Vital Signs Chapter 27 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights...

Vital SignsVital Signs

Chapter 27Chapter 27

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


Lesson 27.1Lesson 27.1


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Pronounce, define, and spell the Key Terms.Pronounce, define, and spell the Key Terms. List the four vital signs commonly taken in the List the four vital signs commonly taken in the

dental office.dental office. Describe how metabolism affects a patient’s Describe how metabolism affects a patient’s

vital signs.vital signs. Discuss three types of thermometers.Discuss three types of thermometers. Take an oral temperature reading with the Take an oral temperature reading with the

use of a digital thermometer.use of a digital thermometer.(Cont’d)(Cont’d)



(Cont’d)(Cont’d)

List the sites used for taking a pulse.List the sites used for taking a pulse. Describe the characteristics of patient’s pulse Describe the characteristics of patient’s pulse

that you would look for.that you would look for. Take a patient’s pulse.Take a patient’s pulse.


IntroductionIntroduction

Attentiveness to a patient’s immediate health should be Attentiveness to a patient’s immediate health should be the first priority of every healthcare provider.the first priority of every healthcare provider.

Vital signs can provide you with a means of determining Vital signs can provide you with a means of determining a patient’s health status. They include temperature, a patient’s health status. They include temperature,

pulse, respiration, and blood pressure.pulse, respiration, and blood pressure.


Factors Affecting Vital SignsFactors Affecting Vital Signs

Emotional factorsEmotional factors StressStress FearFear

Physical factorsPhysical factors IllnessIllness Drinking or eatingDrinking or eating ExerciseExercise


TemperatureTemperature

Degree of the hotness or coldness of the Degree of the hotness or coldness of the bodybody

ReadingsReadings Average range for an adult: 97.6° to 99° FAverage range for an adult: 97.6° to 99° F Normally higher in infants and children than in Normally higher in infants and children than in

adults.adults. Thermometer typesThermometer types

Electronic Electronic Tympanic Tympanic


Fig. 27-1 Digital thermometer.Fig. 27-1 Digital thermometer.


Fig. 27-2 Tympanic thermometer.Fig. 27-2 Tympanic thermometer. (Courtesy of Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, N.Y.)(Courtesy of Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, N.Y.)


PulsePulse The pulse is a rhythmic expansion of The pulse is a rhythmic expansion of

an artery each time the heart beats.an artery each time the heart beats. The pulse may be taken at various The pulse may be taken at various

sites:sites: Radial artery: inner surface of wristRadial artery: inner surface of wrist Brachial artery: inner fold of the upper Brachial artery: inner fold of the upper

armarm Carotid artery: alongside the larynxCarotid artery: alongside the larynx


Fig. 27-4 Location of the radial artery. Fig. 27-4 Location of the radial artery.


Fig. 27-5 Location of the brachial artery. Fig. 27-5 Location of the brachial artery.


Fig. 27-6 Location of the carotid artery.Fig. 27-6 Location of the carotid artery.


Pulse CharacteristicsPulse Characteristics

Rate: umber of beatsRate: umber of beats Rhythm: pattern of beatsRhythm: pattern of beats Volume: force of beatsVolume: force of beats



Pulse CharacteristicsPulse Characteristics


ReadingsReadings Adult resting: 60 to 100 beats per minuteAdult resting: 60 to 100 beats per minute Child: 70 to 120 beats per minuteChild: 70 to 120 beats per minute

IrregularityIrregularity Arrhythmia: an irregularity in the force or rhythm of Arrhythmia: an irregularity in the force or rhythm of

the heartbeat the heartbeat



Lesson 27.2Lesson 27.2



Describe the characteristics of respiration and Describe the characteristics of respiration and how they affect a patient’s breathing.how they affect a patient’s breathing.

Discuss the best way to obtain accurate Discuss the best way to obtain accurate readings of respiration.readings of respiration.

Take a patient’s respiration.Take a patient’s respiration. Explain the importance of taking a patient’s Explain the importance of taking a patient’s

blood pressure.blood pressure. Differentiate the Korotkoff sounds heard when Differentiate the Korotkoff sounds heard when

taking a patient’s blood pressure.taking a patient’s blood pressure. Take a patient’s blood pressure.Take a patient’s blood pressure.


RespirationRespiration

The process of inhaling and exhaling, or The process of inhaling and exhaling, or breathingbreathing

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Rate: total number of breaths per minuteRate: total number of breaths per minute Rhythm: breathing pattern Rhythm: breathing pattern Depth: amount of air inhaled and exhaledDepth: amount of air inhaled and exhaled

ReadingsReadings Adult: 10 to 20 breaths per minuteAdult: 10 to 20 breaths per minute Children and teenagers: 18 to 30 breaths per Children and teenagers: 18 to 30 breaths per

minuteminute


Blood PressureBlood Pressure

Blood pressure reflects the amount of work Blood pressure reflects the amount of work the heart has to do to pump blood throughout the heart has to do to pump blood throughout the body.the body.

Two pressures of the heart:Two pressures of the heart: Systolic: Reflects the amount of pressure it takes Systolic: Reflects the amount of pressure it takes

for the left ventricle of the heart to compress or for the left ventricle of the heart to compress or push oxygenated blood out into the blood vessels. push oxygenated blood out into the blood vessels.

Diastolic: The heart muscle at rest when it is Diastolic: The heart muscle at rest when it is allowing the heart to take in blood to be allowing the heart to take in blood to be oxygenated before the next contraction. oxygenated before the next contraction.


Table 27-1 Blood Pressure Classifications for AdultsTable 27-1 Blood Pressure Classifications for Adults


Blood Pressure EquipmentBlood Pressure Equipment

SphygmomanometerSphygmomanometer Blood pressure cuffBlood pressure cuff MeterMeter Rubber bulbRubber bulb

StethoscopeStethoscope Amplifies soundsAmplifies sounds


Fig. 27-8 Types of sphygmomanometers. A, Aneroid Fig. 27-8 Types of sphygmomanometers. A, Aneroid (without liquid) dial system. B, Aneroid floor model. (without liquid) dial system. B, Aneroid floor model.

(From Young A, Proctor D: (From Young A, Proctor D: Kinn’s The medical assistant: an applied learning approachKinn’s The medical assistant: an applied learning approach , ed 9, St Louis, 2003, Saunders.), ed 9, St Louis, 2003, Saunders.)

A B


Fig. 27-9 Stethoscope.Fig. 27-9 Stethoscope.


Table 27-2 Five Phases of Korotkoff Table 27-2 Five Phases of Korotkoff Sounds in Blood Pressure MeasurementSounds in Blood Pressure Measurement


Additional TechniquesAdditional Techniques

Electrocardiography: tracing of the Electrocardiography: tracing of the heart’s activity, set forth in an heart’s activity, set forth in an electrocardiogram (ECG)electrocardiogram (ECG) Commonly performed in the hospital settingCommonly performed in the hospital setting Amplifies the natural electrical currents generated Amplifies the natural electrical currents generated

by the impulses of the heartby the impulses of the heart Records a series of waves Records a series of waves Each deflection corresponds to a particular part Each deflection corresponds to a particular part

of the cardiac cycleof the cardiac cycle


Fig. 27-11 The cardiac cycle on the ECG.Fig. 27-11 The cardiac cycle on the ECG.


Vital Signs Chapter 27 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights...

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Transcript of Vital Signs Chapter 27 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights...