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VIVARIUM
An Internationalournal or thePhilosophynd IntellectualifeoftheMiddle
Ages
nd Renaissance
Aims
Scope
Vivariumncludesxtensive
xaminationsf fundamental
hilosophicalroblems
nd
the
history
f deas.
pecial
ttention
s
given
o the
profane
ideof
philosophy
nd
to ts
relationship
ith ther reas f
thought
nd
earning
rom
his
eriod.
Since s farback
s
1963,
Vivariumas been
establishing
tself
s an unrivalled
resourceor he
ubject
oth
n
the
major
esearchibrariesf heworld
nd on the
privateook helves fprofessorsnd scholars. ivariumffersouan easyway o
stay
n
top
of
your iscipline.
Vivarium
omprises
hortrticles ithntroductions
ndnotes.
pecial
onsideration
is
given
o
studies n
manuscript
raditionnd the
history
f texts. eview rticles
and book eviewsre
publishedegularly
n
combination
ith n
annual
ppearance
ofthematicssues.
Editors
L.M.
de
Rijk
Leiden),
.A.G.
Braakhuis
Nijmegen),
.H.
KneepkensGroningen),
W.J.Courtenay
Madison),
.P. Bos
(Leiden),
. Perler
Basel)
nd L.W. Nauta
(Groningen).
Advisory
ommittee
Tullio
Gregory
Rome),
lbert
immermann
Cologne),.E.
Murdoch
Cambridge,
MA).
Vivarium
print
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0042-7543,
nline
SSN
1568-5349)
s
published
times
year
by
Brill,
lantijnstraat
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Introduction
RUSSELL
L.
FRIEDMANAND
CHRIS
SCHABEL*
Over the astthreedecades,the study fthephilosophy nd theology f
the
period
running
oughly
rom
he
death of
John
Duns
Scotus
(1308)
untilthe
Black Death
(1348)
has
really
ome
into its
own.
Figures
from
this
ruitful
ime,
men
ikePeter
Auriol,
Walter
Chatton,
Adam
Wodeham,
Thomas
Bradwardine,
regory
f
Rimini,
nd,
perhaps
bove
all,
William
of
Ockham
and
John
Buridan,
have
been
well
served
with
ritical
ditions
of
their
writings
nd
detailed
studies
f their
hought
nd
influence. he
unique
philosophical
nd
theological
ontributions
f
the
period
as
well
as
the
generad
ontours
f the
ntellectual
ebate
are
becoming
more
and
moreevident.As thebibliographyppendedto this ntroductioneveals,
the Italian
Franciscan
Francis
of
Marchia
has
also
benefited
romthis
renaissance
n
early
fourteenth-century
tudies.
n
1990
Marchia's
works
were
nearly
otally
nedited
nd
mostly
nexamined,
nd
studiesof
his
thought
ere
few nd far
between,
nd
dominated
y
expositions
f his
role
in
the
creation f
the
theory
f
impetus
nd
in
other
ssues n
natural
phi-
losophy.
Today,
five
volumesof
Marchia's
writings
ave
been
edited
and
printed,
long
with
many
editions
f
individual
uestions;
detailed
stud-
ies of
the
structurend
the
manuscript
radition
f
Marchia's
works
have
appeared;and there re ambitious lansto editMarchia'sFrenchoeuvre.
Moreover,
while
Marchia's natural
philosophy
s
still n
important
bject
of
study
it
was
the
topic
of
the
only
book
yet
to
have
been
devoted
to
*
For
help
with
he
ntroduction,
e
thank
aul
J.J.M.
akker,
irard
.
Etzkorn,
Roberto
ambertini,
nd
Tiziana
uarez-Nani.ll
Harvard
tyle
eferences
re to
the
bibliography
ppended
o
this
ntroduction.
e have
he
ollowing
ddenda
t
orrigenda
o
our
2001 rticlen
Marchia's
entences
ommentaryFriedman
nd
Schabel
001).
On
p.
72
the
xplicit
o
book
recorded
or
ms
M
is
ncorrect
M
hasno
explicit);
at.
at.
901,
.
8v,
ontains
according
o
Pelzer's
atalogue)
n
abbreviation
f
Marchia's
I
Sent.,
d. 1;msAssisi,ibliotecaelSacroConventoiS. Francesco80, f. 6r-17v,ncludes
Marchia's
II
Sent
,
q.
8,
insertedn
Gerard
donis' II
Sent.
ccording
o V.
Doucet
[Commentaires
ur es
entences:
upplment
u
rpertoire
e
M.
Frdric
tegmueller.
lorence
954,
31)
the
rologue
o II
Sent,
oundn
ms
Vat.
Barb. at.
791
s
Hugh
f
Novo
Castro's
and
not
rancisf
Marchia's.
Koninklijke
rill
V,
Leiden,
006
Vivarium
4,1
Also
vailable
nline
www.brill.nl/viv
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2
RUSSELL
.
FRIEDMANNDCHRIS
CHABEL
Marchia (Schneider1991) , dozens of articleshave been published n
the last fifteen
ears coveringmany
other facets of
Marchia's
thought:
politicalphilosophy, pistemology
nd
philosophy
f
mind,
metaphysics,
philosophical
heology.
These studies
have revealed that Marchia
was a
creative nd
interesting
hinker n
a wide
range
of
topics,
nd this ndoubt-
edly
has contributed o the
annual increase
n
the numberof
published
articles
dealing
with his
thought.
t seems that Francis of Marchia
is a
figure
whose
time has
come.
It
is
likely
hat Francisof Marchia was born
around
1290
in
the town
of
Appignano
del Tronto
(near Ascoli). Becoming
a
Franciscan,
he rose
through
he order's educational
system.
vidence
recently
ncovered
by
Girard
J.
Etzkorn ndicates
that Marchia
probably
studied
theology
t
Paris before
teaching
t
one
of the order's
provincial
tudia* Thereafter
he
returned
o Paris to read the
Sentences
most
likely
n
1319-20,
and
appears
to have remained
n
Paris until round
1324.
It was
during
hese
years
hat
many
of
his scholasticworkswere
probably ut together.
hese
include his two
Metaphysics
ommentaries
a
long
and
a
short
one)
and
his iteral hysicsommentary,s well as his most mportant ork
n
terms
of the breadth
of its
subject
matter nd its
impact:
his
Sentences
om-
mentary, urviving
n
several versions nd
many manuscripts.
Marchia
was
in
Avignon
between
1324
and
1328,
teaching
t the Franciscan on-
vent;
possibly
his
Quodlibet
ates
from
his
period.
In
1328, Marchia,
in
the
company
of
the Franciscan
Minister
General,
Michael of
Cesena,
as
well
as
Bonagratia
f
Bergamo
nd William f
Ockham,
fled
from
Avignon
and
Pope
John
XXII. The
very
next
year
Marchia
wrote
his
Improbatio
against
he
pope,
and this
tract,
s Roberto
Lambertini hows
n his
arti-
cle in this volume, had an influenceon Ockham's political writings.
Marchia,
like
Ockham,
took
refuge
n
Munich with
Emperor
Louis of
Bavaria.But whereasOckham
died
mpenitent
n
Munich
n
1347,
Marchia
was
captured
by
Church authorities
n
1340 and
made a confession f
faith and retraction f errors
before the
Inquisition
n
1343
(see esp.
Wittneben
nd Lambertini
1999, 2000,
and
Lambertini's rticle
below).
We hear
nothing
more of Marchia after
1
344.
1Vat. at. 43, .8vb: Ad extumossetecundo odo ici uod isio t uditiount
essentialiter
espectus,
icutudivienerib
unodoctore
empore
eo arisius."
t s
ikely
thatMarchias here
ecording
heview f
Durand fSt.
Pourain,
he irst
ersionf
whose ent,
ommentary
asavailable
y
1
08,
ndwho ead he ent,t
Paris
n
the
period
a. 1308-10
he
wasmasterf
heology
cta
egens
t Paris
312-13).
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INTRODUCTION
3
Francis fMarchia: ating nd nfluence
Marchia
was active
n
a
great
ra
of Franciscan
heology.
Many
Franciscan
Sentencesommentaries
urvive rom
his
period
from oth
Paris
see
Schabel
2002)
and
Oxford,
fact
that
presents
s
with
an
opportunity:
e can
undertake
detailed
doctrinal
tudies
that cover
a number
of
years
and
authors
n
the
hope
of
confirming
he
dating
of
medieval
writings
s well
as
tracing
heir
eception.
Marchia's
Parisian
entences
ectures,
s mentioned
above,
have been dated
to the
academic
year
1319-20,
but we
have,
in
fact, ery ittle irect videnceforthis, eallyust an explicitn one man-
uscript
Naples
BN VII C.
27) saying
that
Marchia
was
reading
the
Sentences
t
Paris
in
1320.
Since we
have
good
reason
to
assign
Francis
of
Meyronnes'
Parisian Sentences
ectures
o
1320-21,
t would
seem that
the
terminus
nte
uern
f
Marchia's
lectures
s
1320.
(Marchia may
have
continued
o
revise
his work
until
1323
or even
later,
however.)
There
are
severalother
major
Franciscan
figures
rom
he
period
whose
works
may help
us
with
dating
Marchia's
Sentences
ectures
nd
commentary.
Peter
Auriol's
Parisian
ectures
re
very securely
ixed
at
1316-18,
and
Williamof Ockham'sOxfordSentencesectures robablydate to 1317-19,
while for
Landulph
Caracciolo
two dates
have
been
proposed:
1318-19,
which
we
have
supported,
nd
1321-22.
t is
important,
herefore,
o find
evidence
corroborating,
larifying,
r
correcting
ur
hypotheses.
On a number
of
issues
Marchia
clearly
responds
to Auriol
(see e.g.
Friedman
2002,
Schabel
2000
and
2002),
as could
be
expected
given
the
provocative
nature
of
many
of
Auriol's
views
and the
fact that
he was
Franciscan
egent
master
n
theology
n Parisfrom
318-20,
when
Marchia
was
probablyreading
the Sentences
here.
What
is
more,
Paul
Bakkerhas
found videncethat n book IV ofhis Sentences
ommentary
archia also
responds
o
Ockham
on the
issue
of the accidents
of
the
Eucharist:2
2
TheOckham
exts
n
Opera
heologica
II ed.
R. Wood
ndG.
Gl,
t
Bonaventure,
NY
1984.
Another
assage
akker
1999,
.
404,
n.
275)
ees
s
referring
o
Ockhams
Marchia,
V
Sentences,
.
13,
q.
1,
a. 1:
"Quantum
d
primum
st
unusmodus
icendi
quod
mnia
ccidencia
ais
ue
bi
pparent,
unt
ine ubiecto.
icunt
nim
uod uan-
titas,
ue
est xtensio
psa
rei,
nondiffer
ealiter
b aliis
eneribus,
mo
es
uiuslibet
predicamenti
st xtensa
abens
artem
et]
xtra
artem,
on
lico lio
se,
ed e
psa.
Et taomnia ccidenciauesuntnsacramento,uta olor,apor,tc., unt ine uoli-
bet
ubiecto,
uoniam
xtensio
uiuslibet
storum
ondiffert
liquo
modo
ecundum
em
a
quolibet
orum.
ecest
ntelligendum
ecundum
stos uiusmodi
ccidencia
undari
n
substancia
quando
unt
n
ea
mediante
uantitate,
ed
mmediate,
ta
quod
ubiectum
immediatum
uiuslibet
ccidentis,
altem
bsoluti,
st
ubstancia."
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4 RUSSELL .
FRIEDMAN
ND
CHRIS CHABEL
Ockham,V Sentencesq. 6 (ed.Wood
and
Gi,
pp.
71.6-72.12)
Ideo
primo
idendum
st
uid
it
uan-
titas. ico
hic,
enendo
uodquantitas
nullamliam
em
bsolutamel
respec-
tivam substantiat
a
qualitate
icit.
Dico tunc
uodquantitas
on st liud
nisi
xtensioeihabentis
artes qua-
rumuna ad
aliam
potest
sse motus
localis. ta quodsicutn secundo ic-
tum st e duratione
uod
duratio
ihil
positivm
icit ltra em
urantem,
ed
est
quaedam
ox vel
conceptusigni-
ficans
rincipaliter
psam
emduran-
tem t connotatuccessionemctualem
vel
potentialem,
ta
quod ignificai
em
coexsistentemuccessioni
ctualiter,
el
quae
coexsisteretuccessionii
esset,
ta
extensioel uantitasondicitliquam
rem bsolutam el
respectivam
ltra
substantiamt
qualitatem,
ed
st
uae-
dam ox el
onceptus
ignificansrinci-
paliter
ubstantiam,
uta
materiamel
formam
el
qualitatemorporalem,
t
connotat
multas lias res nter
uas
potest
ssemotus
ocalis.
Marchia,VSentences,. 13, . l,a. 1
(Bakker
999,
p.
404-05,
.
276)
Pro lla
opinione, uta quod quelibet
res e
psa
it xtensat habeat
artem
extra
artem,
on
lico lio
se,
rgui-
tur
primo
ic: omne llud
uod
habet
partes
iusdemacionisituocaliteris-
tantes st
extensum
t
per consequens
quantum;
ed substancia
eparata
b
omni lio serealiter,tper onsequens
a
quantitate,
i sit ab
ipsa
distincta
realiter,
abet
artes
xtra
artes
itu
localiter
istantes;
rgo
psa
est
per
se
ipsam
xtensa.
reterea,
dem
potest
argui
de
qualibet ualitate
ensibili.
Maior st uidens.ed minor
robatur
sic:
Deus
potest
onseruare
n
effectu
alicam
ubstanciamxtensam
n
tanto
loco existentebsque uocumque
motuocali
oncomitante,
orrumpendo
uel adnichilando
uodcumque
ccidens
eius
distinctum
ealiter
b
ipsa,
t ita
per onsequens
estruendo
uantitatem,
si
ponaturquod>
realiter
istinguitur
ab
ipsa;
ed
psa
remanente
n
eodem
loco,
t
n
tanto
n
quanto
rat
rius
alias
am
bi oncurreretotusel
muta-
cio
localis ; rgo equituruod
substanciast
extensa,
eparato uo-
cumque
lio distinctoealiterb
ipsa.
Per dem
rguitur
e
qualitate.
As one can
see,
although
he
position
described
s
the
same,
the texts re
not
clearly
parallel.
This
can be
explained,
however.
First,
Ockham is
speaking
here
n
the context f Eucharistie
resence,
nd since Ockham's
treatmentn hisquestionon the accidents q. 8) is brief, erhapsMarchia
does not cite
any specific assage
from
hat
question
but
rather
pplies,
in a
general
way,
Ockham's statements
n
presence
to the issue of acci-
dents.
