ asustado/a, con miedo

get a job /ZCWL'bFV/ conseguir un trabajo

goddess /'ZFXCg/ diosa

have a job /kLdL'bFV/ tener un trabajo

hug /kJZ/ abrazar

immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/ inmediatamente

job /bFV/ trabajo, empleo

jobless /'bFVoLg/ sin trabajo, desempleado/a

kiss /YBg/ besar

level /'oCdo/ nivel

lose a job /oIhL'bFV/ perder un trabajo

lucky charm /oJYi 'aEl/ amuleto de la suerte

manufacturer /lDmqH'cDYWiLpL/ fabricantemercury /'lKYqLpi/ mercurio

Middle Ages /lBXo'CBbBh/ Edad Media

monk /lJnY/ monje

pick /UBY/ coger, recoger

prisoner /'UpBhmL/ prisionero/a

proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a

put /UHW/ poner

refuse /pB'cqIh/ negarse

run away /pJmL'rCB/ escapar(se), huir

sail /gMo/ navegar; zarpar, salir en barco

salary /'gDoLpi/ salario, sueldo

scratch /gYpDa/ rascarse

scream /gYpAl/ gritar, chillar

sneeze /gmAh/ estornudar

sound /gPmX/ sonar

spirit /'gUBpBW/ espritu, alma

statue /'gWDaI/ estatua

step /gWCU/ pisar

still /gWBo/ an, todava

superstition /gIUL'gWBim/ supersticin

surprised /gL'UpOhX/ sorprendido/a

sweep /grAU/ barrer

symbol /'gBlVo/ smbolo

take /WMY/ llevar

thrilled /epBoX/ entusiasmado/a, contentsimo/a

throw /epN/ lanzar; tirar

throw away /epN'LrM/ tirar a la basura

turn into (stone) /WKmBmWL'gWNm/ convertir(se) en (piedra)

unlucky /Jm'oJYi/ desafortunado/a, de mala suerte; que trae mala suerte

upset /JU'gCW/ disgustado/a, molesto/a

village /'dBoBb/ pueblo, aldea


Glossaryvisitor /'dBhBWL/ visitante

wish /rBi/ desear

witch /rBa/ bruja

worried /'rJpiX/ preocupado/a

unIt 8

age /CBb/ edad

alive /L'oOd/ vivo/a

aquarium /L'YrCLpiLl/ acuario

balcony /'VDoYLmi/ balcn, terraza

blind /VoOmX/ ciego/a

bowling alley /'VLHoBnDoi/ bolera

buy tickets /VO'WBYBWg/ comprar entradas

caf /'YcM/ cafetera, caf

car park /'YEUEY/ aparcamiento

ceiling /'gAoBn/ techo

chemists /'YClBgWg/ farmacia

Chinese /WiO'mAh/ chino/a; chino (idioma)

collect /YL'oCYW/ coger, recoger; coleccionar

curious /'YqHLpiLg/ curioso/a

customer /'YJgWLlL/ cliente

department store /XB'UEWlLmWgWG/ grandes almacenes

electronics shop /BoCY'WpFmBYgiFU/ tienda de electrnica

extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ extraordinario; increble, inslito/a

floor /coG/ piso; suelo

football field /'cHWVGocAoX/ campo de ftbol

frightening /'cpOWmBn/ aterrador/a, espantoso/a

garage /'ZDpEj/ garaje

get a haircut /ZCWL'kCLYJW/ cortarse el pelo

glass /ZoEg/ cristal, vidrio

go bowling /ZLH'VLHoBn/ ir a jugar a los bolos

go on rides /ZLHFm'pOXh/ montar(se) en las atracciones

hairdressers /'kCLXpCgLh/ peluquera

hang out /kn'PW/ pasar el tiempo / rato

have a look at /kLdL'oHYLW/ echar un vistazo a

have fun /kDd'cJm/ divertirse, pasarlo bien

high up /kO'JU/ arriba

hire /'kOL/ alquilar; contratar

hotel /kN'WCo/ hotel

ice hockey /'OgkFYi/ hockey sobre hielo

ice rink /'OgpBnY/ pista de hielo

ice-skate /'OggYMW/ patinar sobre hielo

ice skating /'OggYMWBn/ patinaje sobre hielo

indoor /'BmXG/ cubierto/a, interior

Indian Ocean /BmXiLm'Nim/ Ocano ndico

join /bQm/ unirse

kid /YBX/ nio/a

live /oBd/ en vivo / directo

Maldivian /lGo'XBdiLm/ maldivo/a; maldivo (idioma)

market /'lEYBW/ mercado

meeting /'lAWBn/ reunin, encuentro

Middle East /lBXo'AgW/ Oriente Medio

move around /lIdL'pPmX/ moverse / trasladarse de un sitio a otro

odd /FX/ raro/a, extrao/a

oil /Qo/ petrleo; petrolfero/a

Olympic-sized /L'oBlUBYgOhX/ de tamao olmpico

order a pizza /GXLL'UAWgL/ pedir una pizza

outdoor /'PWXG/ descubierto/a, al aire libre, exterior

own /Nm/ propio/a

peculiar /UB'YqIoiL/ extrao/a, raro/a; peculiar

pub /UJV/ pub

rent /pCmW/ alquilar

reservation /pChL'dMim/ reserva

ride /pOX/ atraccin

roof /pIc/ techo, tejado

sky /gYO/ cielo

sorbet /'gGVM/ sorbete

stay at home /gWMLW'kNl/ quedarse en casa

step /gWCU/ escaln, peldao

store /gWG/ guardar

strange /gWpMmb/ extrao/a, raro/a

take a nap /WMYL'mDU/ echarse la / una siesta

take photos /WMY'cNWNh/ hacer fotos

tank /WDnY/ acuario

theme park /'eAlUEY/ parque temtico

underwater (adj) /JmXL'rGWL/ submarino/a, subacutico/a

underwater (adv) /JmXL'rGWL/ debajo del agua

unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ inusual, poco comn

video game /'dBXiLHZMl/ videojuego

wait in a queue /rMWBmL'YqI/ esperar en una / hacer cola

walk through /rGY'epI/ atravesar andando

wall /rGo/ pared

weird /rBLX/ raro/a, extrao/a

worker /'rKYL/ trabajador/a

zoo /hI/ zoo, zoolgico

unIt 9

actually /'DYWiToi/ en realidad, realmente

ADHD /MXAMa'Xi/ TDAH (Trastorno por Dficit de Atencin con Hiperactividad)


Glossaryalone /L'oNm/ solo/a; nicamente, solo (by women ~: solo

por mujeres)

armour /'ElL/ armadura

aunt /EmW/ ta

Amazon /'DlLhLm/ amazona

be born /VAVGm/ nacer

become /VB'YJl/ llegar a ser, hacerse; convertirse en

boarding school /'VGXBngYIo/ internado

bow and arrow /VPLmX'DpN/ arco y flechas

capture /'YUWiL/ apoderarse de

changing /'aMmbBn/ cambiante

commit /YL'lBW/ cometer

cousin /'YJhm/ primo/a

cry /YpO/ llorar; gritar

daughter /'XGWL/ hija

deal with /'XAorBf/ ocuparse / encargarse de

destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destruir

die /XO/ morir

fact /cYW/ hecho

fall in love /cGoBm'oJd/ enamorarse

father-in-law /'cEfLBmoG/ suegro

female /'cAlMo/ mujer

fight /cOW/ luchar

get a job /ZCWL'bFV/ conseguir un trabajo

get along /ZCWL'oFn/ llevarse bien

get divorced /ZCWXB'dGgX/ divorciarse

get married /ZCW'lDpiX/ casarse

god /ZFX/ dios

granddaughter /'ZpDmXGWL/ nieta

grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ abuelo

grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/ abuela

grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/ abuelos

grandson /'ZpDmgJm/ nieto

have children /kDd'WiBoXpLm/ tener hijos

howl /kPo/ dar alaridos; aullar

human /'kqIlLm/ humano/a

humane /kqI'lCBm/ humano/a, humanitario/a

husband /'kJhVLmX/ marido, esposo

legend /'oCbLmX/ leyenda

male /lCBo/ varn

meet /lAW/ encontrarse; conocerse

moan /lNm/ gemir; quejarse

mother-in-law /'lJfLBmoG/ suegra

move /lId/ mudarse, trasladarse

murder /'lKXL/ asesinato

myth /lBe/ mito

nephew /'mCcqI/ sobrino

niece /mAg/ sobrina

notice /'mNWBg/ darse cuenta de

only /'Nmoi/ solo, solamente

punishment /'UJmBilLmW/ castigo

put down /UHW'XPm/ dejar, soltar

put off /UHW'Fc/ aplazar, posponer

put out /UHW'PW/ sacar; apagar

put up /UHW'JU/ subir; levantar (~ with: soportar, aguantar)

