VISUAL MOTOR GESTALT TEST AND PERCEPTUAL ABILITY AND MOTOR .../67531/metadc130954/m2/1/high... ·...

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE ON THE BENDER VISUAL MOTOR GESTALT TEST AND PERCEPTUAL ABILITY AND MOTOR SKILL IN A NON-CLINICAL GROUP APPROVED: (A, jor Professor ssor n. Dean of the School off Education J\ / erx^jLt\ Dean of the Graduate School

Transcript of VISUAL MOTOR GESTALT TEST AND PERCEPTUAL ABILITY AND MOTOR .../67531/metadc130954/m2/1/high... ·...

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THE RELATIONSHIP B E T W E E N P E R F O R M A N C E ON THE BENDER

VISUAL MOTOR GESTALT TEST AND P E R C E P T U A L ABILITY

AND MOTOR SKILL IN A NON-CLINICAL GROUP

APPROVED:

(A, jo r P r o f e s s o r

s s o r

n.

Dean of the School off Educa t ion

J\ / erx^jLt\ Dean of the G r a d u a t e School

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T H E R E L A T I O N S H I P B E T W E E N P E R F O R M A N C E ON THE B E N D E R

VISUAL MOTOR G E S T A L T T E S T AND P E R C E P T U A L A B I L I T Y

AND M O T O R SKILL IN A N O N - C L I N I C A L G R O U P

THESIS

P r e s e n t e d to the G r a d u a t e C o u n c i l of the

N o r t h T e x a s S ta t e U n i v e r s i t y in P a r t i a l

F u l f i l l m e n t of the R e q u i r e m e n t s

F o r the D e g r e e of

M A S T E R OF S C I E N C E

B y

M a n o u t c h e h r M o a z a r n i , B . A .

Den ton , T e x a s

J u n e , 1968

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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

P a g e L I S T O F T A B L E S i v

C h a p t e r

I. INTRODUCTION

B a c k g r o u n d L i t e r a t u r e R e l a t e d R e s e a r c h . P u r p o s e of Study-H y p o t h e s e s

II. M E T H O D O L O G Y . . . 14

D e s c r i p t i o n of A p p a r a t u s P r o c e d u r e T e c h n i q u e s f o r T r e a t i n g D a t a

III. R E S U L T S 18

IV. DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 20

D i s c u s s i o n S u m m a r y R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 23

i n

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L I S T O F T A B L E S

T a b l e P a g e

1. C o r r e l a t i o n s B e t w e e n the S c o r e s of the B -G - T , t he S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t S c o r c s , and the P e r f o r m a n c e T i m e on the S e g u i n F o r m b o a r d . . 19

IV

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C H A P T E R

INTRODUCTION

The 3enc ie r -Ges ta . l t T e s t , wh ich wi l l be r e f e r r e d to f r o m h e r e

on a s the B - G - T , w a s bu i l t upon the p r e m i s e tha t a c c u r a t e v i s u a l - m o t o r

p e r c e p t u a l b e h a v i o r i s a sk i l l f u l a c t . Th i s sk i l l f u l p e r c e p t u a l a c t i s c o n -

s i d e r e d to involve s e n s o r y recept ion. , c e n t r a l n e u r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , and

m o t o r r e p r o d u c t i o n /hand d r a w i n g / b y the p e r c e i v i n g s u b j e c t of the t e s t

s t i m u l u s o b j e c t s (4). The p r e m i s e goes f u r t h e r , s ta t ing tha t th is t o t a l

p e r c e p t u a l p r o c e s s can be d i s t o r t e d by n e u r a l i n j u r y , by v a r i a t i o n s in

the i n t e l l e c t u a l l eve l , and by m a l a d j u s t m e n t s in the e m o t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n

of the p e r c e i v i n g sub j ec t .

The B - G - T c o n s i s t s of nine d r a w i n g s s e l e c t e d f r o m the t h i r t y or

m o r e that W e r t h e i m e r (24) inc luded in h i s g r o u p upon wh ich he e s t a b l i s h e d

h i s f i r s t s e r i e s of b a s i c G e s t a l t p r i n c i p l e s . B e n d e r (3) po in t s out tha t

p e r c e p t i o n and reproduc t ion , of the G e s t a l t f i g u r e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d by b i o -

l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s of s e n s o r y m o t o r ac t ion . H o w e v e r , d i f f e r e n c e s in g r o w t h

p a t t e r n s and matura t ion .a l l e v e l s and a f u n c t i o n a l l y o r o r g a n i c a l l y induced

pa tho log i ca l condi t ion m a y c a u s e an i n d i v i d u a l ' s p a t t e r n s of s e n s o r y

m o t o r a c t i o n to d i f f e r f r o m the p a t t e r n s of a n o t h e r p e r s o n .

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T h e t h e o r e t i c a l a s s u m p t i o n s w h i c h g u i d e d B e n d e r a r e s t a t e d a s

f o l l o w s .

T h e C e s t a l t f u n c t i o n m a y b e d e f i n e d a s t h a t f u n c t i o n of ' the i n t e g r a t e d o r g a n i s m w h e r e b y i t r e s p o n d s to a g i v e n c o n s t e l l a t i o n of s t i m u l i a s a w h o l e ; the r e s p o n s e i t s e l f b e i n g a c o n s t e l l a t i o n , a p a t t e r n , o r G e s t a l t (3, p . 3).

L a t e r , in the s a m e v o l u m e , s h e w r i t e s : "The w h o l e s e t t i n g of the

s t i m u l u s a n d the w h o l e i n t e g r a t i v e s t a t e of the o r g a n i s m d e t e r m i n e the

p a t t e r n s of the r e s p o n s e " (p . 4) .

Whi le B e n d e r w a s p r i m a r i l y " in ter e s t e d i n the G e s t a l t t e s t a s an

i n s t r u m e n t f o r the e x p l o r a t i o n of the G e s t a l t f u n c t i o n w i t h e m p h a s i s on

the funct ion 1 s m a t u r a t i o n a l a n d p a t h o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s , H u t t (10) c o n c e i v e d

of the t e s t a s a p r o j e c t i v e p e r s o n a l i t y t e c h n i q u e , r i c h in i n t e r p r e t a t i v e

s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d p s y c h o d y n a m i c i m p l i c a t i o n s a n d c a p a b l e of c o n t r i b u t i n g

v a l u a b l e c l u e s to d i f f e r e n t i a l d i a g n o s e s . Whi le t h e r e i s g e n e r a l a g r e e -

m e n t o n the a b i l i t y of the B - G - T to i d e n t i f y m e n t a l d e f e c t i v e s - - o r g a n i c

a n d p s y c h o t i c p r o c e s s e s , t h e r e i s a l a c k of a g r e e m e n t on i t s v a l i d i t y in

d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g n e u r o t i c f r o m n o r m a l s u b j e c t s .