Second,
Ockham's views
n
some contexts
robably
rrived
n
Paris
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INTRODUCTION 5
beforehis actual Sentencesommentary id.3Thus, not onlywas Marchia
one of the
first cholars o react to Ockham's
theological
iews,
but the
evidence shows that Ockham's
theories crossed the Channel
to Paris
almost
immediately
fterhis
Oxford
lectures,
ust
as Auriol's
Parisian
ideas reached
England
and Ockham
soon after
hey
were
publicized.
Even more than
Marchia,
Caracciolo
responded
o Auriol's commen-
tary,
ut Paul
Bakkerhas also found
evidence
n
the same context
hat
Marchia criticized
aracciolo,
which
s furthereason to date
Caracciolo's
lectures o
1318-19,
.e.
immediately receding
Marchia's:
Caracciolo,
V Sentencesd.
12,
q.
2
(Bakker
999,
.
403,
n.
272)
Quinta roposicio:uod
nherencia
uper
accidens
ccidit
ositiuum,
on
bsolu-
tum,
ed
quo
sit
respectus
xtrinsecus
adueniens
.. Et
preterea,
uia
nheren-
cia
requirit
uo
extrema,
cilicetnti-
tatemuae nherett llam ui nheret,
nullum
utem bsolutum
idetur e-
quirere
uo
extrema,
x
hoc
infertur
quod
mnis
nio idetur
mportare
ela-
cionem x
quo requirit
xtrema uo
extrema xistencia
ecessario.
uod
autem
it
respectus
xtrinsecus
due-
niens
robatur,uia
ille est
respectus
extrinsecusdueniens
ui
non
equitur
necessario,ositisundamentis-istauit
sepius robata;
ed ille
respectus
st
huiusmodi;
rgo
tc.Probacio
minorisi
quiaposito
ubiecto
t
posito
ccidente,
posset
on
equi
nherencia.
Marchia,
V
Sentences,
.
12,
.
1,
.
1
(Bakker
999,
.
403,
n.
272)
Terciusmodus icendi st
quia
illud
quod
tollitur
er
ius
eparacionem
b
accidentibust subiectoon st
liquid
predictorum,
ed
quidam respectus
extrinsecus
dueniens,
uiquidem
otest
esse erminusctionis,icet on lle ui
est ntrinsecusdueniens.
uiusmodi
autem
espectus
xtrinsecus
dueniens
qui
tolliturst
psa
nherenciactualis
accidentis
d
subiectum,
ue
non est
nisi
uedam
abitudo.
llud nim uius
esse st
n
ordine d
aliud,
ec
potest
concipi
isi
n
ordine
d
aliud,
idetur
precise
sse
uidam
espectus
ive
abi-
tudo. Sed
inherenciaccidentis on
potestoncipi
isi antumnordined
subiectum.
rgo
tc.Est enim
espec-
tus on
ntrinsecus,
ed xtrinsecus
due-
niens,
uia
non
ponitur
ecessario,
positis
xtremis.
Finally,
Maier has
argued
that
Meyronnes ejected
Marchia's
teaching
n
projectile
motion,
lso
propounded
n
book
IV of his Sentencesommen-
tary.Although
t
s
possible
hat
Meyronnes
was
reacting
o Gerard Odonis
or
others,
s Schabel relates n his article n this
ssue,
it is most
likely
3
Thankso Paul
Bakker,
ho nformeds
of
his act
ia
personal
ommunication.
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6
RUSSELL
. FRIEDMANND
CHRIS CHABEL
thathisopponentwasMarchia,whichreinforces archia's ndMeyronnes'
relative
dating.
n
sum,
the
evidence
supports
1319-20
as
the academic
year
of Marchia's
Sentences
ectures.
At the
present
tateof
research,
his
eems to
be as far as
we
can take
the use of
doctrinal
omparisons
s an
aid to
dating
Marchia's own
works.
A
second use to
which doctrinal
tudies
can
be
put
is
in
the
tracing
f
Marchia's
influence.
Although
he main
focus
n
the
articles ollected
n
this
volume
s
on
Marchia's
thought er
se,
an
important
ask
for
future
Marchia
studieswillbe
to show his
mpact
n
others s
well.
That Marchia
in facthad an
impact
can be surmised
ust
from he numberofmanu-
script
copies
that
have
survivedof his
major
work,
his
Sentences
om-
mentary:
we have
some 16
copies
of
the first
book
of
his
Sentences
commentary,
7
copies
of the
second
book,
13 of
the
third,
nd 10
of
the
fourth,
long
with
not
nconsiderable
umber f
fragments.
n
what
follows,
we
would
like to offer
sketchof some
of
the
ways
in
which
Marchia's
impact
can be
traced
n
the
fourteenth
entury,
nd how
this
can
help
us with
ontextualizing
archia's
own
work.We
make no
claims
whatsoever bout exhaustivenessquitethecontrary merelywanting o
illustrate hat
Marchia's
reception
s
both
complex
and
significant,
nd
hence
deserving
f much
more
attention.
Naturally
Marchia's
Franciscan
onfrres
aid
attention o his
doctrine.
Besides
Meyronnes
nd
Ockham,
s
witness o this
we
can name
Marchia's
Parisian
reportator
William
Rubio,
whose
own
enormous
Sentences
om-
mentary
rom
he
early
1330s
was
published
n
Paris
in
1518
(see
e.g.
Schneider
1991, 250-52,
313-20;
Schabel
2000,
210-14).
But
the
nfluence
of
Marchia's
philosophy
nd
theology
was not
limited
o
his
own
order.
While very ittle urvives romParisianDominicans n the decades after
Marchia's Sentences
ectures,
we
do have
works
from everal
Augustinin
Hermits,
most
f
not all of
whom
employed
Marchia
explicitly
n
several
occasions,
as
Damasus
Trapp's
work
clearly uggests.4
ometimes
hese
were
extremely
ophisticated
ses of
Marchia.
Michael of Massa
(d.
1337),
for
nstance,
tructuresround
Marchia's
defense
f the
univocity
f
the
concept
of
being
between
ubstance
nd
accident
great
deal of his
own
4
A.D.
Trapp, ugustinin
heologyf
he 4th
entury.
otes
n
ditions,
arginalia
Opinions
and
ook-Lorein:
Augustiniana,(1956),
46-274,
or
itationists f
hese
igures
among
others);
n
Massa n
particular,
ee
dem,
otes
n
ome
anuscriptsf
he
ugustinin
ichael
deMassa
f
1337),
n:
Augustinianum,(1965),
8-133.
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8
RUSSELL .
FRIEDMANNDCHRIS CHABEL
commentaryre the theories n naturalphilosophyhe presented here.
In
fact
by
the 1310s and
1320s
Sentencesommentaries ad become so
large
and
broad that
they provided
ample
space
and
opportunity
or
reflection n
physics
nd
metaphysics,
s
well as
philosophical heology.
Conversely,
ince
theologians, specially
Parisian
theologians,
were con-
sidered he
top
mindsof the
day,
t is not
surprising
o
find
frequent
ef-
erences o their
heological
works
n
the Aristotelian
ommentaries f arts
masters.
ohn
the Canon's
Physics
ommentary
s
a
case
in
point.