reader /'pAXL/ lector/a

(be) related to /(VA)pB'oCBWBXWI/ (estar) emparentado/a con, (ser) pariente de

review /pB'dqI/ resea, crtica

run /pJm/ gobernar

scream /gYpAl/ gritar, chillar

set /gCW/ plat (be ~: desarrollarse, estar ambientado/a)

shout /iPW/ gritar

shriek /ipAY/ chillar

siblings /'gBVoBnh/ hermanos/asskeleton /'gYCoBWm/ esqueleto

son /gJm/ hijo

stepfather /'gWCUcEfL/ padrastro

stepmother /'gWCUlJfL/ madrastra

stepson /'gWCUgJm/ hijastro

study /'gWJXi/ estudiar

Trojan War /WpNbLm'rG/ Guerra de Troya

tribe /WpOV/ tribu

trouble /'WpJVo/ problema/s, lo/s (get into ~: meterse en problemas / los)

turn around /WKmL'pPmX/ darse la vuelta

turn into /WKm'BmWL/ convertir(se) en

turn out /WKm'PW/ resultar

uncle /'JnYo/ to

warrior /'rFpiL/ guerrero/a

weep /rAU/ llorar

widow /'rBXN/ viuda (become a ~: enviudar, quedar viuda)

widower /'rBXNL/ viudo

wife /rOc/ mujer, esposa

yell /qCo/ gritar, chillar

1010Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

Grammar

Appendix

IntroductIon

CONTRASTEpresent simple / present continuous ElPresent Simpleexpresahbitosyrutinas,peroel

Present Continuousindicaloqueestocurriendomientrassehabla.

They usually have lunch at home, but today theyre eating at a restaurant.(Normalmentecomenencasa,perohoyestncomiendo enunrestaurante.)

Paraformarla3personadelsingulardelPresent Simplelamayoradeverbosaaden-s:

like - likes walk - walksread - reads sit - sits

Enlossiguientescasos,seaade -es enlugarde-s:

-Siacabaenss,sh,chox: pass - passes watch - watcheswash - washes mix - mixes

-Siacabaeno: do - does go - goes

-Siacabaenconsonante+y,secambialayporunai: study - studies carry - carries

ParaformarelPresent Continuoushayquefijarseenestasreglasortogrficasparaaadir -ing alverbo:

-Siacabaene muda,sepierdelae: live - living

-Siesde1slabayacabaen1 vocal+1 consonante,sedoblaestaconsonante: run - running sit - sitting

-Siesde2slabasytieneelacentoenlaltima,sedoblalaltimaconsonante: prefer - preferring begin - beginning

-Siacabaenl,sedoblaesaletra: travel - travelling

-Siacabaenie,secambiaieporunay: lie - lying die - dying

Losverbosestticosseutilizanparaexpresargustos,deseos,sentimientosyemociones,actividadesdelamenteyopiniones,percepcinyposesinynosesuelenutilizarconelPresent Continuous.

lovelikehatewant

gustos,deseos,sentimientosyemociones

thinkrememberknowunderstandbelieve

actividadesdelamenteyopiniones

seehearsmelltastefeel

percepcin

own posesin

He wants a new computer.(lquiereunordenadornuevo.)

Do you think hes ill?(Creesqueestenfermo?)

I dont hear you.(Noteoigo.)

They own a house on the beach.(Ellostienenunacasaenlaplaya.)

EL past simple

Afirmativa Negativa Forma contrada

Ishouted I did not shout I didnt shout

Youshouted Youdid not shout You didnt shout

Heshouted He did not shout He didnt shout

Sheshouted She did not shout She didnt shout

Itshouted It did not shout It didnt shout

Weshouted We did not shout We didnt shout

Youshouted You did not shout You didnt shout

Theyshouted They did not shout They didnt shout

InterrogativaRespuestas breves

Afirmativa Negativa

Did Ishout ...? Yes,I did. No,I didnt.

Did youshout ...? Yes,you did. No,you didnt.

Did heshout ...? Yes,he did. No,he didnt.

Did sheshout ...? Yes,she did. No,she didnt.

Did itshout ...? Yes,it did. No,it didnt.

Did weshout ...? Yes,we did. No,we didnt.

Did youshout ...? Yes,you did. No,you didnt.

Did theyshout ...? Yes,they did. No,they didnt.

1010 1111Advanced Real English 2 B Burlington Books

GrammarAppendix Afirmativa:seformaaadiendo-edalosverbosregularesyesigualentodaslaspersonas

I watched TV last night.(Vilatelevisinanoche.)

Enlossiguientescasos,hayquefijarseenestasreglasortogrficasparaaadir-ed:

-Siacabaene muda,soloseaade: dance - danced arrive - arrived

-Siesde1slabayacabaen1 vocal+1 consonante,sedoblaestaconsonante: stop - stopped plan - planned

-Siesde2slabasytieneelacentoenlaltima,sedoblalaltimaconsonante: prefer - preferred permit - permitted

-Siacabaenl,sedoblaesaletra: travel - travelled

-Siacabaenconsonante + y,secambialayporunai: study - studied try - tried

Losverbosirregularesnosiguenningunaregla,yporeso,hayqueaprendersuformadepasadodememoria.Puedesconsultarlalistadelaspginas23-24.

Negativa:sujeto+did notodidnt+verboenlaformabase.

She didnt eat ice cream yesterday.(Ellanocomiunheladoayer.)

Interrogativa:Did+sujeto+verboenlaformabase.

Did your friend like his present?(Atuamigolegustsuregalo?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+didodidnt.

Did you drink your tea? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.(Tebebisteelt?S./No.)

Los usos del past simpleExpresaraccionespasadas

He enjoyed the party.(ldisfrutdelafiesta.)

Decirqusehizoenunmomentoconcreto

The teacher gave us an exam last Tuesday.(Elprofesornospusounexamenelmartespasado.)

Contarhistoriasenpasado

I had breakfast. Then I went for a walk.(Desayun.Luegofuiadarunpaseo.)

Contarcmoeranlascosasenotrotiempo

In the past, people didnt use computers. (Enelpasado,lagentenoutilizabaordenadores.)

ConelPast Simplesesuelenusarestasexpresiones temporales:lasquellevanago(hace)alfinaldelaexpresin,last night / week / year(anoche,lasemanapasada,elaopasado),at+unahora,on+undaofecha,in+unao,in the past(enelpasado),yesterday(ayer),etc.

Puedeniralprincipiooalfinaldelafrase,perosesuelenponeralfinal.

He slept at Toms house on Saturday.(ldurmiencasadeTomelsbado.)

Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969.(NeilArmstrongpislalunaen1969.)

EL past continuousAfirmativa Negativa Forma contrada

Iwas doing Iwas not doing Iwasnt doing

Youwere doing Youwere not doing Youwerent doing

Hewas doing Hewas not doing Hewasnt doing

Shewas doing Shewas not doing Shewasnt doing

Itwas doing Itwas not doing Itwasnt doing

Wewere doing Wewere not doing Wewerent doing

Youwere doing Youwere not doing Youwerent doing

Theywere doing Theywere not doing Theywerent doing


Afirmativa Negativa

WasIdoing? Yes,Iwas. No,Iwasnt.

Wereyoudoing? Yes,you were. No,youwerent.

Washedoing? Yes,he was. No,he wasnt.