In a v a l i d i t y s t u d y b y P a s c a l a n d S u t t e l l (18) b a s e d on the r e p r o -

d u c t i o n s of p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t s 1 3 -G ~T p r o t o c o l s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e

of p r e s u m a b l y n o r m a l i n d i v i d u a l s , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t the a b n o r m a l

i n d i v i d u a l s g e n e r a l l y t e n d e d to d e v i a t e f r o m the s t i m u l u s m o r e t h a n

n o r m a l i n d i v i d u a l s . Curnut t (8) d e s i g n e d a s t u d y to e x p l o r e the p o s s i b i l i t y

of u s i n g the P a s c a l a n d S u t t e l l m e t h o d of s c o r i n g B -G - T to d e s i g n a t e

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b e t w e e n n o r m a l and a l c o h o l i c hiis r e s u l t s t e n d e d to Indicate

t ha t the a l c o h o l i c and the n o n - a l c o h o l i c can he d i f f e r e n t i a . t e d by u s i n g

the s i g n s method.

R o s e n b e r g (19) u i ;ea amtt a n d B r i s x i n Js {11} m e t h o d o£ s c o r i n g

3 - G - T to d e t e r m i n e w n e t h e r t h i s s y s t e m would d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n

the B e n d e r s of n o r m a l a n d a b n o r m a l s u b j e c t s w h e r e the a b n o r m a l g r o u p

w a s a h e t e r o g e n e o u s c o l l e c t i o n of p a t i e n t s who w e r e no t s e r i o u s l y d i s -

t u r b e d , The r e s u l t s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s u c c e s s f u l l y b e t w e e n the two g r o u p s .

On the o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e a r e a n u m b e r of s t u d i e s t h a t h a v e i n d i -

c a t e d c o m p l e t e l y n e g a t i v e r e s u l t s . Gobetz s t a t e s :

B e n d e r ?s m o n o g r a p h i s of r a t h e r l i m i t e d u s e f u l n e s s to the c l i n i c i a n b e c a u s e of i t s e m p h a s i s on e x t r e m e d u r a -t i ons , the r e l a t i v e a b s e n c e of c o n t r o l data , a n d the f a i l u r e zo s u p p o r t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s w i t h q u a n t i t a t i v e f ind ings . The m a j o r i t y of p s y c h o l o g i s t s u s i n g the t e s t s e e m to f e e l t h a t i t i s h e l p f u l in w o r k i n g w i t h ' o r g a n i c s a n d p s y c h o t i c s but d i s a g r e e a s to i t s v a l i d i t y with n e u r o t i c s {9, p. 2).

Gobetz (9) d e v e l o p e d a n o b j e c t i v e s c o r i n g s y s t e m , d e f i n i n g the

s c o r i n g e l e m e n t s o p e r a t i o n a l l y r a t h e r t h a n c o n c e p t u a l l y o r i n t e r p r e t a -

r ive ly , in o r d e r to a s c e r t a i n the d i s c r i m i n a t i n g p o w e r of the v a r i o u s

s c o r i n g e l e m e n t s to e x h i b i t d i f f e r e n t i a l v a l i d i t y regarding* n o r m a l a n d

IIE u.i. o a c s u o j e ^ t s . h i J . i n d ^ n g s ino.i.v^cii,eex en a \ norixictJL s u o j e c u s a r e rxiuch

m o r e a l ike t han d i f f e r e n t wi th r e g a r d to p e r c e p t u a l - m o t o r r e s p o n s e s .

G r o s s d e s t r u c t i o n of the G e s t a l t i s q u i t e r a r e in b o t h n o r m a l and n e u r o t i c

s u b j e c t s e x c e p t w h e n the r e p r o d u c t i o n s a r e d r a w n f r o m m e m o r y . In the

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s a m e s t u d y , G o b e t z u s e d P a s c a l a n d S u t i e l l 1 s a n d H u t t ! s m e t h o d s of

s c o r i n g , but the r e s u l t s w e r e f o u n d to b e n e g a t i v e i n d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g n o r m a l

f r o m n e u r o t i c s u b j e c t s .

U s i n g c l i n i c a l a n d n o r m a l s u b j e c t s , B l u m a n d N i m s (5) f o u n d t h a t

t h e r e w e r e no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n g r o u p - t e s t i n g

a n d i n d i v i d u a l t e s t i n g f o r e i t h e r a c l i n i c a l m a t c h i n g p r o c e d u r e o r the

P a 5 c a l - S u t t e 11 o b j e c t i v e s c o r i n g s y s t e m . T h i s r e s u l t i n d i c a t e d t h a t g r o u p -

i e s ting w a s an a d e q u a t e m e t h o d .

B i l l i n g s l e a (4) d e v e l o p e d a s c o r i n g m e t h o d to e v a l u a t e the B -O - T1 s

v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y i n t e s t i n g n o r m a l a n d n e u r o t i c s u b j e c t s . T h e r e -

s e l l s indie a tea t h a t t he t e s t i s a g o o d i n s t r u m e n t * in the h a n d s of a t r a i n e d

c l i n i c i a n , f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g r a p p o r t a n d o b s e r v i n g the c l i e n t 1 s b e h a v i o r i n

a s t a n d a r d s i t u a t i o n , b u t i t w o u l d b e a p o o r d i a g n o s t i c i n s t r u m e n t f o r a

p s y c h o n e u r o t i c r e c o r d .

D u r i n g the l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s of i t s e x i s t e n c e t h e r e h a v e b e e n

r"

n u m e r o u s s t u d i e s d o n e on d i f f e r e n t u s e s of t h i s t e s t . J Koppitz (12) h a s

u s e d the t e s t w i t h c h i l d r e n to s c r e e n f o r s c h o o l r e a d i n e s s . B a l d w i n (2)

u s e d i t to p r e d i c t s c h o o l a c h i e v e m e n t . C l a w s o n (7) u s e d the t e s t to

d e t e r m i n e the n e e d f o r p s y c h o t h e r a p y , a n d B y r d (6) u s e d i t to d i a g n o s e

b r a i n i n j u r y . T h e q u e s t i o n that r e m a i n s u n a n s w e r e d i s w h e t h e r t h e r e

e x i s t s a n a d e q u a t e s c o r i n g s y s t e m f o r B - G - T f o r d i a g n o s i n g d i f f e r e n t

a s p e c t s of p s y c h o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s ?

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B a c kg r o unci L i te r a t u r e

A1t ho ug h tli e .13 c ncl e r - V i s us. 1 - ivl o to r G e s fa I t T e s t i s p r i m a r i l y

b a s e d on the G e s t a i t p s y c h o l o g y a n d p e r c e p t i o n , i t w o u l d ye e m a p p a r e n t

t h a t s o m e m o t o r a c t i v i t y i s i n v o l v e d in p r o d u c i n g the d e s i g n . T h u s , i t

w o u l d b e a p p r o p r i a t e to s u r v e y the r e c e n t s t u d i e s done to i n v e s t i g a t e the ,

r e l a t i o n s h i p fo the two a t t r i b u t e s .