John
the
Canon
Juan
Marbes
was a Catalan arts
master
t Toulouse. Given
that the latest
figure
e cites s Gerard Odonis
(d. 1349),
whom he calls
simply
Frater" four times but "Generalis Minister
Ordinis
Minorum"
twice,
t is
probable
that
John
wrote t the end of
the
1320s
or the
early
1330s.10
espite
the fact that
he was a Toulouse arts
master,
lmost all
of
his
citations
f scholastics ctive
after
1250
are of Paris
theologians:
John
Duns
Scotus, OFM,
59
citations
Peter
Auriol, OFM,
53
Francis
of
Marchia, OFM,
25
Thomas
Anglicus Wylton),
2
Landulph
Caracciolo, OFM,
9
Gerard
Odonis, OFM,
9
Francis
of
Meyronnes,
OFM,
9
Others with 3 citations r
fewer,
1711
10
What
ollowss based
n a
direct
eading
f
John's
ext,
ut or detailed
escrip-
tion fthe
ommentary,
ee
P.J.J.M.
akkernd
D.-J.
ekker,
ntoinendreu
Jean
e
Chanoine, n: Bulletine philosophiedivale,2 (2000), 01-31.orthe ontroversy
over he
dentity
nd
dating
f
John
he
Canon,
ee Schabel'srticle
elow,
ote14.
Internalvidence
rovides
lues.
e
mentionsnostra
athalonia";
t one
point
e
says
that he
ollowing
oes ot old:
Johannes
st lbus t st
anonicus,
rgo
st lbus anoni-
cus"
i.e.
he
s
a
canon,
utnot Premonstratensian
anon);
iscussing
otion,
e
says:
"Supposito
nim
uod liquod
mobile ebeatmoverib isto oco
qui
estTholosae
d
locum
ui
st arisius
he
lso
eferso
opinio
uiusdam
octoris
uae pud
holosanos
articulusidei
eputatur."
his s confirmed
y xplicits,
hich
dd that e was
canon
of
Tortosa
ndBarcelonandnamed
ohn
Marbes,
lthough
e s also
wrongly
alled
Franciscant east
n the
mplicit
nd
explicit
f he
Venice
520
dition.
11
Walter
urley
magister),
;
Henry
f
Ghent
magnus
octor
,
2;
Williamckham
frater),
2;
Gerardhe
armelite
Quodlibet
,
q.
1),
;
Giles fRome
II
Physics
,
2;
James
f
Viterbo,
1;Peter fAuvergnemagister),;AlexanderIXMetaphysics),;Thomas quinasSumma
contra
entiles),
1;
opinio
uiusdamubtilisacchalariiathelani
ui
ta
super rimum
Sententiarum
onit
(Antoniusndreas?),
Francisleth
?),
1
Theres also reference
tocondemnedrticle94 f
1277
nd ne o
John
XII's
pronouncement
n
Eucharistie
accidents
probably
n relationo
Ockham).
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INTRODUCTION
9
Perhapsbecause he was writingrom Scotistic erspectivefter homas
Aquinas'
canonization
n
1323,
John
has few
xplicit
eferenceso
Aquinas
or Thomistae
4),
although
the
1520
edition dentifies
many
instancesof
opinio
uiusdamoctoriss
referring
o Sanctus homas.
n
contrast,
ometimes
John
mentions he
opinio
cotica
3)
or
Scotizantes
4),
and at least
once
Formalizantes
whileScotus
himself eceives bout 30% of
the total itations.
Of
the almost
200
explicit
itations,
bout 85%
are of
Franciscans,
nd
Parisian
heologians
ctivefrom1315 to 1330
have over 60% of the over-
all
references.Where he is more
explicit,
ohn
refers
o
theological
works
(usually
ooks and II of Sentences
ommentaries),
ut he also citesScotus'
Theorematand Tractatuse
primo
rincipio
Auriol's
Tractatus
e
principiis
at-
urae
Wylton's
uaestiones
hysicae
and,
apparently,
lexander f Alessandria's
Metaphysicsommentary.
n the
basis of this and other
evidence,
we are
entided
to
say
that Francis of Marchia was
active
in
one of the
peak
periods
of the Paris
Faculty
of
Theology,
when a
series of famousmas-
ters,
mostly
ranciscan
Wylton,
uriol,Caracciolo,
Marchia,
Meyronnes,
and Odonis
held
interesting
nd influential
ebates over
a
wide
range
of theological nd philosophical opics.
After he Doctor ubtilis nd the
magnus
octor eter
Auriol,
Francis of
Marchia is the most cited scholastic
n
John
the Canon's work.
John
the
Canon
is in
fact llustrative
f
Marchia's
significance
n
European thought
in
the decades afterhis Parisian Sentences
ectures.
ohn's
25
directcita-
tions
speak
to Marchia's
impact.
John
refers o Marchia as
magister
nd
as doctoreverendas
iater
citing
both Marchia's
commentary
n
I
Sentences
(three
imes,
nce
specifying
istinction
)
and his
commentary
n book
VII
of the
Metaphysics
which Fabrizio
Amerini reats
n
his article
n
the
present olume.But Marchia's influence nJohnwas muchgreater han
this. Notker
Schneider found that
John
copied
entire
questions
from
Marchia'scommentariesn both the
Metaphysics
nd the Sentences
Schneider
1991,
27-28),
and
already
in
1949
Anneliese Maier
spottedJohn
bor-
rowing
heavily
from
Marchia
in
the context
f future
ontingentsMaier
1949,
245-47).
John
the Canon's
borrowing
n
that
context
was in
fact even
more
extensive han
Maier knew.
n
his book on the
reception
f PeterAuriol's
solution
o the
problem
of divine
foreknowledge
nd future
ontingents
in theseyears (Schabel 2000), Schabel identified "Marchist School"
among theologians
hat ncludedthe Franciscans
AufredusGonteri
Brito,
William f
Brienne,
nd William
f
Rubio,
and most
notably
he
Augustinin
Hermit
Michael of Massa.
Interestingly,
ll
of these authorswere
silent
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10
RUSSELL
. FRIEDMANNDCHRIS GHABEL
about theirdebt to Marchia,whoseunacknowledgedmpact n thiscon-
text continued t least to
the
end of the
15th
century.
t turns ut that
John
the Canon was another member
of
this
silent"MarchistSchool."
Book
II
of the
Physics rovides
a
forumfor
discussing
ontingency
nd
fortune,
ut
John
the arts master asks a
theological uestion
II,
q. 4):
"UtrumDeus habeat certam t
infallibilem otitiam
uiuscumque
biecti
futuri
ontingentis."
n
article ne
John
deals with
future
ontingentropo-
sitions,
noting
that a "certain
doctor",
.e.
Auriol,
followsAristotle nd
denies theirtruth nd
falsity.
ince
John
will
oppose
this
position,
ne
wonders
why
he does not name his
adversary,
s is his usual
procedure
with
opponents.
The reason s that
John
s
not
reading
Auriol at
all,
but
rather rancisof Marchia's
presentation
f
Auriol,
nd
since Marchia did
not name
Auriol,
neitherdoes
John.
But
John
does not name Marchia
either,
nd this
time it is because
John
goes
on to
adopt,
oftenverba-
tim,
Marchia's
solution o
the
problem
f divine
foreknowledge
nd
future
contingents.
n
fact,
t is
only
toward the end of
the article that
John
offers with
approval
what
Marchia
says
"in
alia
quaestione,"
appar-
entlyan inadvertent evelationof his source.John mentionsMarchia
again
twice
n
the third f the
three
rticles,
irst o
give
Marchia's
argu-
ments
against
John's
position
nd then
to refute he
arguments.
his is
particularly eceptive,
ecause what
John
actually
does is
give
Marchia's
hypotheticalbjections
o his own
position
nd
then Marchia's own refu-
tation
of these
objections
n
truth,
ohn
s
almost
n
full
greement
with
Marchia,
and over
half
of the
question
s a
paraphrase
or verbatim
uo-
tationfromMarchia's
commentary
n book
I
of the Sentences
mixed with
Scotistic dditions nd briefmentions f Thomas
Wylton'sPhysics
om-
mentary nd of Francis ofMeyronnes.