Wasshedoing? Yes,she was. No,she wasnt.

Wasitdoing? Yes,itwas. No,itwasnt.

Werewedoing? Yes,wewere. No,we werent.

Wereyoudoing? Yes,you were. No,you werent.

Weretheydoing? Yes,they were. No,they werent.

Afirmativa:sujeto+was/were+unverboterminadoen-ing.

I was cooking in the kitchen. (Estabacocinandoenlacocina.)

Lasreglasortogrficasparaaadir-ing seencuentranenlapg.10.

Negativa:sujeto+was/were +not o nt +unverboterminadoen-ing.

It wasnt raining this morning.(Noestaballoviendoestamaana.)

Interrogativa:Was/Were+sujeto+unverboterminadoen-ing.

Were they driving to work?(Estabanconduciendohaciaeltrabajo?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+was / weresincontraerenafirmativaocontradoconlapartculanotennegativa.

Was he studying with his friend? Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt.(lestabaestudiandoconsuamigo?S./No.)


ConelPast Continuoussesuelenusarlassiguientesexpresiones temporales:lasquellevanago(hace)alfinaldelaexpresin,at +unahora, yesterday morning / afternoon (ayerporlamaana/tarde), last night (anoche),etc. Puedeniralprincipiooalfinaldelafrase,perosesuelenponeralfinal.

We were playing football yesterday afternoon. (Estbamosjugandoalftbolayerporlatarde.)

You were doing your homework two hours ago. (Estabashaciendolosdebereshacedoshoras.)

Los usos del past continuous

Expresarloqueestabaocurriendo enelpasado

They were taking pictures of animals at 3 oclock. (Estabanhaciendofotosdeanimalesalas3enpunto.)

Describirdosomsaccionesprolongadasysimultneasenelpasado,unidasporwhileoas

We were talking on the phone while / as you were reading a magazine. (Estbamoshablandoportelfonomientrasestabasleyendounarevista.)

unIt1

CONTRASTE past simple / past continuous ElPast Simpleindicaquelaaccinocurriytermineneltiempoindicadoenlafrase,mientrasqueelPast Continuoushabladeaccionesprolongadasqueestabanocurriendoenelpasado.

Jack travelled to China in 1988. (JackviajaChinaen1988.)

I was riding a bike yesterday morning. (Estuvemontandoenbiciayerporlamaana.)

ConelPast Continuoussesuelenutilizarlasconjuncioneswhileoasparahablardeaccionessimultneas.

While / As we were waiting for my mother, she was buying some fruit. (Mientrasestbamosesperandoamimadre,ellaestabacomprandoalgodefruta.)

Seusawhile owhen parahablardeunaaccinprolongadainterrumpidaporotraenelpasado.

While Jack was sleeping, the telephone rang. (MientrasJackestabadurmiendo,eltelfonoson.)

I was cleaning the kitchen when he arrived. (Estabalimpiandolacocinacuandollleg.)

ConelPast SimplesesueleutilizarwhenyconelPast Continuouswhile.

unIt2

LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES DE FUTUROEl futuro con will

Afirmativa Forma contradaIwill play Ill play

Youwill play Youll play

Hewill play Hell play

Shewill play Shell play

Itwill play Itll play

Wewill play Well play

Youwill play Youll play

Theywill play Theyll play

Negativa Forma contrada

Iwill not play Iwont play

Youwill not play Youwont play

Hewill not play Hewont play

Shewill not play Shewont play

Itwill not play Itwont play

Wewill not play Wewont play

Youwill not play Youwont play

They will not play Theywont play


Afirmativa Negativa

WillIplay...? Yes,Iwill. No,Iwont.

Willyouplay...? Yes,youwill. No,youwont.

Willheplay...? Yes,hewill. No,hewont.

Willsheplay...? Yes,shewill. No,shewont.

Willitplay...? Yes,itwill. No,itwont.

Willweplay...? Yes,wewill. No,wewont.

Willyouplay...? Yes,youwill. No,youwont.

Willtheyplay...? Yes,theywill. No,theywont.

Afirmativa:sujeto+elauxiliarwill+verboenlaformabase.Esigualentodaslaspersonas.Enlaconversacin,willsecontraeconelsujeto(ll).

He will become a good doctor one day. (lseconvertirenunbuendoctoralgnda.)

Negativa:sujeto+willnot owont+verboenlaformabase.

They wont score any goals. (Nomarcarnningngol.)

Interrogativa:Will+sujeto+verboenlaformabase.

Will you help me?(Meayudars?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+willowont.

Will it be sunny at the weekend? Yes, it will. / No, it wont.(Harsolelfindesemana?S./No.)

GrammarAppendix


GrammarAppendix

Los usos del futuro con willPredecirloquesecreequeocurrir

I think they will travel to Ireland.(CreoqueviajarnaIrlanda.)

Expresardecisionesrepentinas

Its hot. Ill wear my sandals.(Hacecalor.Mepondrmissandalias.)

Hacerpromesasuofrecimientos

Ill take you home. (Tellevaracasa.)

Conwillsesuelenusarexpresiones temporales comolater(mstarde),soon(pronto),in an hour(dentrodeunahora),tomorrow(maana),next week / month / year(lasemana/elmes/elaoqueviene),etc.Tambinseusanotrasqueindicanunfuturolejano:in ten years(endiezaos),in+unao,one day(algnda),in the future(enelfuturo),etc.Todaspuedeniralprincipiooalfinaldelafrase,perosesuelenponeralfinal.

We will arrive in an hour.(Llegaremosdentrodeunahora.)

El futuro con be going toAfirmativa Forma contrada

Iam going to travel Im going to travel

Youare going to travel Youre going to travel

He is going to travel Hes going to travel

Sheis going to travel Shes going to travel

Itis going to travel Its going to travel

Weare going to travel Were going to travel

Youare going to travel Youre going to travel

Theyare going to travel Theyre going to travel

Negativa y forma contrada

Iam not/Im not going to travel

Youare not/Youarent/Youre not going to travel

Heis not/Heisnt/ Hes not going to travel

Sheis not/Sheisnt/Shes not going to travel

Itis not/Itisnt/ Its not going to travel

Weare not/Wearent/Were not going to travel

Youare not/Youarent/Youre not going to travel

Theyare not/Theyarent/ Theyre not going to travel


Afirmativa Negativa

AmIgoing to travel? Yes,I am. No,Im not.

Areyougoing to travel? Yes,you are. No,you arent.

Ishegoing to travel? Yes,he is. No,he isnt.

Isshegoing to travel? Yes,she is. No,she isnt.

Isitgoing to travel? Yes,it is. No,it isnt.

Arewegoing to travel? Yes,we are. No,we arent.

Areyougoing to travel? Yes,you are. No,you arent.

Aretheygoing to travel? Yes,they are. No,they arent.

Afirmativa:sujeto+to beenpresente+ going to+verboenlaformabase.

Jack is going to compete in the championship next summer.(Jackvaacompetirenelcampeonatoelveranoqueviene.)

Negativa:sujeto+ to beenpresente+ not o nt+going to+verboenlaformabase.

They arent going to play tennis next Friday.(Novanajugaralteniselviernesqueviene.)

Interrogativa:to beenpresente+sujeto+going to+verboenlaformabase.

Is she going to join the team?(Ellavaaunirsealequipo?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+elverboto be,sincontraerenafirmativaocontradoconlapartculanotennegativa.

Are you going to watch the match on Saturday? Yes, I am. / No, Im not.(Vasaverelpartidoelsbado?S./No.)

Los usos del futuro con be going to

Hablardeintenciones,planesodecisiones

Im going to meet them at the cinema.(Voyaquedarconellosenelcine.)

Expresarloquevaasucederporquesevenindiciosdeello

Look at the score! Theyre going to win.(Miraelmarcador!Vanaganar.)

Conbe going tosesuelenusarlassiguientesexpresiones temporales:later(mstarde),soon(pronto),in an hour(dentrodeunahora),tomorrow(maana),next week / month / year(lasemana/elmes/elaoqueviene),etc.

Todaspuedeniralprincipiooalfinaldelafrase,perosesuelenponeralfinal.