P r i o r to W e r n e r a n d W a p n e r (23) in t h e i r i! s e n s o r y - t o n i c f i e l d

t h e o r y of p e r c e p t i o n , " m o s t e m p h a s i s in the s t u d y of p e r c e p t i o n w a s on

c o n t o u r s , s u r f a x e s , s e g r e g a t e d f i g u r e s , f i g u r e s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f r o m

g r o u n d s , a n d the l i k e . O n the p h y s i o l o g i c a l s i d e t h e r e w a s , f o r G e s t a i t ,

the b r a i n - f i e l d a g g r e g a t e , c o m p r i s i n g s u c h i t e m s a s n e u r a l t o p o g r a p h y ,

m o l e c u l e s i n s o l u t i o n , i o n s , i n t e r f a c e s of c e l l s , p o l a r i z e d r e g i o n s , a n d

e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t s . G e s t a i t t h e o r y h a d m i n i m i z e d the r o l e of the e f f e r e n t

s i d e , a n d i t s e e m e d i n e v i t a b l e t h a t m o t o r a s p e c t s w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y h a v e

to b e a d d e d to the a g g r e g a t e i n ore vr to s u p p l e m e n t the p u r e l y s e n s o r y

e m p h a s i s .

W e r n e r a n d W a p n e r (23) w e r e d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h the s e n s o r y a p p r o a c h

of p s y c h o p h y s i c s b e c a u s e i t r u l e d o u t the s t a t e of the o r g a n i s m , the r o l e

of o b j e c t s i n r e l a t i o n to the o r g a n i s m , a n d the p a r t p l a y e d b y i n d i v i d u a l

d i f f e r e n c e s . C o n c e r n i n g the t e r m s " s e n s o r y " a n d H ton ic ' 1 i n the t i t l e of

t h e o r y s o m e e x p l a n a t i o n s m u s t b e g i v e n . T h e w o r d tonic i s u s e d in a

b r o a d s e n s e to i n c l u d e the s t a t e of o r ^ a n x s m i c t e n s i o n a s e v i d e n c e d b y

the v i s c e r a l a s w e l l a s b y the s o m a t i c / m u s c u l a r - s k e l e t a l / r e a c t i v i t y .

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j. t r e i e r s to m e Ciy11aii)i.c / iiiO j.Oii / a 111e s m. L<i c / pos m r c / s Let ens oi the

o r g a n i s m . The t e r m s e n s o r y aas a dua l m e a n i n g . On one hand , i t c a n

r e f e r to a c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c e , tha t i s , a s e n s o r y qua l i ty , a d i m e n s i o n ,

o r a s e n s o r y d a t a fl supersummed" into a ges ta i t . On the o t h e r hand,

s e n s o r y c a n m e a n the p h y s i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m w h o s e f u n c t i o n i n g a c c o m p a n i e s

the s e n s o r y e x p e r i e n c e , tha t is* the a c t i o n of r e c e p t o r s , a f f e r e n t n e u r o n s ,

and s e n s o r y c o r t i c a l p r o c e s s e s .

W e r n e r and Wapner b e g a n m a r s h a l l i n g t h e i r e v i d e n c e by showing

tha t the s e n s o r y and m o t o r a r e a s of the c o r t e x a r e no t so s h a r p l y

s e p a r a t e d a s w a s f o r m e r l y thought . L a s h l e y (13) h a s c o n c l u d e d t ha t a

c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s b e t w e e n s e n s o r y and m o t o r a c t i v i t i e s , m e d i a t e d

b y tonus .

B e y o n d the i n f l u e n c e of s e n s o r y s t i m u l a t i o n on tonus , t h e r e is

a l s o e v i d e n c e t ha t tonus is a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r in perceptua l o r g a n i z a t i o n .

The f i r s t c o n t r i b u t o r of d a t a on th is p r o b l e m w a s probably E r n e s t M a c h

(14). B y m e a n s of pu t ty , M a c h f i x a t e d the p o s i t i o n of the eye of s u b j e c t s

to one e x t r e m e s i d e . When the s u b j e c t s w e r e r e q u e s t e d to a t tempt to

look t o w a r d the o t h e r s ide , they r e p o r t e d that o b j e c t s l ooked d i s p l a c e d

in t ha t d i r e c t i o n . Mach c o n c l u d e d tha t l o c a l i z a t i o n in s p a c e d e p e n d e d on

i m p u l s e s i nvo lved in the e x e c u t i o n of the eye m o v e m e n t s .

A n u m b e r of o the r s t u d i e s show tha t p e r c e p t u a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i s

a f f e c t e d not only by d i r e c t m u s c u l a r c h a n g e s of .tonus bu t a l s o by s t i m u l i

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7

w h i c h a c t i n d i r e c t l y on the m u s c u l c s . A m o n g t h e s e s t u d i e s M u e n s t e r b e r g

and P i e r c e (16) f o u n d d i b p l a c c m c i a s of a u d i t o r y l o c a l i z a t i o n in the d i r e c -

t ion ox r o t a l i o n w h e n t n e s u b j e c t w a s r o ta te ci a r o u n d a ve r t i c a l a x i s ,

Wtien r o t a t i o n w a s s t o p p e d , d i s p 1 a c c m e n t in the o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n o c c u r r e d .

T h e r e a r e s o m e o b s e r v a t i o n s r e p o r t e d w h i c h s u g g e s t t h a t n o t

o n l y l o c a l i z a t i o n b u t a l s o s i z e a n d f o r m a r e i n f l u e n c e b y t o n i c p r o c e s s e s .

W a l l a c h (22) h a s o b s e r v e d that d i s t o r t i o n of f o r m a s w e l l a s c h a n g e s of

s i z e of v i s u a l o b j e c t s o c c u r w h e n t h e s u b j e c t i s r o t a t e d a r o u n d a v e r t i c a l

a x i s .

B e n d e r , i n h e r s t u d i e s w i t h c h i l d r e n , s t a t e d t h a t v i s u a l m o t o r

p a t t e r n s a r i s e f r o m m o t o r b e h a v i o r that i s m o d i f i e d b y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of the v i s u a l f i e l d (3, p . 13). T h e v i s u a l m o t o r p a t t e r n s a r e o r g a n i z e d

a b o u t the p r i m i t i v e e n c l o s e d l o o p w i t h d i r e c t i o n a l t e n d e n c i e s a n d p e r s e v e r a -

t i v e b e h a v i o r . T h e r e i s a c o n s t a n t i n t e r p l a y o r i n t e g r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

m o t o r a n d s e n s o r y f e a t u r e s w h i c h c a n n e v e r b e s e p a r a t e d , t h o u g h o n e

or the o t h e r m a y a d v a n c e m o r e r a p i d l y i n t h e m a t u r a t i o n p r o c e s s a n d

a p p e a r f o r a t i m e to d o m i n a t e a n y g i v e n s t a g e i n t he e v a l u a t i o n of t h e

g e s la it.

