Vitamins
10
Vitamins by Dr. Gaurav Garg Vitamins ● The organic compounds needed for the function of normal metabolic processes and for the growth and health of human beings and animals. ● Vitamins are required in very small amounts. ● Vitamins may be defined as a group of biomolecules (except fats, carbohydrates and proteins) most of which cannot be produced by the body and must be supplied in small amounts in diet to perform the specific biological function for the life, growth and health of human beings and animal organisms. ● Inadequate intake of vitamins results in vitamin deficiency diseases. ● Vitamins do not supply energy. ● Vitamins cannot be synthesized by our body, therefore, it must be supplied through food. Plants can synthesize all vitamins but animals can synthesize very few vitamins. ● Some vitamins are present in nature also, like vitamin D which is either supplied by food or may be produced in the skin by the irradiation of ergosterol with ultraviolet light. ● Human body can also synthesize some vitamin A from carotenes, some components of vitamin B complex and vitamin K are synthesized by microorganisms present in the intestinal tract. Source of Vitamins ● The main source of vitamins is our food. ● Vitamins are also synthesized in the laboratory and are available in the form of tablets, capsules, which can be taken orally or as with injection as prescribed in the case of vitamin deficiency. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are the levels of intake of essential nutrients that are judged to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons. Classification of Vitamins ■ Fat Soluble Vitamins : These vitamins are the oily substance and not readily soluble in water, however they are soluble in fat. Excess intake of these vitamins is harmful for health and may cause hypervitaminosis. Example – Vitamin A, D, E & K ■ Water Soluble Vitamins : These vitamins are water soluble. These vitamins must be supplied regularly in diet because they are regularly excreted in urine and cannot be stored in our body. Example – Vitamin B Complex and C Types of vitamin B ✓ Thiamin (B1) ✓ Riboflavin (B2) ✓ Niacin (B3) ✓ Pantothenic acid (B5) ✓ Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) ✓ Biotin (B7) ✓ Folate or folic acid (B9) ✓ Cyanocobalamin (B12) Vitamin B1 ● Its chemical name is Thiamine, and commonly called as Aneurin or Antineuritic Vitamin. ● It helps the body turn food into energy. ● It is also key for the structure of brain cells. ● It is insoluble in oils and fats. ● Source - It is found in pulses, nuts, whole cereals, Legumes like black beans and lentils, yeast, meat, fish, egg yolk, milk, green vegetables and in fruits. ● Deficiency Disease - Beriberi disease, in which legs get paralysed and cause loss of appetite. Polyneuritis may also occur. ● Thiamine deficiency occurs where the diet consists mainly of milled white cereals, including polished rice, and wheat flour, all very poor sources of thiamine. Thiamine deficiency can develop within 2-3 months of a deficient intake and can cause disability and death. 1 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Transcript of Vitamins
Vitamins CRUXVitamins by Dr. Gaurav Garg
Vitamins The organic compounds needed for the function of normal metabolic processes and for the growth
and health of human beings and animals. Vitamins are required in very small amounts. Vitamins may be defined as a group of biomolecules (except fats, carbohydrates and proteins) most of which cannot be
produced by the body and must be supplied in small amounts in diet to perform the specific biological function for the life, growth and health of human beings and animal organisms.
Inadequate intake of vitamins results in vitamin deficiency diseases. Vitamins do not supply energy. Vitamins cannot be synthesized by our body, therefore, it must be supplied through food. Plants can synthesize all
vitamins but animals can synthesize very few vitamins. Some vitamins are present in nature also, like vitamin D which is either supplied by food or may be produced in the
skin by the irradiation of ergosterol with ultraviolet light. Human body can also synthesize some vitamin A from carotenes, some components of vitamin B complex and vitamin
K are synthesized by microorganisms present in the intestinal tract.
Source of Vitamins The main source of vitamins is our food. Vitamins are also synthesized in the laboratory and are available in the form of tablets, capsules, which can be taken
orally or as with injection as prescribed in the case of vitamin deficiency.
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are the levels of intake of essential nutrients that are judged to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons.