Im going to buy a new shirt next week.(Voyacomprarunacamisanuevalasemanaqueviene.)

They are going to study for the exam later.(Vanaestudiarparaelexamenmstarde.)

El present continuous con valor de futuro ElPresent Continuousexpresaloqueestocurriendoenelpresente,perotambinseusaparahablardeaccionesfijadasconantelacinqueocurrirnenunfuturoprximo.Expresaalgoquesucederconseguridad,nounaintencin.

Were playing volleyball tomorrow.(Jugamos/Jugaremosalvoleibolmaana.)[yasehadecidido]

ElPresent Continuousconvalordefuturodebeiracompaadodeunaexpresintemporalqueindiquecundovaaocurrirlaaccin:soon(pronto),later(mstarde),tomorrow(maana),tonight(estanoche),next week/month/year(lasemana/elmes/elaoqueviene),etc.


He is running a race next weekend.(lcorre/correrunacarreralasemanaqueviene.)

We are flying to Paris this evening.(Volamos/VolaremosaParsestanoche.)

unIt3

EL PRIMER CONDICIONALSeusaparahablardeunaaccin(oresultado)queocurrirsisecumplelacondicinsealada.

Afirmativa:lacondicin(oracinsubordinada)seexpresaconif+Present Simple,yelresultado(oracinprincipal)sueleirenfuturoconwill.

Silacondicinvaprimero,seponeunacomaentrelaoracinprincipalylasubordinada.

If he studies hard, he will get good marks. (Silestudiamucho,obtendrbuenasnotas.)

He will get good marks if he studies hard.(lobtendrbuenasnotassiestudiamucho.)

Negativa:sepuedenegarelverboenpresente,elverboenfuturooambos.

If she doesnt go to the party, I will stay at home. (Siellanovaalafiesta,mequedarencasa.)

If she goes to the party, I wont stay at home.(Siellavaalafiesta,nomequedarencasa.)

If she doesnt go to the party, I wont stay at home.(Siellanovaalafiesta,nomequedarencasa.)

Interrogativa:Will+sujeto+predicadodelaoracinprincipal+oracinsubordinada.

Will they go to the beach if it rains?(Irnalaplayasillueve?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+willowont.

Will you play the guitar if he sings? Yes, I will. /No, I wont.(Tocarslaguitarrasilcanta?S./No.)

Sepuedeusarunlessowhenenlacondicin.

Paraexpresarquealgoocurrironoocurrirsinosecumplelacondicin,lasubordinadaesintroducidaporlaconjuncinunless,queequivaleaif not (anoserque,amenosque,sino).

Unless you concentrate, you will fail the exam.(Sinoteconcentras,suspenderselexamen.)

Con when hablamossobrealgoqueocurrirconseguridad.

When I arrive home, I will call you.(Cuandollegueacasa,tellamar.)

EL SEGUNDO CONDICIONALSeusaparahablardeaccioneshipotticasreferidasalpresente,esdecir,queespocoprobablequeocurran,yparadarconsejo.

Afirmativa:lacondicinseexpresaconif+Past Simple,yelresultadoconwould(olacontraccind)+elverboenlaformabase.

If I understood the problem, Id solve it.(Sientendieraelproblema,loresolvera.)

Sielverbodelacondicinesto be,sesueleusarwere entodaslaspersonasdelsingularydelplural.

If he were rich, hed buy a new car. (Silfueserico,secomprarauncochenuevo.)

ParadarconsejosseemplealafrmulaIf I were.

If I were you, Id send him a text message. (Siyofuerat,leenviaraunmensajedetexto.)

Negativa:sepuedenegarlacondicin,elresultadooambos.

If I didnt have money, I would work hard. (Siyonotuvieradinero,trabajaramucho.)

If I had money, I wouldnt work hard.(Siyotuvieradinero,notrabajaramucho.)

If I didnt work hard, I wouldnt have money.(Siyonotrabajaramucho,notendradinero.)

Interrogativa:Would+sujeto+predicadodelaoracinprincipal+oracinsubordinada.

Would you ride a camel if you were in the desert?(Montarasencamellosiestuvieraseneldesierto?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+wouldowouldnt.

Would you play the piano if you didnt play the guitar? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldnt. (Tocaraselpianosinotocaraslaguitarra?S./No.)

unIt4

EL COMPARATIVO DE LOS ADJETIVOSLa forma comparativa

Paracomparardoscosas,animalesopersonasseutilizanlosadjetivosengradocomparativo.

Elcomparativodesuperioridad(ms...que)seusaparacomparardoscosas,animalesopersonascuandounasuperaalaotraenalgnaspecto.Paraformarlohayquefijarseenlalongituddeladjetivo:

1.Sitiene1slaba,o2yterminaeny,seconsideracortoyseleaadelaterminacin-er.Detrs,seponelapartculathan.

The silver necklace is cheaper than the gold one.(Elcollardeplataesmsbaratoqueeldeoro.)

GrammarAppendix


GrammarAppendixEnlossiguientescasos,eladjetivocambiaalaadirle-er:

-Sitiene1slabayacabaen1 vocal+1 consonante,sedoblaesaconsonante:

thin - thinner big - bigger

-Sitiene2slabasyacabaenconsonante+y,secambialayporunai: heavy - heavier

easy - easier

-Siacabaenl,seduplicaesaletra: cruel - crueller

-Siacabaenemuda,soloseaade-r: nice - nicer

2.Sieladjetivotiene2slabasoms,eslargoylacomparativaseformaconmore+adjetivo+than.

Paul is more attractive than Jim.(PaulesmsatractivoqueJim.)

Elcomparativodeinferioridadseformaconless+adjetivo+than(menos...que).

Modern jewellery is less elaborate than ancient jewellery.(Lajoyeramodernaesmenoselaboradaquelaantigua.)

Elcomparativodeigualdadseformacon(not)as+adjetivo+as((no)tan...como).

This picture is as colourful as that one.(Estecuadroestancoloridocomoese.)

La forma superlativaSeusaparacompararmsdedoscosas,animalesopersonasydecirqueunadestacasobrelasdems.

Seponethedelantedeladjetivoyeladverbiomostolaterminacin-es.Tambinhayquetenerencuentasulongitud:

-Siescorto,seutilizathe +adjetivo+-est.

These are the lightest clothes in the shop.(Estaeslaropamsligeradelatienda.)

Siguelasmismasreglasqueparaformarelcomparativocon-er.

big - biggest sad - saddest pretty - prettiest happy - happiest wide - widest large - largest cruel - cruellest

-Sieslargo,seutilizathe most+adjetivo.

This beach is the most peaceful place in the world.(Estaplayaesellugarmstranquilodelmundo.)

Paraindicarquealguienoalgoesinferiorqueelrestoenalgnaspectoseutilizalaestructurathe least+adjetivo.

This is the least lively market in the city.(Esteeselmercadomenosanimadodelaciudad.)

Elsuperlativopuedeirseguidodelaspreposicionesin,ofyon.

Hes the most intelligent boy in the class. (leselchicomsinteligentedelaclase.)

Next Friday is the longest day of the year.(Elviernesquevieneeseldamslargodelao.)

Which is the highest mountain on Earth?(CuleslamontaamsaltadelaTierra?)

Los adjetivos irregularesNosiguenningunaregla,yporeso,hayqueaprendersusformascomparativaysuperlativadememoria.

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

good(bueno/a)

better than the best

bad(malo/a)

worse than the worst

far(lejano/a)

farther / further than the farthest / furthest

little(poco/a)

less than the least

too,(not) ... enough Toovadelantedeladjetivoeindicaquelacualidadexpresadaporesteesexcesiva.Significademasiado.

This ring is too bright.(Esteanilloesdemasiadobrillante.)

Not+adjetivo+enoughsignificano(lo)bastanteono(lo)suficientemente.

That football player is good enough for our team.(Esejugadordeftboles(lo)bastante/suficientementebuenoparanuestroequipo.)

She is not old enough to drive. (Ellanoes(lo)bastante/suficientementemayorparaconducir.)