R e l a t e d R e s e a r c h

D u r i n g t h e l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s of t he e x i s t e n c e of the B ~G - T , r e -

s e a r c h o n t h i s i n s t r u m e n t h a s b e e n d i r e c t e d , i n g e n e r a l , t o w a r d i t s

c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n a n d i t s s c o r i n g s c h e m e s w i t h l i t t l e e m p h a s i s o n the

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O c V-1 4,«, ^ J, <CL \ 3 JU o I-i* & A.CLA £- * -? w c-«« k«> «Av it14— *--v c- 1 (%/ *- ^ X- •*. i- cJl x. £ A. %o» o O1 CA- X. " Z* •&. ex CJLV^ ._,| IL LC%f IL *.„•

'ocnoR^XICI^cc o n L X I I S t o s t . J L A i c r c ^ A , vro b c c r 1 O n i y two pt io i i s i icc i B L U G J C G

a.iong w i t h a n u n p u b l i s h e d t he s i J to d e t e r m i n e t n e de t e r m i r i a r i t f a c t o r

w h i c h if m o s t e s s e n t i a l on t n e p e r f o r m a n c e a n d r e p r o d u c t i o n of t h e s e

de s i g n s . T h e f i r s t of t h e s e s t u d i e s w a s b y M c P h e r s o n a n d P e p i n . (15).

T h e y e m p l o y e d t w o d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s of m o t o r m a n i p u l a t i o n , j T h e i r

s u b j e c t s d u p l i c a t e d a l l t he B - G d e s i g n s o n p a p e r a n d f i v e of t h e m b y

p l a c i n g p i e c e s of f e l t o n a f e l t b o a r d . T h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e s w e r e r a t e d

a s ic t h e d e g r e e of s i m i l a r i t y to t h e s t a n d a r d s t i m u l i on b o t h m e d i a , a n d

. h e r a i i n g s w e r e c o m p a r e d o n the two t a s k s . F i n d i n g a 77 p e r c e n t c o n -

s i s t o r i c / b e t w e e n t h e rwo t a s k s , M c P h e r s o n a n d P e p i n c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e

r e p r o d u c t i o n of t h e 3 ~ G f i g u r e s i s m o r e i n f l u e n c e d b y c o v e r t p e r c e p t u a l

r e s p o n s e s t h a n b y m o t o r t e c h n i q u e s .

N e i b u r a n d C o h e n (17) c o n d u c t e d a n e x p e r i m e n t to s t u d y t h e p e r -

c e p t u a l a n d m o t o r a s p e c t of t he 3 - G - T u n d e r m e m o r y a n d c o p y c o n d i t i o n s

b y m e a n s of a m u l t i p l e c h o i c e t e s t . T h e y f o u n d t h a t p e r c e p t u a l e f f i c i e n c y

a n d a d e q u a c y of m o t o r r e p r o d u c t i o n d e c r e a s e d w i t h the s e v e r i t y of p s y c h o -

p a t h o l o g y , b u t t h e q u e s t i o n of t he d e g r e e a n d n a t u r e of t he r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e (.ween p e r c e p t u a l a n d m o t o r e f f i c i e n c y r e m a i n e d u n r e s o l v e d .

T h e l a t e s t s t u d y w a s d o n e b y W a l k e r "(21). Fie s e l e c t e d t w o t e s t s

w h i c h i n v o l v e d p e r c e p t i o n w i t h no m o t o r f u n c t i o n a n d c o m p a r e d

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wiiern to ihe i.:> -I? - £; wa ic l i ' /avoivecl bo th i u n c a o n s , T h e p e r c e p t u a l t e s t s

u s e d in th i s s t u d y w e r e C o l o u r e d P r o g r e s s i v e M a t r i c e s , S e t s A , A b , 3 ,

a n d the i u o o p e r V i s u a l O r g a m z a t x o n T e s t . T h e f l a d i n g s in t h i s s t u d y

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e i s n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the s c o r e s

on the p e r c e p t u a l t e s t s a n d the B - C - T .

P u r p o s e of S t u d y

i he p u r p o s e s ox che p i e s e n c s t u d y a r e to t r y to e s tab i i s n w n e t h e r

p e r c e p t i o n a n d m o t o r s k i l l a r e d e t e r m i n a n t f a c t o r s of p e r f o r m a n c e on

B ~G - T a n d to i n v e s t i g a t e the d e g r e e of r ^ e | a t i o n s h i p a n d i m p o r t a n c e

of e a c h f a c t o r on the B -G - T , T n u s ? i t wou ld s e e m a p p r o p r i a t e to s e l e c t

a t e s t w h i c h i n v o l v e d o n l y p e r c e p t i o n w i t h no m o t o r f u n c t i o n a n d f i n d the

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h i s t e s t a n d rhe_B~G~T 9 I t w o u l d a l s o b e n e c e s -

s a r y to s e l e c t a m o t o r t e s t w h i c h i n v o l v e d no p e r c e p t u a l c u e s a n d f i n d

i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the 5 -G - T . T h e p e r c e p t i o n t e s t s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s

s t u d y w a s the b u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t (20) , a n d the m o t o r s k i l l t e s t

s e l e c t e d w a s the S e g u i n F o r m b o a r d (1).

H y p o t h e s e s

T he hypo the s e s te s te d in thi s s t u d y we r c

1. T h e r e wi l l b e a s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n the

s c o r e s o n Liie B ~G - £ a n d the s c o r e s on ttie S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t ,

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2. T h e r e wi l l bo a j i ^ n l t i c a n t p o s i t - v c c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n the

s c o r e s on the B - G - T a n d the t i m e la k e n in p e r f o r m a n c e of the Seguin.

F o r i n b o a r d .

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C H A P T E R 3 1 3 L I O C R A P K Y

1. A r t h u r , G . , A P o i n t S c a l e of PerforiTian .ee T e s t s , R e v i s e d F o r m II, N e w Y o r k , ~1945".

2. B a l d w i n , M . V. , "A N o t e R e g a r d i n g the S u g g e s t e d U s e of the B e n d e r - G e s t a i t T e s t a s a M e a s u r e of S c h o o l R e a d i n e s s , " J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , VI (1950), 412.

3. B e n d e r , B . , "A. V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a i t T e s t a n d I t s C l i n i c a l U s e , 11

T h e A m e r i c a n O r t h o p s y c h i a t r y A s s o c i a t i o n , R e s e a r c h M o n o -g r a p h N o . 3, N e w Y o r k , 1938.

4. B i l l i n g s l e a , F . , " T h e B e n d e r - G e s t a i t : A n O b j e c t i v e S c o r i n g M e t h o d a n d V a l i d a t i n g D a t a , " J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , ±V (1948), 1 - 2 7 . ~ ~

5. B l u m , R . a n d J . N i m s , " T w o C l i n i c a l U s e s of the B e n d e r - G e s t a i t T e s t , " Un i t ed S t a t e s A r m e d F o r c e s M e d i c a l J o u r n a l , IV (1953), 1492-1599.

B y r d , E . , " T h e C l i n i c a l V a l i d i t y of the B e n d e r - G e s t a l t T e s t of C h i l d r e n : A D e v e l o p m e n t C o m p a r i s o n of C h i l d r e n in N e e d of P s y c h o t h e r a p y a n d C h i l d r e n J u d g e d W e l l - A d j u s t e d , " J o u r n a l of P r o j e c t i v e T e c h n i q u e s , XX (1956), 127-136.

7. C l a w s on, A . , " T h e B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a i t T e s t a s A n I n d e x of E m o t i o n a l D i s t u r b a n c e in C h i l d r e n , " J o u r n a l of P r o j e c t i v e T e c h n i q u e s , XXII I (1959), 1 9 8 - 2 0 6 . •

8. C u r n u t t , R . H . , " T h e U s e of the B e n d e r - G e s t a i t w i t h A n A l c o h o l i c a n d N a n - A l c o h o l i c P o p u l a t i o n , " j o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , IX (1953), 2 8 7 - 2 9 0 . " ~

9. G o b e t z , W. , " A Q u a n t i f i c a t i o n , S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n , a n d V a l i d a t i o n of the B e n d e r - G e s t a i t T e s t on N o r m a l a n d N e u r o t i c A d u l t s , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l M o n o g r a p h s , E X VII (1953), 6 ( W h o l e N u m b e r 356).

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i.0, I'iUltj iVi. i ,. , " i A C J -j .. i""'V O j O C 1 ;.V'e ..V X - />j v;S G.. x~''C 7: 5 Onaii \.'f

Mensuvo;,iCii.ri la _-\riny M e d i c a l I n s t a l l a t i o n s , " J o u r n a l of C l in i ca l P s y c h o l o g y , I (19-15), 134-140.

11. HuLt, IvI. .L. and G. J u . B*'iokiu, Trie C l i n i c a l U - s oi the R e v i s e d L'nr.ut;r-Go.steit T e s t , Now York , G r u n c and Ct ra t ton , I960.

M. Xopp i t s , £ . M. , V". Marcli , and T. S t e p h e n s , "A Note on S c r e e n -ing School B e g i n n e r s w i th the B e n d e r - G e s t a l t T e s t , " J o u r n a l of E d u c a t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y , L.IX (1961), 30-81.

13. La .-/nicy, K. S. , " S e n s o r y C o n t r o l and R a t e of L e a r n i n g in the M a z e , " j o u r n a l of G e n e r a l P s y c h o l o g y , L.XVI (1945), 143-145.

14. \ j M a c h , E . , The A rialy s i s of S e n s a t i o n . C h i c a g o , Open. C o u r t C o m -pany , 1914.

15. M c p h e r s o n , M. W. and L. A. P e p i n , " C o n s i s t e n c y of R e p r o d u c t i o n s of B e n c l e r - G e s t a l l D e s i g n s , " J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , XI (1955), 163-166. ~

\ 16. "'3 M u e s n t e r b e r g , H. and A. K. P i e r c e , " T h e L o c a l i s a t i o n of Sound, "

P s y c h o l o g i c a l R e v i e w , I (1894), 461-476.

17. N e i h u h r , « , and D. Cohen , " T h e E f f e c t of P s y c h o pa tho logy on V i s u a l D i s c r i m i n a t i o n , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l and Soc i a l P s y c h o l o g y , LI1I (1966), 173-177.

18. P a s c a l , G. R . and B. J . Suctell , The 3 e n d e r - G e s t a l t T e s t , New York , G r u n e and S t r a t t o n , 1951.

19. R o s e n a e r g , L . A. and A. M. R o s e n b e r g , " T h e E f f e c t of T a c h i s t o -scop ic P r e s e n t a t i o n , on the H u t t - B r i s k i n B e n d e r - G e s t a l t Sc'~.c/ •,

| S y s t e m , " J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , XXI (1965), 314-316.

20. T h u r s t o n e , L. L. , S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t , E d u c a t i o n a l Tes t i ng S e r v i c e , 1962.

21. W a l k e r , W. G. , "A Slwdy of the Perceptua .1 F a c t o r s v/hich a r e invo lved 111 P e r f o .*manee on the L e n d e r V i s u a l Motor G e s t a l t T e s t , " unpub l i shed m a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P s y c h o l o g y , N o r t h T e x a s Sta le U n i v e r s i t y , Den ton , T e x a s , 1967.

22. Y/ai iach, K. , ' 'Tne r iole 01 r iead M o v e m e n t and V e s t i b u l a r and V i s u a l C u e s in Sound L o c a l i z a t i o n , 11 J o u r n a l of E x p e r i m e n t a l P s y -c h o l o g y XXVII (1940), 33 v-3c

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J 23. vVer a e r , I~L and 5. Wapncr 3 i :SeaLiory - T o ale F i e l d T h e o r y of P e r

cep t ion , !! J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i iiy XX (1949), 88-107.

24, W 'e r the imer , M. , ' ' S tud ie s in the T h e o r y of G e s t a l t P s y c h o l o g y , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l F o r s c h , IV (1923), 301-350.

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JT i. J:.n\ iJ.

iVi-h- T L i vJ k_> O i_j CJ *vj Y"

The f o r t y s u b j e c t s invo lved in the p r e s e n t s tudy w e r e c h o s e n

f r o m two s o p h o m o r e E n g l i s h c l a s s e s a t N o r t h T e x a s Sta te U n i v e r s i t y .

T a e r e w e r e s i x t e e n w o m e n and t w e n t y - f o u r m e n . The g r o u p r a n g e d in

age f r o m n i n e t e e n to t w e n t y - o n e y e a r s .

T h e r e w a s no s p e c i f i c c r i t e r i a , s e t f o r the s u b j e c t s . They w e r e

p r e s a m e a. to r e p r e s en t a s a m p l e of a n o n - c l i n i c a l g r o u p . The m a i n

r e a s o n f o r choos ing the s u b j e c t s f r o m E n g l i s h c l a s s e s w a s tha t they

would be p r e s u m a b l y na ive c o n c e r n i n g the p s y c h o l o g i c a l t a s k s and the

t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s .