Classification of Vitamins
Fat Soluble Vitamins : These vitamins are the oily substance and not readily soluble in water, however they are soluble in fat. Excess intake of these vitamins is harmful for health and may cause hypervitaminosis.
Example – Vitamin A, D, E & K
Water Soluble Vitamins : These vitamins are water soluble. These vitamins must be supplied regularly in diet because they are regularly excreted in urine and cannot be stored in our body. Example – Vitamin B Complex and C
Types of vitamin B Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Biotin (B7) Folate or folic acid (B9) Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Vitamin B1 Its chemical name is Thiamine, and commonly called as Aneurin or Antineuritic Vitamin. It helps the body turn food into energy. It is also key for the structure of brain cells. It is insoluble in oils and fats. Source - It is found in pulses, nuts, whole cereals, Legumes like black beans and lentils, yeast, meat, fish, egg yolk,
milk, green vegetables and in fruits. Deficiency Disease - Beriberi disease, in which legs get paralysed and cause loss of appetite. Polyneuritis may also
occur. Thiamine deficiency occurs where the diet consists mainly of milled white cereals, including polished rice, and wheat
flour, all very poor sources of thiamine. Thiamine deficiency can develop within 2-3 months of a deficient intake and can cause disability and death.
1 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA, two purines (adenine and guanine) and two pyrimidines (cytosine and
thymine). In RNA, the thymine is replaced by uracil (U). DNA consists of two strands, arranged in a double helix. RNA only has one strand. Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA
molecule. During translation , which is the second major step in gene expression, the mRNA is "read" according to the genetic code , which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins.
Vitamin B2
Its chemical name is Riboflavin. Flavus – Yellow. It plays a crucial role in the body and is needed for the healthy functioning of the eyes, ear,
skin and red blood cells. It plays a key role in the development and functioning of skin and lining of the digestive
tract. Source - Dairy products, milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. Deficiency Disease : Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, dermatitis, burning sensations in skin and
eyes.
Vitamin B3 Its chemical name is Niacin. Vitamin B3 holds high significance as it is extremely necessary for the healthy functioning of the neural system,
digestive system, lower cholesterol, good for skin, hair and is also required for enzyme synthesis. Source - Meat, fish, eggs, milk products, cereals, mushroom, guava etc. Deficiency Disease: 'pellagra' include inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fatigue,
and dementia.
Cholesterol : LDL and HDL There are two main types of cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). HDL is known as “good cholesterol” because it transports cholesterol to your liver to be expelled from your body.
HDL helps rid your body of excess cholesterol so it’s less likely to end up in your arteries. LDL is called “bad cholesterol” because it takes cholesterol to your arteries, where it may collect in artery walls. Too
much cholesterol in your arteries can increase the risk of blood clots in your arteries. If a blood clot breaks away and blocks an artery in your heart or brain, you may have a stroke or heart attack .
2 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process.
Vitamin B5 Its chemical name is pantothenic acid. It is used for converting food into glucose synthesizing cholesterol, forming sex and stress-related hormones, forming
red blood cells. Source - meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. Deficiency Disease: generalized malaise. Side effects can also include irritability, insomnia, vomiting, depression,
stomach pains.
Vitamin B6 Its chemical name is pyridoxine. Vitamin B6 is a vitamin that benefits the central nervous system and metabolism. Its roles include turning food into
energy and helping to create neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine. Source - cereal grains, legumes, green and leafy vegetables, fish, meat and poultry, nuts. Deficiency Disease: Pyridoxine deficiency is rare. People who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, women (especially
those on the contraceptive pill), the elderly and people with thyroid disease the most at risk. Deficiency can cause peripheral neuropathy, seborrheic dermatitis, glossitis, and cheilosis, and, in adults, depression,
confusion, and seizures.
Vitamin B7 Its chemical name is Biotin, Vitamin H. Termed as Vitamin H where the letter ‘H’ represents’ Haar und Haut’, which are German words for "hair and skin", it
is pivotal for a wide range of metabolic processes in the body including enzyme synthesis for several crucial metabolic pathways’ metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, as well as synthesis of amino acids which are necessary for protein synthesis.