Interestingly,
n
this
context
ohn
does
not
employ
he
Scriptum
ersion
of the
relevant
part
of Marchia's
commentary,
urviving
n
13
manu-
scripts
nd
perhaps
the
product
f revisions one as late as
1323
or
1324,
but rather
reportatio
ersion hat
s
preserved
n
only
two
witnesses,
AV
Ross. lat.
525
and
Naples
BN
VII C.
27,
dated
(as
mentioned
bove)
1320.
This is also the case with the Sentences
ommentary
f
William
Rubio,
Marchia's
only
known
reportator
and it
suggests
hat
John
the
Canon was also
close
to Marchia.12 t
serves to remindus that
reporta-
12
ekker
002,
27-30,
iscusses
ohn
he anon's
elationship
oMarchia
n n
nter-
esting
rticle
n
John's
heories
f
ime
nd
motion,
here
ohn
eactso Peter uriol
n
particular.
ur
indings
ere nd
n
Schabel'srticle
n
this olume
odify
lightly
ekker's
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INTRODUCTION
11
tionesoften urvivingn fewor no manuscript itnesses,requentlylayed
an
important
ole
early
on,
while
scripta
r ordinationes
irculating
n
many
copies
were
more
important
n
the
long
term.
Thus,
Caracciolo and
Marchia
were familiarwith
reportationes
f AurioPs
ectures,
Himbert of
Garda
employed
reportatio
f
Meyronnes'
entences
ommentary,
nd oth-
ers used a
reportatio
f Odonis's Toulouse
lectures,
ow lost.
This
short ketch
of some of the
ways
in
which Marchia's influence
was felt
n
the
years following
is
activity
t Paris
can
serveto show that
Marchia
was indeed a
significantigure
t the
University
f Paris
in
the
early
to mid fourteenth
entury.
t also shows
quite
clearly
hat n order
to trace
especially
he
positive mpact
Marchia had
on
contemporary
nd
later
thinkers,
urther tudiesof
Marchia's own
thought
nd editionsof
his works are
an
absolute
prerequisite,
ince so often
positive
nfluence
goes
unmentioned.We
hope
that the articles
published
here,
n
subject-
ing
aspects
f Marchia's
wide-ranging
ntellectual
ursuits
o close
scrutiny,
will
help
demonstrate ot
only
the
inherent
hilosophical
nd
theologi-
cal interest f
Marchia's
thought,
ut also
bring
us one
step
closer to
seeinghow his influence layedout in the later medievalperiod.
This Volume
The articles
n
this
volume
focus on Marchia's most nfluential orks
his Sentences
ommentary,
is
Metaphysicsommentary,
nd his
political
tract and on
various themeshe took
up
in
them. t is
perhaps fitting
that he first hree f the
six
articles ollected
ere are
devoted
o Marchia's
natural
philosophy.
As mentioned
bove,
until
recently
Marchia's work
was discussedprimarily y historians f science. Indeed such important
scholars s Pierre
Duhem,
Anneliese
Maier,
and Marshall
Clagett
treated
Marchia at some
length,
e
is
discussed
n
standardhistories f medieval
science ike those of Edward
Grant or David C.
Lindberg,
nd his name
shows
up
even
in
broader
surveys.
wo of
Marchia's
positions
bove
all
were
singled
ut as
being
of
great significance.
he first f these was his
use of virtus
erelictaan
early
version of
impetus
to
explain
how
projec-
tilescan continue o move even after
hey
re no
longer
n
contactwith
assertionsn
John's
dentity
nd
dating,
owever,
nd also
uggest
hat
we
need o see
whether
ohn's
eactiono
Auriols via
Marchia
n
contexts
ther
han uture
ontingents.
For
yet
nother
xample
f
Johnifting
rom
archia,
ee Kraus
936, 72,
ndthe it-
eratureeferredo there.
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12
RUSSELL
. FRIEDMANNDCHRIS
CHABEL
the source of theirmotion: Marchia claimed that a force s leftbehind
by
the
mover and that
this
force
gradually
xhausts
tself,
iththe effect
thatthe
projectile
eases its
motion.The second
of Marchia's most
noted
positions
was his
rejection
f the
general
Aristotelian iew that
terrestrial
and
celestial matter re of two
fundamentally
ifferent
ypes,
Marchia
instead
claiming
hat the heavens and
earth are
composed
of the
same
basic kind of
matter nd that
in
principle hey obey
the
same laws of
cause and effect.t is on
precisely
hesetwo views
that rticles ere
focus.
In
his
article,
Mark Thakkar
ooks at the
distinction
etween matter
in the sublunar and in the
supralunary
worlds.Thakkar's article
really
shows how farMarchia
studieshave
come,
since t can best
be described
as revisionist.
e
analyzes
nd evaluates
he
arguments
hatMarchia
puts
forward
or his
claim that these matters
re of the same
basic
type.
But
then he shows that Marchia
attenuates is claim
so
drastically
hat t has
no
consequences
whatsoever
or he
workings
nd conductof natural
phi-
losophy.
Marchia's
view
was
purely
theoretical.Two
points might
be
made
about Thakkar'sresults.
irst,
s Thakkar
himself
oints
out it will
be interestingo see whether ther hinkers rom heperiodpriorto and
contemporary
ithMarchia had the same sort f
critique
f
theAristotelian
divisionbetween celestial
nd terrestrial
atter;
his researchhas
yet
to
be done.
Second,
n
a
certain
ense Marchia's
rejection
f the Aristotelian
view
is
put
into
greater
relief
given
Thakkar's
results:Marchia
had the
same
basic informationhat all
other medieval
thinkers ad the
heav-
ens
appeared
to follow
unchanging,
niform
ircular
motion,
while
the
earthwas a
place
of
change
and varied
motion.From an
empirical oint
of
view,
Marchia's
big
idea could
only
be
theoretical,
nd
to that
extent
the conceptualbreakthroughif t was his) appears to remain ntact.
As
mentioned,
erhaps
Marchia's most famous
ontributiono
natural
philosophy
was
the notionof virtus
erelittao
explain,
mong
other
hings,
projectile
motion. Two articles
n
the
present
collection,
ne
by
Chris
Schabel,
the
other
by
Fabio
Zanin,
take
up
this ssue. The
two articles
are rather
omplementary.
chabel
explores
he historical
ackground
o
and the
reception
of virtus
erelicta
concluding
hat the
theory
did
not
arise
in a
vacuum nor was it
adopted immediately.
Moreover,
Schabel
looks
at
virtus
erelicta
n
the contextof
Marchia's own
philosophy
nd
theology, howing hat Marchia used the tool to explain manydifferent
phenomena
over and above
projectile
motion. Zanin's
article,
on the
other
hand,
is
primarily
oncernedwith
a
theoretical onsideration: as
Marchia's
idea a
break with Aristotelian
mechanics and a
harbinger
f
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INTRODUCTION
1
3
the moderntheoryof inertia?Zanin argues that Marchia's view does
break
decisively
with several
essential
principles
n
Aristotelian
hysics;
nevertheless
e claims that
virtuserelictaoes
not
pave
the
way
for ner-
tia and
seventeenth-century
echanics.