EL COMPARATIVO DE LOS ADVERBIOS Losadverbiosnosdanmsinformacinsobrelosverbos.Describenlamaneraenquehacemosunaaccin.

She walks slowly. (Ellacaminalentamente.)

Sepuedencomparardosaccionesutilizandoestaestructura:more+adverbio+than.

She walks more slowly than her sister. (Ellacaminamslentamentequesuhermana.)

Tambinsepuedencomparardosaccionesutilizando:less+adverbio+than.

I drive less carefully than my father. (Yoconduzcoconmenoscuidadoquemipadre.)

Conas+adverbio+asseindicaquedosaccionesserealizandelamismaforma.

She walks as slowly asher sister.(Ellacaminatanlentamentecomosuhermana.)

Los adverbios irregularesNosiguenningunaregla,yporeso,hayqueaprenderestosadverbiosysuformacomparativadememoria.

Adjetivo Adverbio Forma comparativa

fast (rpido/a)fast (rpidamente,deprisa)

faster than

hard (duro/a;difcil)

hard (duramente,mucho)

harder than

high (alto/a)high (alto,agranaltura)

higher than

far (lejano/a) far (lejos) farther / further than

good (bueno/a) well (bien) better than

bad (malo/a) badly (mal) worse than

unIt5

EL present perFect simple

Afirmativa Forma contradaIhave washed Ive washed

Youhave washed Youve washed

Hehas washed Hes washed

Shehas washed Shes washed

Ithas washed Its washed

Wehave washed Weve washed

Youhave washed Youve washed

Theyhave washed Theyve washed

Negativa Forma contrada

Ihave not washed Ihavent washed

Youhave not washed Youhavent washed

Hehas not washed Hehasnt washed

Shehas not washed Shehasnt washed

Ithas not washed Ithasnt washed

Wehave not washed Wehavent washed

Youhave not washed Youhavent washed

They have not washed Theyhavent washed


Afirmativa Negativa

HaveIwashed...? Yes,Ihave. No,Ihavent.

Haveyouwashed...? Yes,youhave. No,youhavent.

Hashewashed...? Yes,hehas. No,hehasnt.

Hasshewashed...? Yes,shehas. No,shehasnt.

Hasitwashed...? Yes,ithas. No,ithasnt.

Havewewashed...? Yes,wehave. No,wehavent.

Haveyouwashed...? Yes,youhave. No,youhavent.

Havetheywashed...? Yes,theyhave. No,theyhavent.

Afirmativa:sujeto+has/have+unverboenparticipio.Lamayoradeverbosaaden-edalaformabasedelverboparaformarelparticipio.

We have explored this area.(Hemosexploradoestazona.)

Losverbosirregularessuelencambiardeformaenelparticipio.Nosiguenningunaregla,yporeso,hayqueaprenderlosdememoria.Puedesencontrarunalistaenlaspginas23-24.

I have eaten soup and sausages for dinner.(Hecomidosopaysalchichasparacenar.)

Negativa:sujeto+has/have +notont+unverboenparticipio.

The plane hasnt landed.(Elavinnohaaterrizado.)

GrammarAppendix


GrammarAppendix Interrogativa:Has/have+sujeto+unverboenparticipio.

Have you studied this unit?(Hasestudiadoestaunidad?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+has / havesincontraerenafirmativaocontradoconlapartculanotennegativa.

Have they received a letter? Yes, they have. / No, they havent.(Hanrecibidounacarta?S./No.)

ConelPresent Perfect Simplesesuelenusarlossiguientesadverbios y expresiones temporales:

ever

interrogativa:algunavez

Have you ever trekked through the jungle?

negativa:nunca,jams

I havent ever rowed a boat

neverafirmativa:nunca

She has never visited Paris.

always siempreTheyve always listened to their mother.

already afirmativa:yaWeve already discovered the truth.

justafirmativa:acabarde

I have just cleaned my room.

yet

negativa:an,todava

She hasnt completed her homework yet.

interrogativa:ya

Have you found your ring yet?

recently recientementeHave they travelled to London recently?

lately ltimamenteHe hasnt watered the plants lately.

several times variasveces

They have dug for treasure several times.

so farhastaelmomento

Ive done five exercises so far.

Hayquetenerencuentaque:

-Just,already,always,everyneverseponenentreelauxiliarhaveyelparticipiodelverboprincipal.

-Yetsecolocaalfinaldelafrase.

-Elrestodeexpresionespuedeniralprincipiooalfinaldelafrase,perosesuelenponeralfinal.

for /sinceConelPresent Perfect Simple tambinseutilizanlasexpresionestemporalesquecomienzancon:

- Lapreposicinforseguidadeunperiododetiempoqueindicaladuracindelaaccin.Setraducecomoduranteonosetraduce.

Her mother has worked here for 15 years.(Sumadrehatrabajadoaqudurantequinceaos.)

- Lapreposicinsince,queindicaelmomentoenqueempezlaaccin.Setraducecomodesde.

I havent watched a film since Sunday. (Nohevistounapelculadesdeeldomingo.)

Los usos del present perfect simple

Accionesqueempezaronenelpasadoyancontinan(llevaforosince ysetraduceenpresente)

She has lived in Germany since 1998.(EllaviveenAlemaniadesde1998.)

Accionespasadasqueafectanalpresenteotienenconsecuenciasenelmomentoactual

They have moved to a new house.(Ellossehanmudadoaunacasanueva.)

Accionespasadassinespecificarcundoocurrieron

She has survived the accident.(Ellahasobrevividoalaccidente.)

Accionesmuyrecientes(llevajustysetraduceporacabarde+infinitivo)

He has just fallen on the ground.(lseacabadecaeralsuelo.)

CONTRASTE present perFect simple / past simple

ElPresent Perfect Simpleindicaqueloocurridoenelpasadoguardarelacinconelpresente,aunquenoseespecificacundosucedi.Encambio,elPast Simplehabladeaccionespasadasqueyanoafectanalmomentoactualeindicacundoocurrieron,conexpresionesdetiempotalescomoyesterday,last night,etc.

They have parachuted many times.(Elloshansaltadoenparacadasmuchasveces.)

She parachuted yesterday.(Ellasaltenparacadasayer.)


unIt6

LOS DETERMINANTES

a / an

Connombrescontablesensingular.Seusandelantedeunnombrequenoesconocidoporelhablante.

un/a a guitar, an ambulance

some

Connombrescontablesenpluralynocontables.

unos/as,algunos/asalgode,unpocode(onosetraduce)

There are some concerts this month. Weve got some chocolate.

any

Frasesnegativaseinterrogativas:Connombrescontablesenpluralynocontables.

ningn/unanadade(onosetraduce)

We havent got any hip-hop CDs. He hasnt got any butter.

algn/unaalgunos/asalgode(onosetraduce)

Do you play any musical instruments? Have you got any time for me?

LOS CUANTIFICADORES

a lot ofmucho/a/os/asunmontnde

Connombrescontablesenpluralynocontables.

A lot of students play football. There is a lot of food.

many muchos/as

Connombrescontablesenplural.

Many people like pop music.

muchmucho/a

Connombresnocontablesenfrasesnegativasyinterrogativas.

I havent got much work.Was there much noise?

a fewunospocos/asalgunos/as


The plane landed a few hours late.

a littleunpocode

Connombresnocontables.

I have got a little money for you.

How many ...?Cuntos/as...?


How many MP4 players have you got?

How much ...?Cunto/a...?

Connombresnocontables.Cuandovaconelverboto be sirveparapreguntarelpreciodeunacosa.

How much time do you need? How much is the hairdryer?

Estasexpresionesseutilizanparahablarsobrecantidad.

unIt7

LOS MODALES

can / cantAfirmativa Negativa Forma contrada

Ican sail Icannot sail Icant sail

Youcan sail Youcannot sail Youcant sail

Hecan sail Hecannot sail Hecant sail

Shecan sail Shecannot sail Shecant sail

Itcan sail Itcannot sail Itcant sail

Wecan sail Wecannot sail Wecant sail

Youcan sail Youcannot sail Youcant sail

Theycan sail Theycannot sail Theycant sail


Afirmativa Negativa

CanIsail? Yes,Ican. No,Icant.