Source - Biotin is synthesized by only bacteria, molds, yeasts, algae, and certain plants. The human body cannot synthesise biotin on its own and has to depend on outer dietary sources to replenish the required amount. It is extremely essential in maintaining good hair, skin, and nails. It improves neural functioning and helps in the metabolism of nutrients.
Deficiency Disease: Some of the signs of biotin deficiency are characterized by loss of hair, dry brittle nails, scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth, dry eyes, scaly dry skin causing dermatitis, conjunctivitis, sore tongue, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
Vitamin B9
Its chemical name is Folate or folic acid (B9). Folate helps to form DNA and RNA and is involved in protein metabolism. It plays a key role in breaking down
homocysteine, an amino acid that can exert harmful effects in the body if it is present in high amounts. Folate is also needed to produce healthy red blood cells and is critical during periods of rapid growth, such as during pregnancy and fetal development.
Source - Leafy green vegetables like spinach, broccoli, and lettuce, Cereals, Beans, peas, and lentils, Fruits like lemons, bananas, and melon.
Deficiency Disease: Anemia, fatigue, grey hair, mouth sores, tongue swelling, growth problems.
Vitamin B12 Its chemical name is Cobalamin. Vitamin B12 is required for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Source - Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, including fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk
products. Vitamin B12 is generally not present in plant foods. Deficiency Disease: megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders.
3 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Vitamin C It is also known as L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of collagen, acts as an antioxidant, helps the body absorb iron. It boosts the
immune system. It enhances wound healing. Sources - Citrus fruits, red and green peppers, oranges, grapefruit, kiwifruit, strawberries, spinach and other green,
leafy vegetables tomatoes potatoes green peas. Scurvy is the name for a vitamin C deficiency. It can lead to anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain
in the limbs, and especially the legs, swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth.
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone.
Vitamin D It is also known as calciferol. Synthesised in skin cells in sunlight from 7-dehydro-cholesterol also found in butter, liver, kidneys, egg yolk, fish oil,
etc. Regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine, mineral deposition in bones and teeth, regulates
insulin levels, supports the immune system, brain, and nervous system. Rickets in Children & Osteomalacia in adults, soft and fragile teeth, regular sickness or infection, fatigue, bone and
back pain, muscle pain. Cod liver oil is a type of fish oil supplement. It contains vitamins A and D.
Vitamin E
It is also known as Tocopherol. Also called as Anti-Sterility vitamin. Vitamin E is found in plant-based oils like sunflower oil, nuts like almonds, peanut, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Vitamin E is an antioxidant. It may help protect your cells from damage. Essential for proper spermatogenesis, pregnancy, lactation and muscular function. Sterility (impotency) and muscular atrophy, Retinopathy (damage to the retina of the eyes that can impair vision)
Peripheral neuropathy (damage to the peripheral nerves, usually in the hands or feet, causing weakness or pain) Ataxia (loss of control of body movements), Decreased immune function.
Vitamin K
It is also known as phylloquinone. Vitamin K helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones. Prothrombin is
a vitamin K-dependent protein directly involved with blood clotting. Osteocalcin is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce healthy bone tissue.
Sources - Green leafy vegetables including collard and turnip greens, spinach, broccoli, cabbage, lettuces. Deficiency may cause Bleeding & Hemorrhaging.
Vitamin A
It is also known as Retinol. Source - occurs in Green leafy vegetables, Carrots, ripe yellow fruits, Cod liver oil, Mangoes, meat, fish, and dairy
products Retinol is the main active form of vitamin A in the blood. Retinyl palmitate is the storage form of the vitamin. Vitamin A is essential for preserving your eyesight. The vitamin is needed to convert light that hits your eye into an
electrical signal that can be sent to your brain. Night blindness occurs in people with vitamin A deficiency, as the vitamin is a major component of the pigment rhodopsin.
Deficiency - Hyperkeratosis, night blindness, and keratomalacia.