Although
he
considers
t to be
"one
of the most
important
ontributions
o the
renewal of Western
scientific
hinking,"
or
Zanin the best
way
to look at
Marchia's
position,
and itsdescendants
n
John
Buridan,
Nicole
Oresme,
nd Albert f
Saxony,
is as
a
new
theory
f motion hat
ultimately
ent
undeveloped.
nterestingly,
Schabel
and
Zanin take
very
different
iews of the
relationship
etween
Marchia and
John
Buridan on the
topic
of
impetus.
chabel,
looking
at
Marchia's
wide-ranging
ses,
theological
nd
philosophical,
or
virtusere-
litta,
laims
hatBuridan estricted
i.e.
to local
motion)
he use
of Marchia's
much broader
theory;
anin,
examining
irtus
erelictand its
descendant,
impetus
more
strictly
rom he
point
of view of
a
theory
f
motion,
ees
Buridan as
having
further
eveloped
and extended
Marchia's
theory.
Appended
to
Schabel's article
s the first ritical
ditionfrom
ll manu-
scripts
f the central
extfor the
study
f Marchia's
theory
f
virtus ere-
licta IV Sentencesq. 1.
The
remaining
rticles eal
with
opics
hat
have received
ar
ess
schol-
arly
attention.
abrizio Amerini
ooks at Marchia's
view on the
nature
of
accident nd accidental
being.
What is an accident?
How does it exist?
And how does it relate
to the substance
n
which t
inheres?These are
the
questions
that
Amerini's
wide-ranging aper
addresses.
n
the first
part
of the
paper,
Amerini canvasses
the thirteenth-
nd fourteenth-
century
ebate over
these
ssues,
solating
discussion
mong
arts
masters
that
took its
point
of
departure
n
a difficult
uestion
of Aristotle
nter-
pretation, nd a discussion mong theologians, speciallyAquinas and
Scotus,
which
in
addition had to
account for the
complex
case of
the
Eucharist.
n
the second
part
of his
article,
Amerini ooks at
Marchia's
treatment f the
issues
n
both
his
Metaphysics
nd
his Sentencesommen-
taries.From
this
nvestigation,
archia's stance can
be seen
as a
devel-
opment
of Scotus'
view: he holds
that accidents
re absolute
beings
and
inherence
n
a
subject
s not
an essential eature
f them
drawing
hese
conclusions
n accountof the
Eucharist).
n
addition
o his valuable
study,
Amerini ffershe
editio
rinceps
f Marchia's
Metaphysics
ommentary,
ook
VII, q. 1.
One
topic
that
has
recently
een at
the center f attention
n
the
study
of
medieval
philosophy
s weaknessof
will.
Thus,
Andrea A.
Robiglio's
study
f Marchia's
view on the relation
etweenwill and
intellects
timely.
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17/208
INTRODUCTION
1
TotalMarchia ibliography
The
bibliography
ims
to be exhaustive
except
hatwe
have ncluded either
ncy-
clopedia
ntriesormere
mentions
f
Marchia
particularly
he
ozens,
erhaps
un-
dreds,
f
studies
eferring
o Marchia' virtusderelicta
contributiono
impetus
theory.
n addition
o
studies
hat ave
ppeared
ince
002,
we have dded
uite
bit
of
older iteratureo that
eported
n Friedmannd Schabel 001.
The
bibliog-
raphy
s
lightly
nnotated,
rimarily
o indicateditions
rom
Marchiai works
all
manuscript
igla
re taken
rom
riedmannd
Schabel
001).
Catalogue
f
Marchiai orks
with
ajorublished
ditions)
In V librosententiarumseveral
ersions.ee Friedman
ndSchabel
001,
ndthe iter-
atureited
here,
o
whichhoulde added
ranciscieMarchiaiue e sculoommentarius
in V ibrosententiarum
etriombardi.
uaestiones
raeambulae
t
rologus
ed. N.
Mariani,
OFM
Spicilegium
onaventurianum,
1),
Grottaferrata
003,
ndFranciscieMarchia
sive e
Esculo ommentariusn
V librosententiarumetriombardi.
istinctiones
rimi
ibri
prima
d
decimam,
d.N.
Mariani,
FM
Spicilegium
onaventurianum,
2),
Grottaferrata
2006.
Editorialork
n
advanced
tage
n
II
Sent,
both
he
A
and
B
versions)
t
the
University
f
Fribourg,
witzerland
Tiziana
uarez-Nani).
Quodlibet1324-28?)FranciscieMarchiaive e sculo,FM, uodlibetumuaestionibuselectisex ommentarion ibrumententiarumed.N.
Mariani,
FM
Spicilegium
onaventurianum,
29),
Grottaferrata997.
In ibros
hysicorum
Francisci
eMarchiaive e
Esculo,FM,
ententia
t
ompilatiouper
ibros
Physicorum
risoe
is,
d.N.
Mariani,
FM
Spicilegium
onaventurianum,
0),
Grotta-
ferrata998.
Quaestiones
n
Metaphysicam
books
-VII;
resumably
obe dated obefore
323)
Marchia's
largeMetaphysics
ommentary.osdy
nedited,
ound
n
Paris,
ibl.
Mazarine,
od.
3490,
f.
-57r,
nd
Bologna,ollegio
i
Spagna
04,
f.
8r-102v
but
or
ditions
fromhework ee below
he ntriesor
olge
-Fonfara,nzle, chneider,
nd
Zimmermann,
s well s
Amerini'srticle
n
this
olume).
Quaestiones
uperrimum
t ecundumibrum
etaphysicorum
Marchia'small
Metaphysics
om-
mentary,robablynabbreviationf he irstwo ooks f heargerommentary.
Unedited,
ound
n
Florence,
ibl.
Mediceo-Laurenziana,
esul.
61,
f.
7ra-73ra,
and
BAV,
Vat. at.
3130,
f.
9ra-36vb,
s well
s several
ragments.
Improbatio
ontraibellum
omini
ohannisui ncipit
Quia
ir
eprobus(1330)
Franciscie
sculo,
OFM,
mprobatio
ontraibellumomini
ohannisui
ncipit
Quia
ir
eprobus
ed.N.
Mariani,
OFM
Spicilegium
onaventurianum,
8),
Grottaferrata993.
Studies
f
Marchia'sorks
Alliney,
.,
E' necessariomareio? ibert
contingenza
ell'atto
olontarioel
ensiero
iFrancesco
dAppignano,
n:D. Priori
ed.),
tti el
Convegno
nternazionale
uFrancesco
'Appignano
AppignanoelTronto,orthcoming.
Amerini,,
Francesco
Appignano
ome
onte
i PaoloVeneto.l caso
egli
ccidentiucaristici
in:
Picenum
eraphicum,
orthcoming.
Bakker999
Bakker,
.J.J.M.,
a
Raisont e miracle.esdoctrines
ucharistiques
c.
1250-
c.
1400),
ijmegen
999,
ol.
1,
86-94 nd 399-408.
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18/208
16
RUSSELL
.
FRIEDMANNDCHRIS
CHABEL
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Balena
004,
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Der
influss
es
Nominalismus
uf
ie
Christologie
er
ptscholastik
ach emraktat
de communicationediomatumes
Nicolaus
resme.
ntersuchungen
nd
extausgabe
Mnster. W.
1940,
5-66
III
Sent.,
q.
1, 3, 7,
10 from s.
W)
and
82
III
Sent.,
q.
5 from s.
W).
Clagett,
.,
The cience
f
Mechanicsn he iddle
ges,
adison
959,519-21,
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partial
trans,f V
Sent.,
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n
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940).
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.-M.,
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.J.,John
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nAristotelian
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ynamics
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ristotelianatural
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ntiquity
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entury,
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.,
Die
Entwicklung
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besonderer
ercksichtigung
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ranziskanertheologen,
nster. W.
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90-92.