Canyousail? Yes,youcan. No,you cant.

Canhesail? Yes,hecan. No,hecant.

Canshesail? Yes,shecan. No,shecant.

Canitsail? Yes,it can. No,it cant.

Canwesail? Yes,we can. No,wecant.

Canyousail? Yes,youcan. No,youcant.

Cantheysail? Yes,theycan. No,theycant.

Afirmativa:sujeto+can+verboenlaformabase.

He can speak German very well.(lsabehablaralemnmuybien.)

I can come to your party.(Puedoveniratufiesta.)

You can watch TV now.(Puedesverlatelevisinahora.)

Negativa:sujeto+cannotocant+verboenlaformabase.

They cannot do any magic tricks.(Ellosnosaben/puedenhacertrucosdemagia.)

Interrogativa:Can +sujeto+verboenlaformabase.

Can they write good stories?(Saben/Puedenescribirbuenashistorias?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+canocant.

Can you pick a flower? Yes, I can. / No, I cant.(Puedescogerunaflor?S./No.)

GrammarAppendix


GrammarAppendix

Los usos de can / cantHabilidadocapacidadparahaceralgo:saber

She can sing beautifully.(Ellasabecantarmaravillosamente.)

Posibilidaddehaceralgo:poder

You can break the mirror. Be careful.(Puesromperelespejo.Tencuidado.)

Pedirpermisoounfavoraalguienconquiensetieneconfianza:poder

Can you put the eggs in the fridge? Yes, I can.(Puedesponerloshuevosenlanevera?S.)

could / couldntAfirmativa Negativa Forma contrada

Icould ski Icould not ski Icouldnt ski

Youcould ski Youcould not ski Youcouldnt ski

Hecould ski Hecould not ski Hecouldnt ski

Shecould ski Shecould not ski Shecouldnt ski

Itcould ski Itcould not ski Itcouldnt ski

Wecould ski Wecould not ski Wecouldnt ski

Youcould ski Youcould not ski Youcouldnt ski

Theycould ski Theycould not ski Theycouldnt ski


Afirmativa Negativa

CouldIski? Yes,I could. No,I couldnt.

Couldyouski? Yes,youcould. No,youcouldnt.

Couldheski? Yes,hecould. No,hecouldnt.

Couldsheski? Yes,she could. No,she couldnt.

Coulditski? Yes,it could. No,itcouldnt.

Couldweski? Yes,we could. No,we couldnt.

Couldyouski? Yes,youcould. No,you couldnt.

Couldtheyski? Yes,they could. No,they couldnt.

Afirmativa:sujeto+could+ verboenlaformabase.

I could play basketball when I was seven.(Yosabajugaralbaloncestocuandotenasieteaos.)

In the past, mirrors could make people feel ill.(Enelpasado,losespejospodanhacerquelagentesesintieraenferma.)

Negativa:sujeto+could notocouldnt+verboenlaformabase.

They couldnt play outside because it was raining.(Nopodanjugarfueraporqueestaballoviendo.)

Interrogativa:Could +sujeto+verboenlaformabase.

Could he sail on Friday?(lpudonavegarelviernes?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+couldocouldnt.

Could you carry the bags? Yes, I could. / No, I couldnt.(Podrasllevarlasbolsas?S./No.)

Los usos de could / couldntHabilidadparahaceralgoenelpasado

Sam could speak at the age of two.(Samsabahablaralosdosaos.)

Posibilidadparahaceralgoenelpasado

They couldnt see the beach from the window.(Nopudieronverlaplayadesdelaventana.)

Permisosopeticiones(deformamseducadaqueconcan)

Could I have a glass of water?(Podratomarunvasodeagua?)

must / mustntAfirmativa Negativa

Imust sweep Imustnt sweep

Youmust sweep Youmustnt sweep

Hemust sweep Hemustnt sweep

Shemust sweep Shemustnt sweep

Itmust sweep Itmustnt sweep

Wemust sweep Wemustnt sweep

Youmust sweep Youmustnt sweep

Theymust sweep Theymustnt sweep

Afirmativa:sujeto+must+ verboenlaformabase.

I must play the piano three times a week.(Debotocarelpianotresvecesalasemana.)

Negativa:sujeto+must not omustnt+verboenlaformabase.

People mustnt feed animals in the zoo.(Lagentenodebedardecomeralosanimalesenelzoo.)

You mustnt tell me his secret. (Nodebescontarmesusecreto.)

Interrogativa:Must +sujeto+verboenlaformabase.Enestecaso,mustexpresaobligacinonecesidad,aunqueesteverbomodalnosesueleusarenlaformainterrogativa.

Must we speak to the doctor?(Debemoshablarconeldoctor?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+mustomustnt.

Must I call the police? Yes, you must. / No, you mustnt.(Debollamaralapolica?S./No.)


El uso de must

Obligacin,necesidadoconvenienciadehaceralgo:deber

I must work harder.(Debotrabajarmuchoms.)

El uso de mustnt

Prohibicindehaceralgoporquenoestpermitidoonoesconvenienteocorrecto

You mustnt eat in the classroom. (Nodebescomerenlaclase.)

should / shouldntAfirmativa Negativa

Ishould buy Ishouldnt buy

Youshould buy Youshouldnt buy

Heshould buy Heshouldnt buy

Sheshould buy Sheshouldnt buy

Itshould buy Itshouldnt buy

Weshould buy Weshouldnt buy

Youshould buy Youshouldnt buy

Theyshould buy Theyshouldnt buy


Afirmativa Negativa

ShouldIbuy? Yes,I should. No,I shouldnt.

Shouldyoubuy? Yes,you should. No,youshouldnt.

Shouldhebuy? Yes,heshould. No,heshouldnt.

Shouldshebuy? Yes,sheshould. No,sheshouldnt.

Shoulditbuy? Yes,it should. No,it shouldnt.

Shouldwebuy? Yes,we should. No,weshouldnt.

Shouldyoubuy? Yes,you should. No,you shouldnt.

Shouldtheybuy? Yes,they should. No,theyshouldnt.

Afirmativa:sujeto+should+ verboenlaformabase.

You should go to the dentist tomorrow.(Deberasiraldentistamaana.)

Negativa:sujeto+should notoshouldnt+verboenlaformabase.

She shouldnt believe in superstitions.(Ellanodeberacreerensupersticiones.)

Interrogativa:Should +sujeto+verboenlaformabase.

Should I be angry?(Deberaestarenfadada?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+shouldoshouldnt.

Should we take an umbrella with us? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldnt.(Deberamoscogerunparaguas?S./No.)

Los usos de should / shouldnt

Darconsejos She should bring a coat. Its cold.(Deberatraerunabrigo.Hacefro.)

Decirloquesedeberaonohacer

You shouldnt eat too many sweets. (Nodeberascomerdemasiadoscaramelos.)

Have to / Dont have toAfirmativa Negativa

Ihave to go Idonthave to go

Youhave to go Youdont have to go

Hehas to go Hedoesnt have to go

Shehas to go Shedoesnt have to go

Ithas to go Itdoesnt have to go

Wehave to go Wedont have to go

Youhave to go Youdont have to go

Theyhave to go Theydont have to go


Afirmativa NegativaDoIhave to go? Yes,I do. No,I dont.

Doyouhave to go? Yes,you do. No,youdont.

Doeshehave to go? Yes,hedoes. No,hedoesnt.

Doesshehave to go? Yes,shedoes. No,shedoesnt.

Doesithave to go? Yes,it does. No,it doesnt.

Dowehave to go? Yes,we do. No,wedont.

Doyouhave to go? Yes,you do. No,you dont.

Dotheyhave to go? Yes,they do. No,theydont.

Afirmativa:sujeto+have /has to+ verboenlaformabase.Significatenerqueycomomust,expresalaobligacinonecesidaddehaceralgo.LadiferenciaesquemustsolosepuedeutilizarenPresent Simpleyporeso,enelrestodetiempos,seusahave to.

We have to put the chicken in the oven.(Tenemosqueponerelpolloenelhorno.)

