VITAL STATISTICS
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Transcript of VITAL STATISTICS
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VITAL STATISTICS
FAJAR AWALIA YULIANTOCOMMUNITY RESEARCH PROGRAM1
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There is no complete agreement for all epidemiologists for the term used in this field
What will be described afterward is common term that usually used, taken from Last’s Dictionary of Epidemiology
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POPULATION AT RISK
An important factor in calculating measures of disease frequency is the correct estimate of the numbers of people under study
a study of carcinoma of the cervix
0-24 yrs
25-69 yrs
70+yrs
0-24 yrs
70+yrs
25-69 yrs
femalemale
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POPULATION AT RISK
The people who are susceptible to a given disease are called the population at risk, and can be defined by demographic, geographic or environmental factors
Examples: Occupational injuries occur only among working people, avian influenza occurs only among people handling cattle
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INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE Incidence represents the rate of occurence of
the new cases arising in a given period in a specified population
Prevalence is the frequency of existing cases in a defined population at a given point in time
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCEINCIDENCE PREVALENCENUMERATOR Number of new cases of diseases
during a specified period of timeNumber of existing cases of disease ar a given point of time
DENOMINATOR Population at risk Population at risk
FOCUS Whether the event is a new case Time of onset of the disease
Presence or absence of a diseaseTime period is arbitrary; rather a “snapshot” in time
USES Expresses the risk of becoming illThe main measure of acute diseases or conditions, but also used for chronic diseasesMore useful for studies of causation
Estimates the probability of the population being ill at the period of time being studiedUseful in the study of the burden of chronic diseases and implication for health services
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If the incident cases are not resolved, but continue over time, then they become existing (prevalent) cases, prevalence=incidence x duration
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If the population at risk undefined, the case numbers still useful to express the magnitude of the health events, e.g during epidemic
Attack rate ~ Incidence, used during the disease outbreak in a narrowly-defined popilation over a short period of time
Attack rate can be calculated as the number of people affected divided by the number exposed
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PREVALENCE
P = (Number of people with the disease or condition at a specified time / Number of people in the popilation at risk at the specified time) X 10n
Factors determine prevalence: The severity of illness The duration of illness The numberof new casesThat’s why prevalence study do not usually provide
strong evidence of casuality
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INCIDENCE
I = (number of new events in a specified period / Number of persons exposed to risk during this period) X 10n
The numerator strictly tefers only to first events of disease
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CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE
Unlike incidence, it measures the denominator only at the beginning of a study
CI = Number of people who get a disease during a specified period / Number of people free of the disease in the population at risk at the beginnig of the period X 10n
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CASE FATALITY
Is a measure of the disease severity and is defined as the proportion of cases with a specified disease or condition who die within a specified time
CF = (Number of deaths from diagnosed cases in a given period / Number of diagnosed cases of the disease in the same period) X 100
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USING AVAILABLE INFORMATION TO MEASURE HEALTH AND DISEASE
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DEATH RATE (CRUDE MORTALITY RATE) CMR = (Number of deaths during a specified
period/ number of persons at risk of dying during the same period) X 10n
The main disadvantage that it does not take into account the fact that the chance of dying varies according to age, sex, race, socioeconomic class and other factors
The following formulation will be diminishing the limitation of CMR
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STUDY QUESTION
The crude death rate for all cancers in Japan is 241.7 per 100 000 population and the crude death rate for all cancers in Cote d’Ivoire is 70.5 per 100 000 population. Is the death rate in Japan higher than in Cote d’Ivoire?
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AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATES Can be expressed for specific groups in a
population which are defined by age, race, sec, occipation or geographical location, or for specific causes of death
Total number of deaths occuring in a specific age and sex group f the population in a defined area during a specified periodEstimated total population of the same age and sex group of the population in the same area during the same period
10n
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PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY The number of deaths from a given cause per
100 or 1000 total deaths on the same period Proportionate mortality does not express the
risk of members of a population contracting or dying from a disease
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INFANT MORTALITY*
It measures the rate of death in children during the first year of life, the denominator being the number of live births in the same year
Number of deaths in a year of children less than 1 year of ageNumber of live births in the same year
1000
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CHILD MORTALITY RATE*
Is based on deaths of children aged 1-4 years
Injuries, malnutrition and infectious diseases are common causes of death in this age group
Describes the probability (expressed per 1000 live births) of a child dying before reaching 5 years of age
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Child mortality rate in selected countries,2003 (per 1000 live births) MALES FEMALES
High income countriesJapanFrance CanadaUSA
4569
4557
Middle income countriesChileArgentinaPeruIndonesia
10193645
9163237
Low-income countriesCubaSri LankaAngolaSierra Leone
817
276297
613
243270
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MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE Refers to the risk of mothers dying from
causes associated with delivering babies, complications of pregnancy or childbirth
Number of maternal deaths from puerperal causes in a given geographic area in a given yearNumber of live births that occured among the population of the given geographic area during the same year
10n
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ADULT MORTALITY RATE
Define as the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60 years per 1000 population
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Adult mortality rates in selected countries, 2004 (per 1000 population) Males Females
High income countriesJapanCanadaFranceUSA
9291
132137
45576081
Middle income countriesChileArgentinaPeruIndonesia
133173184239
6690
134200
Low income countriesCubaSri LankaAngolaSierra Leone
131232591579
85119504497
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LIFE EXPECTANCY*
Defined as the average number of years an individual given age is expected to live if current mortality rate continue
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Life expectancy atbirth for men and women in selected countries Women MenZimbabweRussian FedEgyptChinaMexicoUSAJapan
34727074778086
37596670727579
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ALHAMDULILLAH
Wish every science become virtue, and every mistake become the lesson