D e s c r i p t i o n of A p p a r a t u s

The t h r e e i n s t r u m e n t s usee, in the p r e s e n t s tudy w e r e the B e n d e r

V:sua 1 M o t o r Gesta. l t T e s t (Z), the S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t (4), and

the Seguin / o r m b o a r d {I). The B e n d e r V i s u a l Moto r G e s t a l t T e s l IS 2.

t e s t wh ich i nvo lves bo th m o t o r and p e r c e p t u a l f u n c t i o n s . Th i s - t e s t c o n -

s i s t s ot n ine d e s i g n s w h i c h appea.r i nd iv idua l ly on nine s e p a r a t e c a r d s .

The l i e n o e r V i s u a l Mo to r G e s t a l t T e s t d e s i g n s a r e p r e s e n t e d to the sub jec t

one a t a t i m e , and the t a s k i s f o r the s u b j e c t to r e p r o d u c e h i s p e r c e p t i o n

14

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Oi tne i,x ^ S lj y tx *v i * <- Cii i_v Cv i,vi oaIC l l o a ^ 'tii c r . _L i)fc!iC IS HO

„xme .wiiHu s e t xor m m i-Coi, jmmougn U'CA c a r c a numDer of d i f f e r e n t

o c o r i i i j rne m o d s txia/,; m a y DO U CG hi e v a l u a t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e oa th i s

U.oi, iya s e a l a ad ou tue l i ' s mcLnod oi s c o r i n g x J) w a s u s e d b c c a u s e of

i t s o b j e c t i v i t y and s i m p l i c i t y .

The Si r r iacc D e v e l o p m e n t 1'es t (4) i s a t e s t w h i c h r e q u i r e s a p e r -

c e p t u a l f u n c t i o n wi th no m o t o r f a c t o r s invo lved . The t e s t i s c o m p o s e d

of twelve g e o m e t r i c a l d e s i g n s , s e p a r a t e d into two s e c t i o n s of s ix d e s i g n s

e a c h . The d e s i g n s a r e un fo lded , and the s u b j e c t i s to t r y to i m a g i n e o r

v i s u a l i z e now tne un fo lded p i e c e s of p a p e r c a n be f o l d e d to f o r m s o m e

n m d ox an ©eject.. Tne e d g e s of the foxded o b j e c t s a r e l e t t e r e d , whi le the

e d g e s oi tne unloaded p i e c e s a r e n u m b e r e d . The n u m b e r of l e t t e r e d e d g e s

is m o r e tnan tne u u m d e r e d e d g e s of e a c n de s ign . The s u b j e c t i s g iven

s i x m i n u t e s to f i n i s h e a c h p a r t .

P r o c e d u r e

n± ^ e r i c ^ e r ^3-sual M o t o r Ce sta.lt T e s t w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d to the

suDiec ts by p r o j e c t i n g the d e s i g n s on a p o r t a b l e m o v i e s c r e e n . The

£2tctridardxzcd i n s t r u c t i o n , a s s l a t e d m the m a n u a l (2), w a s r e a d to 'die

s u o j e m s . F o u o w i n g tne a d m m i s t r a 1 1 on oi th i s te s t , the S u r f a c e D e v e l o p -

m e n t T e s t (4) w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d . The i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r th i s t e s t w e r e r e a d

uy die s u o j e c t s p r i o r to tne t e s t i n g . The s u b j e c t s w e r e AS KCCL to s t a t e

^ o i r n a m e j a g e s s e x , and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n on tiie c o v e r s h e e t . ITo f low in f

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m.C a CU - - a a i a S I r cl l „ on C.-. - >•• 1.1 / O -.vj .-> ... :i , '... ilC S v.i,'.-j c C U S \ / C 1' C aSKOd I'O :') 0 m e t

a;, :.i c e r t a i n i i roe ...or pCxj.orr:.;in:; tne m e : 7 ! o r m e o a r d . T h e s u b j e c t s

w e r e m e t i nc i i v i aua i i y v/ i tn t m 1 Ly . m a t e i n t e r v a l s m a n e m p t y d a 3 s r o o m .

A b e g u m iroriiiboard w a s p l a c e d on .i t a b l e l ac i r ig the s u b j e c t a s i n s t r u c t e d

in the m a n u a l {i} w i t n the t e n o l o c n s s t a c n e d u p a b o v e t h e b o a r d . T h e

s u b j e c t s w e r e b l i n d f o l d e d ; t h e y w e r e n e v e r p e r m i t t e d to s e e the b o a r d o r

f o r m s . T i iey w e r e to id to u c e b o t h h a n d s a n d p u t the b l o c k s in t he c o r -

r e c t s l o t s , a s f a So a s p o s s i b l e . T h e y p e r f o r m e d the t a s k t h r e e t i m e s ,

arid m e t i m e t a x e n l o r e a c n t r i a l w a s r e c o r d e d . T h e r e w a s n o c h a n g e in

M E o r d e r D I O C K S o r r o t a t i o n of the b o a r d . T h e a v e r a g e t i m e f o r the

d i r e e t r i a m v / a s o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l .

T e c h n i q u e s f o r Treat t ing D a t a

R a w s c o r e s on a i l t e s t s w e r e u s e d f o r the s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t .

T h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n the s c o r e s on the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a l l

T e s t a n d e a c h s e p a r a t e s c o r e on t he S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t a n d the

t i m e t a k e n f o r t he p e r f o r m a n c e on the S e g u i n F o r r n b o a r d w e r e c o m p u t e d

b y P c - a r s o p J s c o e f f i c i e n t s of c o r r e l a t i o n . T h e . 05 l e v e l of s i g n i f i c a n c e

w a s a l s o u s e d f o r the c o r r e l a t i o n .

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C H A P T E R B I B L I O G R A P H Y

1. A r t h u r , G . , A P o i n t S c a l e of P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t s , R e v i s e d F o r m II, N e w Y o r k , 1945.

2. B e n c l e r , L . , 11A V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a l t T e s t a n d I t s C l i n i c a l U s e , " T h e A m e r i c a n O r t h o p s y c h i a t r i c A s s o c i a t i o n , R e s e a r c h M o n o g r a p h No , 3, N e w York , 1938.

3. P a s c a l , G. R, a n d B . J. Sut te l l , T h e B e n d e r G e s t a l t T e s t , N e w Y o r k , G r u n e and Stratton,. 1951.

4. T h u r s t o n e , L . L . , S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t , E d u c a t i o n a l S e r v i c e ,

i 962.

17

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C H A P T E R 111

R E S U L T S

in o r d e r to i n v e s t i g a t e the d e t e r m i n a n t f a c t o r s , p e r c e p t u a l

a n d m o t o r , on the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G es t a l t T e s t / f o r t y m a l e a n d

f e m a l e s u b j e c t s f r o m the E n g l i s h c l a s s e s a t N o r t h T e x a s S t a t e U n i v e r -

s i t y w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d a p e r c e p t u a l and a m o t o r t e s t . T h e t e s t

s e l e c t e d f o r p e r c e p t u a l a b i l i t y w a s the S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t ; the

tesz s e l e c t e d f o r m o t o r a b i l i t y w a s the S e g u i n F o r m b o a r d .