Negativa:sujeto+dont /doesnt + have to+verboenlaformabase.Significanotenerque/porqu.

You dont have to help me. I can do it alone.(Notienesporquayudarme.Puedohacerlosolo.)

Interrogativa:Do/Does+sujeto+have to+ verboenlaformabase.

Do they have to come with you?(Tienenquevenircontigo?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+do/doesodont/doesnt.

Does she have to study for the exam? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.(Ellatienequeestudiarparaelexamen?S./No.)

GrammarAppendix


GrammarAppendix

El uso de have to

Obligacinonecesidaddehaceralgo

I have to bring my sister to the party. (Tengoquellevaramihermanaalafiesta.)

El uso de dont have to

Ausenciadeobligacinonecesidad

You dont have to buy me anything. (Notienesquecomprarmenada.)

unIt8

LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS

Introducenunaoracinsubordinada.

I dont like salads which / that have got onions in them.(Nomegustanlasensaladasquetienencebolla.)

Laoracinsubordinadadainformacinsobreunantecedente.Lospronombresrelativossiemprevandetrsdelantecedentealquehacenreferenciaypuedenhacerdesujetoodecomplemento,aunqueenesteltimocasoesfrecuenteomitirlosenlaconversacin.

Lospronombresrelativossonwho,which,that,where, when ywhose:

-Whoseusacuandoelantecedenteesunapersona.Sepuedesustituirporthat.

These are the girls who / that I met at the caf.(Estassonlaschicasquemeencontrenlacafetera.)

-Whichseusaparareferirseacosasoanimales.Sepuedesustituirporthat.

I was wearing a new skirt which / that was quite long.(Llevabaunafaldanuevaqueerabastantelarga.)

He has got a dog which / that eats vegetables. (ltieneunperroquecomeverduras.)

-Thatseusaparareferirseapersonas,cosasoanimales.

The penguins that I saw at the zoo were swimming.(Lospinginosquevienelzooestabannadando.)

The woman that was sitting at the desk was beautiful.(Lamujerqueestaba(sentada)enelescritorioeraguapa.)

-Whereseusacuandoelantecedenteesunlugar.

We went shopping at a market where you can find everything.(Fuimosdecomprasaunmercadodondepuedesencontrardetodo.)

-Whenseusacuandoelantecedenteesunaclusulatemporal.Sepuedesustituirporthat.

He took this photo on the day when we went to the theme park.(Hizoestafotoeldaenquefuimosalparquetemtico.)

-Whoseseusacuandoelantecedenteesunapersona.Expresaposesin.

Shes got a friend whose father is Irish. (Ellatieneunamigocuyopadreesirlands.)

unIt9

LA VOZ PASIVA

La voz pasiva en presente

Afirmativa Negativa

Iam accepted Im notaccepted

Youare accepted Youarent accepted

Heis accepted Heisnt accepted

Sheis accepted Sheisnt accepted

Itis accepted Itisnt accepted

Weare accepted Wearent accepted

Youare accepted Youarent accepted

Theyare accepted Theyarent accepted


Afirmativa NegativaAmIaccepted? Yes,I am. No,Im not.

Areyouaccepted? Yes,you are. No,youarent.

Isheaccepted? Yes,heis. No,heisnt.

Issheaccepted? Yes,sheis. No,sheisnt.

Isitaccepted? Yes,it is. No,it isnt.

Areweaccepted? Yes,we are. No,wearent.

Areyouaccepted? Yes,you are. No,you arent.

Aretheyaccepted? Yes,they are. No,theyarent.


La voz pasiva en pasado

Afirmativa Negativa

Iwas accepted Iwasntaccepted

Youwere accepted Youwerent accepted

Hewas accepted Hewasnt accepted

Shewas accepted Shewasnt accepted

Itwas accepted Itwasnt accepted

Wewere accepted Wewerent accepted

Youwere accepted Youwerent accepted

Theywere accepted Theywerent accepted


Afirmativa NegativaWasIaccepted? Yes,I was. No,Iwasnt.

Wereyouaccepted? Yes,you were. No,youwerent.

Washeaccepted? Yes,hewas. No,hewasnt.

Wassheaccepted? Yes,shewas. No,shewasnt.

Wasitaccepted? Yes,it was. No,it wasnt.

Wereweaccepted? Yes,we were. No,wewerent.

Wereyouaccepted? Yes,you were. No,you werent.

Weretheyaccepted? Yes,they were. No,theywerent.

Afirmativa:sujeto+to becomoauxiliareneltiempocorrespondiente+elparticipiodelverboprincipal.

Ben Stiller is known in many countries. (BenStilleresconocidoenmuchospases.)

They were given new computers.(Selesdieronnuevosordenadores.)

Enlasoracionesdepasiva,laaccinesmsimportantequeelsujeto.Sisequieremencionarquinrealizalaaccin,seponealfinaldelafraseprecedidodelapreposicinby.

The Lightning Thief was written by Rick Riordan.(El ladrn del rayofueescritoporRickRiordan.)

Negativa: sujeto+to becomoauxiliareneltiempocorrespondiente+notont+elparticipiodelverboprincipal.

They arent expected to fly to London next week. (NoseesperaquevuelenaLondreslasemanaqueviene.)

This meal wasnt prepared at home.(Estacomidanosepreparencasa.)

Interrogativa:to becomoauxiliareneltiempocorrespondiente+sujeto+elparticipiodelverboprincipal.

Are these biscuits sold in the supermarket?(Sevendenestasgalletasenelsupermercado?)

Was the film based on the novel?(Lapelculaestababasadaenlanovela?)

Respuestas breves:seponeelpronombrepersonalsujeto+to becomoauxiliareneltiempocorrespondiente,sincontraerenafirmativaocontradoconlapartculanotennegativa.

Was he chosen for president? Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt.(lfueescogidopresidente?S./No.)

Los usos de la voz pasiva

Destacarlaaccinynoelsujetoquelarealiza

Clothes are washed in a washing machine.(Laropaselavaenunalavadora.)

Cuandoelsujetoquerealizalaaccinesobvio,desconocidoonosequierenombrar

The glass was broken.(Elvasoserompi.)

Cmo pasar una frase activa a pasivaSeponeto beenelmismotiempoquetenaelverboprincipalenactiva,yesteverboenparticipio.Activa: They clean the building every morning.Pasiva: The building is cleaned every morning.

Seponecomosujetoelprimercomplementoquehayadetrsdelverboenlavozactiva,yaseaeldirectooelindirecto.Activa: My brothers share a bedroom. Pasiva: A bedroom is shared by my brothers.

Sielcomplementoesunpronombrepersonal,secambiaporsucorrespondienteformadesujeto.Activa: My friends told me the secret.Pasiva: I was told the secret.

Sepasaelsujetodelaoracinactivaalfinaldelapasivaprecedidodelapreposicinby.Activa: My aunt bought a pair of jeans.Pasiva: A pair of jeans was bought by my aunt.

Sielsujetoesunpronombrepersonal,secambiaporelpronombreobjetocorrespondiente.Activa: They care for my grandmother.Pasiva: My grandmother is cared for by them.

Lasexpresiones temporalesqueseempleanenlavozpasivasonlasmismasqueenlaactiva.Sielverboestenpresente:every day/week/year,once/twice a year,on+dadelasemanaenplural,oadverbioscomousually,sometimes,etc.Sielverboestenpasado:last night / week,at+unahora,in+unao,on+undaofecha,in the past,yesterday,etc.

GrammarAppendix


IrregularVerb List

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) CASTELLANObe /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpearbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ llegar a ser, convertirsebegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ doblar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ morderbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soplarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ romperbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construirburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ quemarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ comprarcatch /Ya/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coger, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elegircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ venircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ costarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ hacerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ dibujardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpnY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caer(se)feed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ luchar, pelear find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ encontrarfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ volarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ olvidarforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdonarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ congelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir; llegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivarhang /kn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ colgarhave /kd/ had /kX/ had /kX/ tener; haberhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ orhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ esconder(se)hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ sujetarhurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ herir, hacer dao; dolerkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ guardar, mantenerknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, conocerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poner; extenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) CASTELLANO

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ dejar; irse, salirlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, dejarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tumbarse, echarselie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ encenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ hacer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer decir meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ conocer a; quedar conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ ponerread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ leerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pn/ rung /pJn/ llamar (por telfono)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, alzarserun /pJm/ ran /pm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ decirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ agitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ mostrar, ensearshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ cerrarsing /gBn/ sang /gn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gnY/ sunk /gJnY/ hundirsesit /gBW/ sat /gW/ sat /gW/ sentarsesleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ dormirsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ olerspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ hablarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ deletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tiempo)stand /gWmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar de piesteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ robarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ barrerswim /grBl/ swam /grl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coger; llevarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ enseartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ romper, desgarrartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ decir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ tirar; lanzarunderstand /JmXC'gWmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ despertar(se)wear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ llevar puesto; ponersewin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ ganarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir


WritingGuide

Asegratedequecomprendeseltemasobreelquevasaescribir.

Hazunalistadeideasrelacionadasconesetemayanotatodaslasqueseteocurransinpreocuparteporlagramticaniporlaortografa.

Luegoleeesalistadeideasyeligelasimportantes.

History of Tennis

MajorWalterWingfieldinventedthegamein1873.

HegaveitthenameSpharistike.

Peopleplaytennisontenniscourts.

ThefirstworldtenniscompetitionatWimbledonwasin1877.

In1877,therewere22playersand200spectators.

Peopleweartennisshoeswhentheyplaytennis.

SpencerGorewonthefirstcompetition.

In1884,womenstartedcompetinginWimbledon.

Unprrafosedivideentrespartes:

Laintroduccinoprimeraoracin(opening sentence),quepresentaeltema.

Eldesarrolloocuerpo(body of the paragraph),queamplalaideaprincipalconinformacinimportante.

Laconclusinoltimaoracin(closing sentence),queresumeeltemayrepitelaideaprincipalconotraspalabras.

LAS MAYSCULAS (Capital letters)

Seescribenconmayscula:

losnombresyttulosdelaspersonas:

Mrs Sandra Bennett, Dr Perry, Ray Mears

losnombresdelugarescomociudades,pases,continentes,edificiosfamosos,museos,etc.:London, Italy, Asia, the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum

lasnacionalidades:English, Chinese, Peruvian

losdas: Saturday, Tuesday, Friday

losmeses:January, July, October

laprimerapalabradeunaoracin:My sister is 13 years old.

elpronombrepersonalI:I paint and I play the guitar.

losidiomas:French, Thai, Arabic

laspalabrasimportantesdelosttulosdelibrosypelculas,canciones,festividadesyjuegosdeordenador:

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

Avatar

California Dreamin

Christmas

Tomb Raider II

LA PUNTUACIN (Punctuation)

Elpunto(.)vaalfinaldelasoracionesafirmativasynegativas.

Mary is 14 years old.

Lacoma(,)seusaparasepararpalabrasoideas.Normalmentenoseponedelantedeand.

I had chicken, chips and an apple for lunch today.

Elsignodeinterrogacin(?)seponesoloalfinaldelaspreguntas.

Do you like sport?

Elsignodeexclamacin(!)tambinseponesoloalfinaldelafraseysirveparaexpresarunaemocinounsentimientoyparahacerhincapienalgo.

I love football!

opening sentenceIlovemusic.

IusemyMP4playeronthewayto

school.Iusemypocketmoneyto

downloadsongsfromtheInternet

ontomyMP4playerandIlistentoit

allthetime.Ilikemanysingersand

bands:Beyonc,Kesha,U2andthe

Beatles,too.

Whenthereisgoodmusic,Imhappy.

body of paragraph

closing sentence

EscribEUN PrrAfo>>Writing a paragraph

ANTES DE ESCrIBIr>>Brainstorming rEPASA Lo ESCrITo>>Checking your work


WritingGuide

EL orDEN DE LAS PALABrAS: SUJETo - VErBo (Word order: Subject Verb)

Elsujetodelaoracinseponedelantedelverbo.

David walks to school.

sv

David is riding a new bike.

sv

Peroenlaspreguntasvadetrsdelverbooentreelauxiliaryelverboprincipal.

Where is my diary?vs

Does David walk to school? auxsv

EL orDEN DE LAS PALABrAS: LoS ADJETIVoS (Word order: Adjectives)

Normalmentevandelantedelossustantivos. warm sweater

adj n

Ytambindetrsdelverboto be. The sweater is warm. v adj

Sihaydosadjetivosdelantedeunnombre,suelenirenesteorden:tamaoycolor.

He was wearing a long purple coat.

t c

EL orDEN DE LAS PALABrAS: LoS ADVErBIoS (Word order: Adverbs)

Losadverbiosdeintensidadydemodovandetrsdelverbo.Losdeintensidadvandelantedelosdemodo.

Anna is sitting very quietly.

adverbofdegree adverbofmanner

Losadverbiosdefrecuenciavandelantedelverboenlasoracionesafirmativas.

He usually takes the bus to school.

adv v

Perosielverboesto be,eladverbiovadetrs.

She is never lazy.

v adv

LoS CoNECTorES DE SECUENCIA(Connectors of Sequence)

Cuandocontamosunaseriedehechosusamosestaspalabrasparamostrarelordenenqueocurrieron:

first(primero,enprimerlugar)

then(luego,entonces)

next(acontinuacin)

after that(luego,despusdeeso)

finally(finalmente,paraterminar)

I had a fun day on Saturday. First, I made pancakes for breakfast and my family loved them. Then, we watched some old video films of my family. They were very funny. Next, we went to the beach and had a picnic. After that, we visited my grandparents and played Monopoly together. Finally, in the evening I went to a party with my friends. Saturday was a great day.

LAS CoNJUNCIoNES (Linking Words)

Sonpalabrasqueunendosomsideas.Lasmscomunesson:

and(y)unedosoracionesoideas.

I sailed to Greece and I flew to Australia last year.

or(o)unedosideasdistintas.

We walk to school or we take a bus.

but(pero)unedosideascontradictoriasentres.

David likes travelling but he doesnt like flying.

because(porque)expresalaraznocausadealgo.

Janice doesnt go on a motorboat because she doesnt like water.

LAS PrEPoSICIoNES DE TIEMPo (Prepositions of Time)

Seusandistintaspreposicionesdelantedelashorasylosperiodosdefiesta,losdasylasfechas,losmeses,lasestaciones,losaosylaspartesdelda.Esmuyimportantequesepasutilizarlacorrectaencadacaso.Prestaatencin aestosejemplos:

at +horas: at two oclock

+festividades: at Christmas

on +dasdelasemana: on Sunday

+fechas: on 10th May

on Christmas Day

in +meses: in June

+estaciones: in winter

+aos: in 2010

+partesdelda: in the evening

Excepciones: at the weekend

at night


WritingGuide

LAS CoNJUNCIoNES CAUSALES Y CoNSECUTIVAS (Connectors of Cause and Effect)

Lasconjuncionescausalesseusanparaexpresarlacausaporlaquealgoocurri. Laconjuncinmscomnesbecause.

He cant come because his sister is ill.

Lasconjuncionesconsecutivasseusanparaexpresarelefectocausadoporalgo.Lamscomnesso.

The baby was hungry, so my mother gave him his food.

LoS ADJETIVoS PoSESIVoS Y LoS ProNoMBrES(Referencing)

Sirvenparahacerreferenciaalosnombresmencionadosanteriormenteynorepetirlos.

My school is in this village. It is next to the supermarket.

I went to the party with my friends. I had fun with them.

Cindys CDs are on the table. Those are her CDs.

LA ELECCIN DE PALABrAS(Word Choice)

Aadeadjetivosparamejorarturedaccinyhacerlamsinteresante.

We went to see a frightening film at the new cinema.

01-09 ARE2 SPA Gloss.pdf10-22 ARE2 SPA GrApp.pdf23-24 ARE2 Irr Vbs.pdf25-27 ARE2_WG.pdf

Vocab Ula Rio

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