4 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Q) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? A. Pyridoxine B. Riboflavin C. Retinol D. Thiamine
Q) Which of the following vitamins contains Nitrogen? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D
Q) Which of the following is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B3? A. Cheilosis B. Pellagra C. Beri Beri D. Sterility
Q) The term “Vitamin" was coined by whom? A. William Harvey B. James Lind C. J S Stor D. Casimir Funk
Q) Which one of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin and its related deficiency disease? A. Ascorbic acid - Scurvy B. Cobalamin - Beri-beri C. Calciferol - Pellagra D. Retinol – Xerophthalmia
Q) Synthesis of Vitamin A in the body takes place in which organ? A. liver B. blood C. retina D. pancreas
Q) A person deficient in the visual pigment rhodopsin should be advised to take more of which of these? A. apple and grapes B. carrot and ripe papaya C. mango and potato D. guava and banana
Q) Vitamin D is produced in the human body by which organ? A. Skin B. Liver C. Kidney D. Muscles
Q) Calcium deficiency in the body occurs in the absence of : A. Vitamin D B. Vitamin C C. Vitamin B D. Vitamin E
5 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
by Dr. Gaurav Garg
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Q) ? A. B. C. D.
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Q) B3 ? A. (Cheilosis) B. (Pellagra) C. (Beri Beri) D. (Sterility)
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10 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Vitamins The organic compounds needed for the function of normal metabolic processes and for the growth
and health of human beings and animals. Vitamins are required in very small amounts. Vitamins may be defined as a group of biomolecules (except fats, carbohydrates and proteins) most of which cannot be
produced by the body and must be supplied in small amounts in diet to perform the specific biological function for the life, growth and health of human beings and animal organisms.
Inadequate intake of vitamins results in vitamin deficiency diseases. Vitamins do not supply energy. Vitamins cannot be synthesized by our body, therefore, it must be supplied through food. Plants can synthesize all
vitamins but animals can synthesize very few vitamins. Some vitamins are present in nature also, like vitamin D which is either supplied by food or may be produced in the
skin by the irradiation of ergosterol with ultraviolet light. Human body can also synthesize some vitamin A from carotenes, some components of vitamin B complex and vitamin
K are synthesized by microorganisms present in the intestinal tract.
Source of Vitamins The main source of vitamins is our food. Vitamins are also synthesized in the laboratory and are available in the form of tablets, capsules, which can be taken
orally or as with injection as prescribed in the case of vitamin deficiency.
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are the levels of intake of essential nutrients that are judged to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons.
Classification of Vitamins
Fat Soluble Vitamins : These vitamins are the oily substance and not readily soluble in water, however they are soluble in fat. Excess intake of these vitamins is harmful for health and may cause hypervitaminosis.
Example – Vitamin A, D, E & K
Water Soluble Vitamins : These vitamins are water soluble. These vitamins must be supplied regularly in diet because they are regularly excreted in urine and cannot be stored in our body. Example – Vitamin B Complex and C
Types of vitamin B Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Biotin (B7) Folate or folic acid (B9) Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Vitamin B1 Its chemical name is Thiamine, and commonly called as Aneurin or Antineuritic Vitamin. It helps the body turn food into energy. It is also key for the structure of brain cells. It is insoluble in oils and fats. Source - It is found in pulses, nuts, whole cereals, Legumes like black beans and lentils, yeast, meat, fish, egg yolk,
milk, green vegetables and in fruits. Deficiency Disease - Beriberi disease, in which legs get paralysed and cause loss of appetite. Polyneuritis may also
occur. Thiamine deficiency occurs where the diet consists mainly of milled white cereals, including polished rice, and wheat
flour, all very poor sources of thiamine. Thiamine deficiency can develop within 2-3 months of a deficient intake and can cause disability and death.
1 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA, two purines (adenine and guanine) and two pyrimidines (cytosine and
thymine). In RNA, the thymine is replaced by uracil (U). DNA consists of two strands, arranged in a double helix. RNA only has one strand. Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA
molecule. During translation , which is the second major step in gene expression, the mRNA is "read" according to the genetic code , which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins.