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The
nonymousommentary
n he
hysics
n
Erfurt
Cod.
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.
312
and ichard
Rufusf
ornwall,
n:Recherchese
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t
Philosophie
divales,
2.2
2005),
232-362,
sp.
269-83.
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004,
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13),
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with
d. of he
uestion
rom
ll
mss).
Duba,W.O.,
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uman
ognitionf
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n: M.C. Pacheco
and
J.F.
Meirinhos
eds.),
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magination
n
Medieval
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e
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e
a Socitnternationale
our
'tudee a
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au31 aot
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osse
a
redenzione,
i sarebbe
'incarnazione?
l
rapportora
a
Separatio
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eneris'
la causa
ell'incarnazione
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'Appignano,
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el
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Le
systme
u
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oll.
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954-59,
ndices.v.
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e Marche
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ranslation
f
portion
n
Duhem, .,
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osmology.
heories
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nfinity,
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nd
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eterson
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ndie
Manologie
er
xforder
ranziskanerschule,
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t:169n.76
nd
16-17).
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aRimini.
ontingenza,
uturo
scienza
el
ensiero
ardo-medievaleRome
2004,
assim.
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.,
Franziskus
onMarchia:ie erste
nterscheidung
iner
llgemeinen
nd rier
besonderen
etaphysik,
n:DocumentiStudi ulla
radizioneilosofica
edievale,
6
(2005),
61-513
with
d.,
p.
504-13,
y
R.L.Friedmanf he
rooemium
oMarchia's
Metaphysicsommentary
rom
oth xtant
ss).
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Folger-Fonfara,
.,
Gibt
s
Begriffe
vor' en rsten
egriffen
Die
Legitimation
er
Super'
Transzendentalien
urchranciscuse
Marchia,
n:Archivurmittelalterliche
hilosophie
und
Kultur,
2
forthcoming
006).
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7
Folger-Fonfara,., Primael rimoFrancesco'Appiglianoui oncettirimiin:D. Prioried.),
Attiel
Convegno
nternazionale
u
rancesco
'Appigliano
Appigliano
el
Tronto,
orthcoming.
Friedman,.L.,
rancis
f
Marchiand
ohn
uns
cotusn he
sychological
odel
f
he
rinity
in:Picenum
eraphicum,
8
1999),
1-56.
Friedman
002
=
Friedman,.L.,
Francesco
'Appianano
n he
ternityf
heWorld
nd he
Actual
nfinite
in:
Priori
002,
3-99.
Friedman,
.L.,
Principia
nd
rologue
n Francesco
'Appignano's
entences
ommentary
The
Question
Quaeritur
trumns
impliciterimplexossit
sse
ubiectumlicuius
cientiae',
n:Priori
andBalena
004,
23-49.
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On he
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f
Philosophical
ebate:urand
f
t. ourcains.Thomas
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on imultaneousctsn hentellectin: .F.
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ndT. Dewender
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orthcoming.
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Mental
ropositionsefore
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anguage
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t
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e
angage
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Moyen
ge lAge
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orthcoming
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ntellectualraditionstthe edieval
niversity:
he
Use
f
hilosophicalsychology
n Trinitarian
heologymong
he ranciscansnd
ominicans,
1250-1350
Leiden,
orthcoming,sp.
h.
11,
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Friedmannd
chabel
001
Friedman,
.L. ndC.
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rancis
f
Marchia'
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on
he
entences,
n:Mediaeval
tudies,
3
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1-106.
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W.,
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istoryfMetaphysics
nthe
ostmetaphysical
ra Leuven
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28-29.
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Guimaraens,.,
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ur 'immacule
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e
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in:
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inheit
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in:Divus homas
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Marchia:69-71).
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usCodex
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um
chrifttum
es
ranziskaners
etrus
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vorab
u
einen
Quaestiones
n
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n:Archivmranciscanum
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(1966),
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full ist f
questions
or
he
argeMetaphysicsommentary,
whichs attributedoPeter homae
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odified
incorrectly)
is
pinion
s to
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ommentary's
uthorn Petrushomaeder
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rom
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apers)
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18 RUSSELL . FRIEDMANNDCHRIS CHABEL
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ans
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ome
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u XIVeicle.ix
tudes,
d. K.
Flasch,
rankfurt
1969,
08-09.
Michalski,.,
La
physique
ouvellet es
diffrents
ourants
hilosophiques
u XIVe
icle,
rakow
1928,
-2,
7-49, 6,
rpt.
n:
dem,
a
philosophie
uXIVe
icle.ix
tudes,
d.K.
Flasch,
Frankfurt
969,
07-8,
53-54,
62
maintaining
uridan'sebt o Marchia'sirtus
derelicta
.Miethke,.,Ockhamsegur ozialphilosophie,erlin969, 3-29.
Poppi,
.,
Questiones
reambulae
t
rologus
elCommento
lle
entenze
iFrancescoella
arca,
in:Archivm
ranciscanum
istoricum,
7
2004),
69-80
review
fMariani'sext
editionrom
003).
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INTRODUCTION 1
Poppi, .,Ontologiascienzaivinael ommentanolle entenzeiFrancescoella arca1319
in:Miscellania
rancescana,
04.1-2
2004),
00-20.
Priori
002
=
Priori,
.
(ed.),
Atti el o
Convegno
nternazionale
u Francesco
'Appignano
Appianano
el
Tronto
002.
Priori,.,
Francesco
Appignano
Frustrait
erplura
uod
fieri
otest er
pauciora,
n:
Priori
002,
03-15.
Priorind
Balena
004
Priori,.,
and
M. Balena
eds.),
tti el Io
Convegno
nternazionale
suFrancesco
Appignano,
ppignano
el
Tronto
004.
Schabel, .,
Il
Determinismoi Francescoi Marchia
in: Picenum
eraphicum,
8
1999),
57-95,
nd
19
2000),
5-68
with
d. of
Scriptum
,
dd.
35-38,
romll
mss).
Schabel, .,
Notes
n Recentdition
f
arts
f
Marchia'In
primm
ibrumententiarum
in:
Picenum
eraphicum,
9
2000),77-82review
f
Mariani'sextditionrom998).Schabel000 Schabel,.,TheologytParis,316-1345Peteruriolndhe roblemf ivine
Foreknowledge
nd
uture
ontingents
Aldershot
000,
sp.pp.
189-220,
24-36.
Schabel, ,
La dottrinai
FrancescoiMarchiaulla
redestinazione
in:Picenum
eraphicum
20
(2001),
-45
with
d. of
Scriptum
,
dd.
39-40,
romll
manuscripts).
Schabel,
.,
Francis
f
Marchiain:
E.N. Zalta
ed.),
The
tanford
ncyclopedia
f
Philosophy
(200 ),
URL:
http:/ lato.stanford.edu/
rchives/
in200
entries/francis-marchia.
(with
d. of
Reportado
,
dd. 39
and
42-48).
Schabel, .,
Onthe hreshold
f
nertialass? rancesco
Appignano
nResistancend
nfinite
Velocity
in:Priori
002,
75-89.
Schabel
002
=
Schabel, .,
Parisian
ommentaries
rom
eteruriolo
Gregory
f
Riminind
the roblem
f
redestination
in:G.R.Evans
ed.),
Mediaeval
ommentariesn he entences
of eterombardLeiden002, 21-65onMarchia,sp.229-37).
Schabel, .,
The edactions
f
ook
of
rancesco
Appignano'
Commentary
n he entencesin:
PriorindBalena
004,
7-122.
Schabel,
.,
Francis
f
MarchianDivine
deasin:M.C. Pacheco nd
J.F.
Meirinhos
eds.),
Intellectnd
magination
nMedieval
hilosophy
.Actesu
XIe
ongrs
nternationale
hilosophie
Mdivalee
a Socitnternationale
our
'Etudee
a
Philosophie
divale
S.I.E.P.M.),
orto,
du26 au 31
aot 002
Turnhout,
orthcoming.
Schabel,
.,
La virtuserelictai
Francesco
'Appignano
il
contestoel uo
viluppo
in:D.
Priori,
ed.,
Atti el
Convegno
nternazionale
u Francesco
'Appignano
Appignano
el
Tronto,
forthcoming
with
d. of V
Sent.,
.
1,
from at. at.
943).
Schmaus,
.,
Der Liber
ropugnatorius'
esThomas
nglicus
nd ie
Lehrunterschiede
wischen
Thomason
quin
nd uns
cotus,
I
Tl:Die
trinitarischen
ehrdifferenzen
Mnster
930,
243-44, 54, 36-37.
Schneider,.,
Eine
ngedruckte
ustio
ur
rkennbarkeites
Unendlichenn einem
etaphysik-
Kommentares 4.
Jahrhunderts
in:A. Zimmermann
ed.),
ristotelischesrbem
rabisch-
lateinischenittelalter
=
Miscellanea
ediaevalia,
8),
Berlin
986,
96-118)
04-07
(=
excerpt
rom
archia's
ong
Metaphysics
ommentary,.
II.
).
Schneider,.,
FranciscuseMarchiaber ie
WirklichkeiterMaterie
Metaph.
II
q.
5),
in:
Franziskanische
tudien,
1
1989),
38-58.
Schneider,
.,
Die
Qualitt
er
ahlen.
ie ristotelische
^ahlentheorieach
etaph.
14 undhre
mittelalterliche
ommentierung
nd
Umdeutung
in:
Documenti Studi ullaTradizione
Filosofica
edievale,
,2
1991),
87-609.
Schneider
991
Schneider,
.,
Die
Kosmologie
es
ranciscuseMarchia:
exte,
uellen,
nd
Untersuchungen
ur
Naturphilosophie
es 4.
Jahrhunderts
Leiden 991
with
d. of
I
Sent.
[A], q. 29-32,ndMet.II.9).
Schneider,.,
Kontextees
Naturbegriffs
in:Priori
002,
61-73.
Schwamm,
.,
Das
gttliche
orherwissenei uns cotusnd
einenrsten
nhngern
Innsbruck
1934,
40-55.
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Francis fMarchiaon theHeavens
MARK THAKKAR
Abstract
Francisof Marchia (c. 1290-fl344) s said to have challengedAristotelian
orthodoxy y uniting
he
celestial nd terrestrialealms
n
a
way
that has
importantmplications
or he
practice
f natural
hilosophy.
ut this
over-
looks
Marchia'svitaldistinctionetween
are
potentiality,
hich
s actualiz-
able
onlyby
God,
and natural
otency,
hich s the concern f the natural
philosopher.
f
due attention
s
paid
to this distinctionnd
to its
implica-
tions,
Marchia's
position
o
longer
eems
to be
revolutionary.
1. Introduction
One of the most
mportant
nnovationsf the matureGalileo
was the
assertion
hat the celestial nd
terrestialealms re made of the
same
fundamental
atter nd thereforeollow he
same basic natural aws.
Francis f
Marchia
put
forth similar
ypothesis
n
his
commentary
n
book
I
[of
he
Sentences],
q.
29-32.
Contrary
o
contemporary
ristotelian
theory,
Marchia
argues
that the heavens are
not made
up
of
a
fifth,
incorruptible,
obler
element,
which
radically
ifferentiates
he
supra-
lunar realmfrom he sublunar
ne. On the
contrary,
he basic
matter
is the sameeverywhere,nd ustas Marchiaconsiders he naturalworld
to
follow
redictable atterns,
e also thinks hat hose
patterns
re uni-
versallypplicable.
hese two tenets
ave
mportantmplications
or he
practice
f natural
hilosophy. 1
Or so we have been led to believe.
Francis of Marchia's
writings
n
the
nature
of the heavens have been
in
print
orthe
past
fifteen
ears
thanks
to Notker chneider's
roduction
f a critical ditionwith
commentary.2
But that
commentary
as
not
yet
been
supplemented
y
independent
1C. Schabel,rancisfMarchiain:E.N.Zaltaed.), he tanfordncyclopediaf hilosophy
(Winter
001 edition
,
3
(URL
=
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22
MARK HAKKAR
studies,nd its main nterpretativelaims thatMarchiadeniedAristotle's
radical distinction etween
the sublunar nd
supralunar
ealms,
nd that
this
allowed
him
to
apply
to the heavens
physical
aws
discoveredon
earth have
percolated through
o the
tertiary
iterature
nchallenged.3
This
articleundermines hose claims.
In
his
concluding hapter,
chneider
gives
a
summary
f what he calls
the
important
nd
fundamentally
nnovative esults f
Marchia's cosmol-
ogy: (1)
that the whole cosmos is unified
nd
essentially
omogeneous,
inasmuch as
essentially
he same
principles
nd
causes are to be
found
throughout
t;
(2)
that
the whole cosmos can be
interpretedniformly,
o
that there
s no need
for a
special physics
f the
heavens as
a
separate
realm;
and
(3)
that
all
discovered nd
confirmed bservations nd laws
are
in
principle
ransferablend
applicable
to
all
events
n
the
cosmos,
so
that,
as a
matterof
methodology,
e can
make well-founded tate-
ments bout
things
which elude our direct
grasp.4
This
would of course
be
in
starkcontrast o the
standard mediaeval
view,
derived
ultimately
from
Aristotle,
hat the sublunar
and
supralunar
realms
are fundamen-
tallydifferent.5
Marchia's own viewsare
expressed
n
his
commentaries
henceforth
S'
and
'M')
on PeterLombard's Sentences
nd on Aristotle's
etaphysics
where
he
asks
whether r not celestialmatter s of
the same nature
ratio)
s the
matter f inferior
enerables
nd
corruptiblesS II.32.iv)
or
the matter
of
the elements
M
III.
9).
His
answer,
o
put
it
briefly,
s that
yes,
celes-
tial
and terrestrial atter re of the same nature.But
the devil
s in
the
details,
nd it is to
these
that
now turn.
3
See for
nstance.L.
Friedman,
rancis
f
Marchiain:
J.J.E.
racia nd
T.B. Noone
(eds.), Companion
o
Philosophy
ntheMiddle
ges,
xford
002, 54,
nd
3
of
Schabel,
Francis
f
Marchia
cit.
.
1
above).
4
Schneider,
ie
Kosmologiecit.
n.
2
above),
26-27:
im
Augenblick
oll
nur
gezeigt
werden,
elche esultateiese
ntscheidung
schon ei
hm
eitigte.
ormalassen
ich
vor llem rei
wichtigergebnisse
enennen,
ie allesamt
undamentale
euerungen
bedeuteten..
1
Der Kosmosst
n
seiner
anzen rstreckung
eineinheiichesnd
wesentlich
omogenes
anzes,
n
dem
n
eder eliebigen
telle esentlich
leicherinzipien
undUrsachennzutreffenind.
.
Dieser
esamt-Kosmos,
as
Universum,
ann
inheitlich
interpretierterden.. es istnicht tig,r esondere,usgezeichneteereicheine
besondere
hysik
it
igenen
rklrungsmustern
u
schaffen
z.B.
ine
pezielle
Himmels-
physik').
o