Vitamins &Minerals

Dr. Rizwan S AAssistant Professor

Department of Community MedicineVMCHRI, Madurai

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Learning objectives

• At the end of this lecture you sh. be able to

– Describe the salient features of each vitamin– Describe the importance of vitamins in health and

disease– Describe the salient features of minerals and trace

elements– Describe the importance of minerals and trace

elements in health and disease

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VITAMINS

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Vitamins – Introduction

• Vital-amines• Required in small amounts • Must be obtained from diet because they are

not synthesized in body• A wide variety of functions

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Classification

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Functions of vitamins

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Functions of vitamins

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Dietary sources of vitaminsVitamin Food Sources

Vitamin B1(Thiamin)

Whole grains, enriched grainsLiver, pork, dried beans, nuts and seeds

Vitamin B2(Riboflavin)

Soybeans, meat and poultry, liver and eggsMushroomsMilk, cheese, yogurtWhole grains, enriched grains

Vitamin B3(Niacin) 

MushroomsPeanut butter, meat, fish, poultryWhole grains, enriched grains

Biotin 

Sweet potatoesNonfat milk, yogurtPeanuts, almonds, eggs, liver, soy protein*The biotin content in food can vary greatly

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Dietary sources of vitaminsVitamin Food Sources

Vitamin B6(Pyridoxin) 

Potatoes, bananas100% bran, instant oatmealMeat, fish, poultry, liver, soybeans, chickpeas, lentils, pistachio, nuts, sunflower seeds

Vitamin B12(Cobalamin)

Milk, cheese, yogurt, fortified soy or rice beveragesMeat, fish, poultry, liver, eggs, fortified soy products

Folate  Asparagus, cooked spinach, romaine lettuce, Brussels sprouts, beets, broccoli, corn, green peas, oranges, orange juiceBread, enriched pasta, wheat germLiver, dried beans, soybeans, chickpeas, lentils, sunflower seeds, flaxseeds*Folic acid is the type of folate found in Vitamin supplements and fortified foods.

Vitamin C Citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits and their juices, kiwi, strawberries, mangoes, papayaRed, yellow and green peppers, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, raw dark leafy vegetables

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Dietary sources of vitaminsVitamin Food Sources

Vitamin A 

Liver, some fishMilk, cheese

Carotenoids  Cantaloupe, pink grapefruit, tomatoes, broccoli, dark green leafy vegetables like spinach, beet greens and Swiss chard, dark orange vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes

Vitamin D 

Milk, fortified soy and rice beveragesFortified margarineSome fish, eggs, organ meats, fish liver oils

Vitamin E 

Vegetable oilsAvocados, leafy green vegetablesWheat germ, sunflower seeds, some nuts, peanut butter

Vitamin K 

Broccoli, soybeans, dark green leafy vegetables such as kale, collards, turnip/beet greens and spinach

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RDA of vitamins

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RDA of vitamins - simpleVitamin name RDA for adult male

Vitamin B1 1.2 mg

Vitamin B2 1.3 mg

Vitamin B3 16.0 mg

Vitamin B5 5.0 mg

Vitamin B6 1.3–1.7 mg

Vitamin B12 2.4 µg

Vitamin C 90.0 mg

Vitamin name RDA for adult male

Vitamin A 900 µg

Vitamin D 10 µg

Vitamin E 15.0 mg

Vitamin K 120 µg

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Deficiency diseasesVitamin name Deficiency disease

Vitamin B1 Beriberi, Wernicke syndrome

Vitamin B2 Ariboflavinosis, Glossitis, Angular stomatitis

Vitamin B3 Pellagra

Vitamin B5 Paresthesia

Vitamin B6 Anemia, peripheral neuropathy.

Folate Megaloblastic anemia and Deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube defects

Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin C Scurvy

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Deficiency diseases

Vitamin name Deficiency disease

Vitamin A Night blindness, Hyperkeratosis, and Keratomalacia

Vitamin D Rickets and Osteomalacia

Vitamin E Deficiency is very rare; sterility in males and abortions in females, mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants.

Vitamin K Bleeding diathesis

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Hypervitaminosis

Vitamin name Upper intake level Overdose manifestations

Vitamin B1 N/D Drowsiness or muscle relaxation

Vitamin B2 N/D

Vitamin B3 35.0 mg Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems

Vitamin B5 N/D Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.

Vitamin B6 100 mg Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)

Vitamin B12 N/D Acne-like rash

Vitamin C 2,000 mg Vitamin C megadosage

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Hypervitaminosis

Vitamin name

Upper intake level Overdose manifestations

Vitamin A 3,000 µg Hypervitaminosis A

Vitamin D 50 µg Hypervitaminosis D

Vitamin E 1,000 mg Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study.

Vitamin K N/D Increases coagulation in patients taking warfarin.

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Vitamin A deficiency

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Vitamin D deficiency

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Vitamin K deficiency

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Vitamin B 1 deficiency

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Vitamin B 2 deficiency

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Vitamin B 3 deficiency

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Folate deficiency

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Vitamin B 12 deficiency

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Review

• What are the fat soluble vitamins?• What is the definition of vitamins?• Why does vitamin deficiency occur?• Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to

occur in vegetarians?• Which vitamin should be given specifically

prior to pregnancy?

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MINERALS

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Classification of minerals

Minerals

Macro minerals

Trace elements

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Classification of minerals

Major minerals• Calcium• Phosphorus • Sodium • Potassium • Magnesium

Trace elements• Iron, iodine, fluorine, zinc,

copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, nickel, tin, silicon and vanadium

• Trace with no known function: lead, mercury, barium, boron, and aluminium

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Sources and functions

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Sources and functions

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Deficiency disordersMineral Deficiency causes

Calcium No clear cut disease but associated with Vitamin D deficiency

Magnesium Irritability, tetany, hyper-reflexia and occasionally hypo-reflexia

Iron Nutritional anemiaimpaired cell-mediated immunity, reduced resistance to infection, increased morbidity and mortality and diminished work performance.

Iodine Goitre, hypothyroidismLow IQ, hearing and speech defectsEye defectsCretinism, IUD

Fluorine Dental caries

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Deficiency disorders

Mineral Deficiency causes

Zinc Growth failure and sexual infantilism in adolescents, and in loss of taste and delayed wound healing

Copper Neutropenia

Cobalt Cobalt may interact with iodine and affect its utilization

Selenium Reduces antibody production

Molybdenum Mouth and oesophageal cancer

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Some important mineral deficiencyHypocalcaemia (low serum Ca in the blood) cause the hyperexcitability of the nervous system

Osteomalacia (softening of bone), tetany (muscle spasms) and kidney stones are other calcium related disorders

Osteoporosis occurs when bone resorption exceeds formation• Mainly in women• Increases in age• May be related to a low Ca intake

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Magnesium deficiency Weakening of the bonesImbalanced blood sugarElevated blood pressure High excitabilityBrain damageUnstable internal cell structureInadequate hormone productionHeadachesSeizuresDepressionNauseaVomitingLack of appetite

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Iron deficiency

• Anemia• Affects cell growth in the nervous and GI

system

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Zinc deficiency

• Stunted growth • Skin rash• Hair loss • Immune system

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Review

• What are the major minerals in the human body?

• What does iodine deficiency cause?• What does fluoride excess cause?• Which vitamin is linked to calcium

metabolism?• Is Zinc an important mineral for the body and

why?

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THANK YOU