P e a r s o n 1 s p r o d u c t m o m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t of c o r r e l a t i o n v/as a p p l i e d

in an a t t e m p t to m e a s u r e the d e g r e e of r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the s c o r e s

on the B -G ~T a n d the s c o r e s on the S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t .

P e a r son 5 s r v/as a l s o u t i l i z e d to d e t e r m i n e the r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t e x i s t e d

b e t w e e n trie B -G ~T a n d the S e g u i n F o r m b o a r d . T h e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l

of c o n f i d e n c e w a s u s e d f o r a l l t e s t s of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

T h e f i r s t h y p o t h e s i s s t a t e d t h a t the r a w s c o r e s on the B - G - T

t

would h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i th the S u r f a c e D e v e l o p -

m e n t T e s t s c o r e s . T h e a n a l y s i s of the d a t a o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s i n v e s t i g a -

t ion d o e s n o t s h o w a s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n a t the f i v e p e r c e n t

l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e . T h e r e f o r e , the f i r s t h y p o t h e s i s i s r e j e e r e d . T h e

r e s u l t s r e l a t i n g to t h i s h y p o t h e s i s a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e I .

18

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r r , , . . . ... i i

C O R R E L A T I O N S 3 S T W E E N T H E SCORES OF T H E B - G - T , T H E SURE AC D E V E L O P M E N T SCORSS, AND T H E P E R F O R M A N C E

T I M E ON T H E SEG U1N E O R M 3 O A RD

V a r i a b l e s

i

C o r r e l a t i o n ! t

! 1 I

t

B e n d e r and Seeu in ! O :

D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t ! i J

1 " " 1 ""1 •-! J

25 i

i . 66*

i

, —j f

B e n d e r a n a Sequin P o r m b o a r d j 1

.1 1 i 1 ! .64*

'' N o n - s i n i f i c a n t a t f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l .

The s e c o n d h y p o t h e s i s s t a t e d tha t the s c o r e s on the B - G - T would

have a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n wi th the t i m e r e q u i r e d to p e r f o r m

on the Seguln F o r m b o a r d . The r e s u l t s r e l a t e d to th i s h y p o t h e s i s a r e

a l s o p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e I. T h e s e da t a r e v e a l e d tha t t h e r e w a s a n o n -

s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the two t a s k s a d m i n i s t e r e d . T h e r e f o r e ,

the s e c o n d h y p o t h e s i s w a s a l s o r e j e c t e d .

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C H A P T E R IV

DISCUSSION, S U M M A R Y , A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N

D i s c u s s i o a

I t w a s s t a t e d in C h a p t e r I than the p r i m a r y p u r p o s e of t h i s s t u d y

w a s to i n v e s t i g a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t m o t o r s k i l l a n d p e r c e p t i o n a r e the

d e t e r m i n a n t f a c t o r s of p e r f o r m a n c e on the B ~G - T . F r o m the r e s u l t s

of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , th is w o u l d no t s e e m to b e the c a s e . T h e e x a c t

r e a s o n s f o r the f a i l u r e of th is e x p e r i m e n t a r e d i f f i c u l t to a s c e r t a i n . I t

m i g h t b e a p p r o p r i a t e to b e g i n w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n of v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

done w i t h i n the t h e o r y of v i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n a n d m o t o r a b i l i t y .

B e n d e r , in d i s c u s s i n g the g e s t a r e f u n c t i o n ^ s t a t e s :

T h e r e i s a n i n n a t e t e n d e n c y to e x p e r i e n c e g e s t a l t e n ( S c h i l d e r ) not o n l y a s w h o l e s w h i c h a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e i r p a r t s ( W e r t h e i m e r , K o f f k a , K o h l e r ) b u t in the s t a t e of b e -c o m i n g ( E d d i n g t o n ) w h i c h i n t e g r a t e s the c o n f i g u r a t i o n n o t o n l y in s p a c e b u t in t i m e . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n the a c c of p e r e e iv ing the g e s ta 1 u, t'ne Ind iv id ua 1 con cr i b u t e s to the ' c o n f i g u r a t i o n . Trie f i n a l g e s r a i t i s , t h e r e f o r e 5 c o m p o s e d

of the o r i g i n a l p a t t e r n in s p a c e { v i s u a l p a t t e r n ) , the t e m -p o r a l f a c cor of b e c o m i n g a n d the p e r s o n a l s e n s o r y - m o t o r f a c t o r . T h e r e s u l t i n g g e s t a l t i s a l s o m o r e t h a n the s u m of a l l t h e s e t a c t o r s , T h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y n o t o n l y to p e r -c e i v e g e s t a l t e n b u t to c o m p l e t e g e s t a l t e n and to r e c o g n i z e t h e m in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h p r i n c i p l e s b i o l o g i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d

20

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21

of a c d c i : m a y be e x p e c t e d to v a r y i n d i f f e r e n t r n a i a r a -"donal G r o w t h l e v e l s a n d i n p a t h o l o g i c a l s t a t e o r i g i n a l l y

O X O c j • J

or f u i i C t i o n a l l y c l e t e r m i n e d (1, p . 5).

A s a c o n s e q u e n c e of c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r cl i w i t h c h i l d r e n , B e n d e r ,

w a s a b l e to e s t a b l i s h m a t u r a i i o n a l n o r m s f o r v i s u a l m o t o r b e h a v i o r .

T h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s s u g g e s t t h a t v i s u a l m o t o r p a t t e r n s r e s u l t f r o m m o t o r

b e h a v i o r t h a t i s m o d i f i e d b y t he c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e v i s u a l f i e l d .

i : T h i s , M a s B e n d e r s a y s , ! ! i s o r g a n i z e d a b o u t t h e ' p r i m i t i v e e n c l o s e d

l o o p w i t h d i r e c t i o n a l t e n d e n c i e s a n d - p e r s e v e r a t i v e b e h a v i o r 1 1 (1, p . 17).

' I n v i s u a l m o t o r b e h a v i o r t h e r e i s a c o n s t a n t i n t e g r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m o t o r

a n d s e n s o r y f e a t u r e s w h i c h c a n n e v e r b e s e p a r a t e d , t h o u g h , a c c o r d i n g

uO Z e n d e r n O n e o r t he o t h e r m a y a d v a n c e m o r e r a p i d l y thai) t h e o t h e r i n

the m a t u r a t i o n a l p r o c e s s a n d a p p e a r f o r a t i m e to d o m i n a t e a n y g i v e n

s t a g e i n t he e v o l u t i o n of t h e g e s t a l t s ' (1, p . 8) .

