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![Page 1: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Visualisation2012 - 2013
Lecture 3
Brian Mac NameeDublin institute of Technology
Applied Intelligence Research Centre
Visualising Trends
![Page 2: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Origins
This course is based heavily on a course developed by Colman McMahon (www.colmanmcmahon.com)
Material from multiple other online and published sources is also used and when this is the case full citations will be given
22011/12
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Visualization of the Week
www.pinterest.com/brianmacnamee/great-visualisation-examples/
![Page 4: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
(Un)Visualization of the Week
www.pinterest.com/brianmacnamee/terrible-visualisation-examples/
![Page 5: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agenda
Visualising patterns over time
Discrete points in time
Continuous points in time
Handling multiple dimensions over time
52011/12
![Page 6: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What To Look For
The most common thing you look for in time series, or temporal, data is trends
- Is something increasing or decreasing?
- Are there seasonal cycles?
To find these patterns, you have to look beyond individual data points to get the whole picture
![Page 7: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2011/12 7
![Page 8: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Visualising Patterns Over Time
Visualising patterns over time
- Discrete points in time
• Bar Graph
• Scatter Plot
- Continuous points in time
• Line Chart
• Step Chart
- Handling multiple dimensions over time
• Stacked Bar Chart
• Area Chart
• Stream Graph
• Small Multiples
• Animation2011/12 8
![Page 9: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Discrete Points In Time
Often we have datasets that contain single measurements for a reasonably small number of discrete points in time
- Profit per year
- Rainfall per month
In these cases a simple bar graph is often appropriate
![Page 10: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Simple Bar Graph
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 11: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Simple Bar Graph
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 12: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Simple Bar Graph
http://www.mornpen.vic.gov.au/page/imageThumbnail.asp?C_Id=820
![Page 13: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Continuous Points In Time
Often we have datasets that contain single measurements for a number of continuous points of time
- Stock prices over time
- Internet traffic over time
In these cases a line charts are more appropriate
![Page 14: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Simple Scatter Plot
2011/12 14
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 15: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Simple Scatter Plot
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 16: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Simple Line Chart
Simply adding a line to a scatter plot can help greater emphasise a trend over time
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 17: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Simple Line Chart
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 18: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Simple Line Chart
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 19: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Step Chart
Basic line charts interpolate the change in measurement from one point in time to another
Often this is not appropriate and in these cases step charts are more appropriate
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 20: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Step Chart
2011/12 20
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 21: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Step Chart
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 22: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fitting A Line
In some cases adding a line to a scatter plot can mask the trend over time rather than help illustrate it
In this cases it can be more appropriate to fit a line or curve to a dataset so as to highlight a trend in time
ACHTUNG: Be careful when fitting lines, it is possible to illustrate trends that don’t really exist
![Page 23: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fitting A Line
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 24: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Smoothing & Estimation
2011/12 24
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 25: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Multiple Dimensions In Time
Often we have datasets that contain multiple measurement for each point in time which gives us multiple dimensions
This makes visualization more challenging as we need to use newer and different encodings
There are a number of approaches we can take
![Page 26: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Stacked Bar Chart
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 27: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Stacked Bar Chart
Charting U.S. Gun Manufacturing, Matt Stiles, The Daily Viz, 2012http://thedailyviz.com/2012/08/07/charting-u-s-gun-manufacturing/
![Page 28: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Stacked Bar Chart
Interpreting multiple time series in a stacked bar chart can be really difficult, especially when we need to interpret the trend within the higher categories
Only really appropriate when the real trend we want to illustrate is the overall total bar height trend and the individual categories are secondary
![Page 29: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Multiple Line Series
http://hci.stanford.edu/jheer/files/zoo/ex/time/index-chart.html
![Page 30: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Multiple Line Series
Displaying time-series data: Stacked bars, area charts or lines…you decide!, VizWiz, 2012
http://vizwiz.blogspot.ie/2012/08/displaying-time-series-data-stacked.html
U.S. Gun Manufacturing By Type
![Page 31: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Stacked Area Chart
“Visualize This”, N. Tau, Wiley, 2011
http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920022060.do
![Page 32: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Stacked Area Chart
U.S. Gun Manufacturing By Type
Displaying time-series data: Stacked bars, area charts or lines…you decide!, VizWiz, 2012
http://vizwiz.blogspot.ie/2012/08/displaying-time-series-data-stacked.html
![Page 33: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Stacked Area Chart
Stacked area charts unfortunately suffer from many of the same problems as stacked bar charts
It can be very hard to interpret the trends of each category as they are stacked on top of each other
![Page 34: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Stacked Area Chart
Displaying time-series data: Stacked bars, area charts or lines…you decide!, VizWiz, 2012
http://vizwiz.blogspot.ie/2012/08/displaying-time-series-data-stacked.html
What does the shotgun trend look like?
![Page 35: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Stacked Area Chart
Displaying time-series data: Stacked bars, area charts or lines…you decide!, VizWiz, 2012
http://vizwiz.blogspot.ie/2012/08/displaying-time-series-data-stacked.html
![Page 36: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Stream Graph
The Stream Graph is an attempt to overcome the difficulties associated with stacked bar charts and stacked area charts
![Page 37: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Stream Graph
ThemeRiver: Visualizing Theme Changes over Time, Susan Havre , Beth Hetzler , Lucy Nowell, Proc. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2000.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.135.4974
![Page 38: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Stream Graph
ThemeRiver: Visualizing Theme Changes over Time, Susan Havre , Beth Hetzler , Lucy Nowell, Proc. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2000.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.135.4974
![Page 39: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Stream Graph
Stacked Graphs – Geometry & Aesthetics, Lee Byron & Martin Wattenberg, 2008.http://www.leebyron.com/what/lastfm/
![Page 40: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Stream Graph
Stacked Graphs – Geometry & Aesthetics, Lee Byron & Martin Wattenberg, 2008.http://www.leebyron.com/what/lastfm/
![Page 41: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Stream Graph
Stacked Graphs – Geometry & Aesthetics, Lee Byron & Martin Wattenberg, 2008.http://www.leebyron.com/what/lastfm/
![Page 42: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Stream Graph
http://hci.stanford.edu/jheer/files/zoo/ex/time/stack.html
![Page 43: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Ebb and Flow of Movies: Box Office Receipts 1986 — 2008, New York Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/02/23/movies/20080223_REVENUE_GRAPHIC.html
Stream Graph
![Page 44: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Small Multiples
One solution to illustrating time is to use small multiples to show multiple snapshots of the data at different points in time
![Page 45: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Small Multiples
http://hci.stanford.edu/jheer/files/zoo/ex/time/multiples.html
![Page 46: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Small Multiples
![Page 47: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Small Multiples
Tres Epistolae de Maculis Solaribus Scriptae ad Marcum Welserum, Christoph Scheiner, 1612
http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/sunspots.html
![Page 48: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Animation
Animation is obviously a great way to illustrate changes over time
We will look at this more later in the course
![Page 49: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Animation
www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html
![Page 50: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Animation
Galileo's Sunspot Drawingshttp://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/ssm_slow.mpg
Gallileo made flip books of sunspot images to show how they moved over time
![Page 51: Visualisation 2012 - 2013 Lecture 3 Brian Mac Namee Dublin institute of Technology Applied Intelligence Research Centre Visualising Trends.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e165503460f94b00b3d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Conclusions
Visualising across time is a key methodology
There are a number of approaches that are common and useful
We will come back to animation