Vitamin B2
Its chemical name is Riboflavin. Flavus – Yellow. It plays a crucial role in the body and is needed for the healthy functioning of the eyes, ear,
skin and red blood cells. It plays a key role in the development and functioning of skin and lining of the digestive
tract. Source - Dairy products, milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. Deficiency Disease : Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, dermatitis, burning sensations in skin and
eyes.
Vitamin B3 Its chemical name is Niacin. Vitamin B3 holds high significance as it is extremely necessary for the healthy functioning of the neural system,
digestive system, lower cholesterol, good for skin, hair and is also required for enzyme synthesis. Source - Meat, fish, eggs, milk products, cereals, mushroom, guava etc. Deficiency Disease: 'pellagra' include inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fatigue,
and dementia.
Cholesterol : LDL and HDL There are two main types of cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). HDL is known as “good cholesterol” because it transports cholesterol to your liver to be expelled from your body.
HDL helps rid your body of excess cholesterol so it’s less likely to end up in your arteries. LDL is called “bad cholesterol” because it takes cholesterol to your arteries, where it may collect in artery walls. Too
much cholesterol in your arteries can increase the risk of blood clots in your arteries. If a blood clot breaks away and blocks an artery in your heart or brain, you may have a stroke or heart attack .
2 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process.
Vitamin B5 Its chemical name is pantothenic acid. It is used for converting food into glucose synthesizing cholesterol, forming sex and stress-related hormones, forming
red blood cells. Source - meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. Deficiency Disease: generalized malaise. Side effects can also include irritability, insomnia, vomiting, depression,
stomach pains.
Vitamin B6 Its chemical name is pyridoxine. Vitamin B6 is a vitamin that benefits the central nervous system and metabolism. Its roles include turning food into
energy and helping to create neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine. Source - cereal grains, legumes, green and leafy vegetables, fish, meat and poultry, nuts. Deficiency Disease: Pyridoxine deficiency is rare. People who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, women (especially
those on the contraceptive pill), the elderly and people with thyroid disease the most at risk. Deficiency can cause peripheral neuropathy, seborrheic dermatitis, glossitis, and cheilosis, and, in adults, depression,
confusion, and seizures.
Vitamin B7 Its chemical name is Biotin, Vitamin H. Termed as Vitamin H where the letter ‘H’ represents’ Haar und Haut’, which are German words for "hair and skin", it
is pivotal for a wide range of metabolic processes in the body including enzyme synthesis for several crucial metabolic pathways’ metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, as well as synthesis of amino acids which are necessary for protein synthesis.
Source - Biotin is synthesized by only bacteria, molds, yeasts, algae, and certain plants. The human body cannot synthesise biotin on its own and has to depend on outer dietary sources to replenish the required amount. It is extremely essential in maintaining good hair, skin, and nails. It improves neural functioning and helps in the metabolism of nutrients.
Deficiency Disease: Some of the signs of biotin deficiency are characterized by loss of hair, dry brittle nails, scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth, dry eyes, scaly dry skin causing dermatitis, conjunctivitis, sore tongue, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
Vitamin B9
Its chemical name is Folate or folic acid (B9). Folate helps to form DNA and RNA and is involved in protein metabolism. It plays a key role in breaking down
homocysteine, an amino acid that can exert harmful effects in the body if it is present in high amounts. Folate is also needed to produce healthy red blood cells and is critical during periods of rapid growth, such as during pregnancy and fetal development.
Source - Leafy green vegetables like spinach, broccoli, and lettuce, Cereals, Beans, peas, and lentils, Fruits like lemons, bananas, and melon.
Deficiency Disease: Anemia, fatigue, grey hair, mouth sores, tongue swelling, growth problems.
Vitamin B12 Its chemical name is Cobalamin. Vitamin B12 is required for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Source - Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, including fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk
products. Vitamin B12 is generally not present in plant foods. Deficiency Disease: megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders.
3 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Vitamin C It is also known as L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of collagen, acts as an antioxidant, helps the body absorb iron. It boosts the
immune system. It enhances wound healing. Sources - Citrus fruits, red and green peppers, oranges, grapefruit, kiwifruit, strawberries, spinach and other green,
leafy vegetables tomatoes potatoes green peas. Scurvy is the name for a vitamin C deficiency. It can lead to anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain
in the limbs, and especially the legs, swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth.
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone.
Vitamin D It is also known as calciferol. Synthesised in skin cells in sunlight from 7-dehydro-cholesterol also found in butter, liver, kidneys, egg yolk, fish oil,
etc. Regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine, mineral deposition in bones and teeth, regulates
insulin levels, supports the immune system, brain, and nervous system. Rickets in Children & Osteomalacia in adults, soft and fragile teeth, regular sickness or infection, fatigue, bone and
back pain, muscle pain. Cod liver oil is a type of fish oil supplement. It contains vitamins A and D.
Vitamin E
It is also known as Tocopherol. Also called as Anti-Sterility vitamin. Vitamin E is found in plant-based oils like sunflower oil, nuts like almonds, peanut, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Vitamin E is an antioxidant. It may help protect your cells from damage. Essential for proper spermatogenesis, pregnancy, lactation and muscular function. Sterility (impotency) and muscular atrophy, Retinopathy (damage to the retina of the eyes that can impair vision)
Peripheral neuropathy (damage to the peripheral nerves, usually in the hands or feet, causing weakness or pain) Ataxia (loss of control of body movements), Decreased immune function.
Vitamin K
It is also known as phylloquinone. Vitamin K helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones. Prothrombin is
a vitamin K-dependent protein directly involved with blood clotting. Osteocalcin is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce healthy bone tissue.
Sources - Green leafy vegetables including collard and turnip greens, spinach, broccoli, cabbage, lettuces. Deficiency may cause Bleeding & Hemorrhaging.
Vitamin A
It is also known as Retinol. Source - occurs in Green leafy vegetables, Carrots, ripe yellow fruits, Cod liver oil, Mangoes, meat, fish, and dairy
products Retinol is the main active form of vitamin A in the blood. Retinyl palmitate is the storage form of the vitamin. Vitamin A is essential for preserving your eyesight. The vitamin is needed to convert light that hits your eye into an
electrical signal that can be sent to your brain. Night blindness occurs in people with vitamin A deficiency, as the vitamin is a major component of the pigment rhodopsin.
Deficiency - Hyperkeratosis, night blindness, and keratomalacia.
4 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Q) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? A. Pyridoxine B. Riboflavin C. Retinol D. Thiamine
Q) Which of the following vitamins contains Nitrogen? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D
Q) Which of the following is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B3? A. Cheilosis B. Pellagra C. Beri Beri D. Sterility
Q) The term “Vitamin" was coined by whom? A. William Harvey B. James Lind C. J S Stor D. Casimir Funk
Q) Which one of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin and its related deficiency disease? A. Ascorbic acid - Scurvy B. Cobalamin - Beri-beri C. Calciferol - Pellagra D. Retinol – Xerophthalmia
Q) Synthesis of Vitamin A in the body takes place in which organ? A. liver B. blood C. retina D. pancreas
Q) A person deficient in the visual pigment rhodopsin should be advised to take more of which of these? A. apple and grapes B. carrot and ripe papaya C. mango and potato D. guava and banana
Q) Vitamin D is produced in the human body by which organ? A. Skin B. Liver C. Kidney D. Muscles
Q) Calcium deficiency in the body occurs in the absence of : A. Vitamin D B. Vitamin C C. Vitamin B D. Vitamin E
5 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
by Dr. Gaurav Garg
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6 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
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Q) ? A. B. C. D.
Q) ? A. B. C. D.
Q) B3 ? A. (Cheilosis) B. (Pellagra) C. (Beri Beri) D. (Sterility)
Q) "" ? A. B. C. D.
Q) ? A. - B. - - C. - D. –
Q) A ? A. B. C. D.
Q) ? A. B. C. D.
Q) ? A. B. C. D.
Q) : A. D B. C C. B D. E
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