Visual Representation of Windfarms...Visual Representation of Windfarms Technical Session 1: Getting...
Transcript of Visual Representation of Windfarms...Visual Representation of Windfarms Technical Session 1: Getting...
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Visual Representation of
Windfarms
Technical Session 1:
Getting the pictures into the
camera
Ian McAulay [email protected]
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Choice of Camera
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‘Full frame’ sensor = the same size as 35mm film
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Limited choices
Canon: 3 models Nikon: 5 models
Sony Alpha 7: 3 models Sony Alpha 99: 1 model
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Anatomy of an SLR
Lens Body
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Sony Alpha 7
Not an SLR
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Megapixels (How many can I get?)
Canon EOS 1D X 18.1
EOS 5D Mark III 22.1
EOS 6D 20
Nikon Df 16.2
D4S 16.2
D610 24.3
D750 24.3
D810 36.3
Sony Alpha 99 24.3
Alpha 7S 12.2
Alpha 7 24.3
Alpha 7R 36.4
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Megapixels (How many do I want?)
More for:
• Resolution
• Image robustness
Fewer for:
• Dynamic range
• ISO range
• Pixel charge capacity
• Noise
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Choice of Lens
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Choice of Lens
• Fixed focal length lens
• Prime lens
• NOT a zoom lens
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Focal Length
Focal length
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Focal Length
Focal length
Nodal point
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Horizontal Field of View (HFOV)
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HFOV depends on sensor size
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Equivalent Focal Length
Please avoid using this term!
A 33.3mm focal length
lens on a camera with an
APS-C size sensor would
have an ‘Equivalent
Focal Length’ of 50mm.
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Vertical Field of View (VFOV)
VFOV = 27° in centre of frame
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Vertical Field of View (VFOV)
VFOV = 25.4° at edges of frame
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Available (edge) VFOV
Lens Available VFOV
50mm Landscape 25.4°
50mm Portrait 38.6°
35mm Landscape 33.9°
35mm Portrait 51.9°
28mm Landscape 39.6°
28mm Portrait 61.2°
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Distortion
Pincushion distortion
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Distortion
Barrel distortion
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Anatomy of an SLR (again)
Flange distance
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Retrofocus Wide-Angle Lens
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Field Setup
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Panoramic Tripod Head
Indexed rotation
Position camera
over axis of
rotation
Landscape
or portrait
orientation
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Finding the Nodal Point
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Levelling
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Location
• Good quality GPS
• EGNOS (WAAS)
improves resolution
• Some models offer
GLONASS as well as
GPS
• Galileo will be
operational by 2019
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Focussing
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Focussing
• Always use manual focus
• Always focus on infinity
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Autofocus woes...
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...oops
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Focus Affects Scale
Focussing closer moves the lens forward
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Correct focus...
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Wrong focus... and size
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Exposure
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Shutter Speed
• Fast enough to freeze movement in
vegetation and water
• Slow enough not to force very wide
apertures
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1/1000 second
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1 second
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Aperture
• Small aperture (higher f numbers) if you
need lots of depth of field
• Wide aperture (lower f numbers) if the
light is poor and shutter speeds might be
too slow
• f/5.6 or f/8 is sharpest for most lenses
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f/2.8
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f/22
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Sensitivity (ISO)
• High ISO numbers introduce image noise
• Degree of noise varies between cameras
and sensors
• Acceptable level of noise depends on
subject matter
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ISO 100
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ISO 25600
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White Balance
• Set it to ‘Daylight’
• Switch off automatic balance
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Auto white balance woes...
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...oops
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Exposure
• Will vary from viewpoint to viewpoint
• It’s a compromise (shutter speed/aperture/
ISO)
• Windfarm work usually requires best
exposure on sky
• Underexposure is easier to fix afterwards
than overexposure
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Trends in Photography
• Increasing in-camera image processing
• Sensitivity to image content (not always
helpful)
• Image stabilisation
• Image stacking (combining multiple
exposures)
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£200 point-and-click camera, full zoom, hand held...