S t r a u s s a n d K e p h a r t (6} h a v e e m p h a s i z e d t h e n e c e s s i t y of p r o -

v i d i n g , t h r o u g h v i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n , a s u b s t a n t i a l a n d c l e a r l y s t r u c t u r e d

p a t t e r n f o r the i m o t o r , a c t i o n . T h e s e a u t h o r s a s s e r t t h a t b e t t e r c o o r d i n a -

t ion :s ^ t i a i i i c d wivh b e t t e r v i s u a l p e r c e p t u a l s t i m u l a t i o n a n d t h a t t h e u s u a l

j n teg r«t t io j A ol p e r c e p t u a l a n d m o lor a c ts a r c e o n s i d e r a l d y w e a k e r i n

b r a i n - d a m a g e d i n d i v i d u a l s . G i b s o n (3) h a s f o u n d t h a t i n n o r m a l a d u l t s

v i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n a n d o t h e r s e n s o r y a n d m o t o r c u e s a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d .

T h e a b o v e f i n d i n g s d e f i n i t e l y i n d i c a t e t h e i n t e r a c t i o n t h a t e x i s t s

b e t w e e n s e n s o r y a n d m o t o r f u n c t i o n s i n o r d e r to p e r f o r m a p e r c e p t u a l

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22

m o t o r tcU. A# iJw s e n s o r y and m o t o r f a c t o r s h a w '' c o m m o n d y n a m i c

p r o p e r lies11 ? Should the s e -wo f a c t o r s he " d y n a m i c a l l y equiva len t 1 1 ?

A r e t h e r e o t h e r Df i i so ry c u e s , b e s i d e s p e r c e p t u a l and m o t o r c u e s , i n -

vo lved in a p e r c e p t u a l m o t o r t a s k ? Is i t p o s s i b l e to f i nd the d e g r e e of

i n f l u e n c e of e a c h de terminant f a c t o r / motor and p e r c e p t i o n /?

W e r n e r and Wapner, in t he i r 1! s e n s o r y - t o n i c f i e l d t h e o r y of p e r -

c e p t i o n 11 (8}, t r i e d to c l a r i f y the f i r s t two q u e s t i o n s . B y " c o m m o n

d y n a m i c proper t i e s" they m e a n t t ha t t h e r e i s a n e e d to c o n s t r u c t a

p r o c e s s that i s " p r i o r " to bo th the s e n s o r y and the m o t o r a s p e c t s . B y

" d y n a m i c a l l y e q u i v a l e n t " they i n f e r r e d ,

the c o m m o n d y n a m i c p r o p e r t i e s shou ld be equivalent;

tha t i s , t hey m u s t p o s s e s s s o m e f e a t u r e s in c o m m o n tha t would enab l e t h e m to c o n t r i b u t e to the to ta l d y n a m i c p r o c e s s in an e q u i v a l e n t way . If s u c h e q u i v a l e n c e i s p r o v i d e d , s e n s o r y and tonic f a c t o r s wi l l i n t e r a c t (8),

T h e a u t h o r s r e s t e d t h e i r t h e o r y on t h e s e two s u p p o s i t i o n s : the p r e -

s u p p o s i t i o n of a to ta l d y n a m i c p r o c e s s e m b r a c i n g bo th s e n s o r y and ton ic ,

and the e q u i v a l e n c e of t h e s e two a s p e c t s a s p a r t s of the to ta l s y s t e m .

The no t ion of a p r i o r d y n a m i c to ta l p r o c e s s i s , of c o u r s e , a p o s t u l a t e ;

there i s a t p r e s e n t no d i r e c t e m p i r i c a l e v i d e n c e by which i t c an be

e s t a b l i s h e d . I t i s a l s o d i f f i c u l t to s e e why e q u i v a l e n c e in th is s e n s e was

m a d e a n e c e s s a r y and s u f f i c i e n t cond i t i on of i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n the c o m -

p o n e n t s of .a p e r c e p t i o n .

The p r e s e n t s t udy d e a l s wiih. the d e t e r m i n a n t f a c t o r s / s e n s o r y

and m o t o r / on the B - G - T and r e c e i v e d i t s i m p e t u s t h r o u g h "die e x p e r i m e n t

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e o ad lie te cl b y M c P lie r s o n an d P c pi n 3 \ 4}. T h e y us e d two m e dio d s of m o t o r

m a n i p u l a t i o n to d e t e r m i n e the m a i n f a c t o r i n v o l v e d iri o r d e r to p e r f o r m

me B -G -'T, whi le u s i n g a g r o u p of n o r m a l i n d i v i d u a l s . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n

oi t i ie i r d a t a i n d i c a t e d that tne r e p r o d u c t i o n of the B - G f i g u r e s i s m o r e

i n f l u e n c e d by c o v e r t p e r c e p t u a l r e s p o n s e s t han b y m o t o r c u e s . T h e

m a j o r w e a k n e s s of t h e i r e x p e r i m e n t was that t h e i r p e r c e p t u a l t a s k s r e -

q u i r e d s o m e v i s u a l m o t o r c u e s t ha t m i g h t h a v e a f f e c t e d the o u t c o m e .

N e i b u h r a n d C o h e n (5) a t t e m p t e d a n e x p e r i m e n t to d e t e r m i n e the c o n t r i -

b u t i o n of the p e r c e p t u a l c o m p o n e n t to p e r f o r m a n c e on the B -G - T in

g r o u p s of n o r m a l a n d a b n o r m a l s u b j e c t s . T h e i r r e s u l t s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t ,

b u t t h e r e w e r e o t h e r f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d t h a t a r e n o t r e l a t e d to p e r c e p t i o n ,

s u c h a s m e m o r y , I t w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y h y p o t h e s i z e d , in the p r e s e n t e x -

p e r i m e n t , t h a t the B -G ~T would b e c o r r e l a t e d h i g h l y w i t h p e r c e p t i o n

and m o t o r s k i l l . S i n c e the B - G - T i s o r i g i n a l l y b a s e d on the g e s t a l t

p r i n c i p l e s , i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s e x p e c t e d to b e h i g h e r with p e r c e p t i o n

than m o t o r s k i l l . T h e h y p o t h e s e s w e r e r e j e c t e d , b u t the r e l a t i o n s h i p of

the B - G - T w a s h i g h e r w i th the p e r c e p t u a l t a s k t h a n the m o t o r t a s k .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e w a s a p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of w h a t w a s e x p e c t e d . T h e r e

a r e s e v e r a l c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s t h a t m a y a c c o u n t f o r the l a c k of s i g n i f i -

c a n t r e s u l t s .

i? i r s t of a l l , the B -G - T m a y not be am a d e q u a t e v i s u a l m o t o r

g e s t a l t t a s k f o r a n o n - c l i n i c a l a d u l t g r o u p . I t i s a n a d e q u a t e i n s t r u m e n t

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24

f o r the m e a s u r e m e n t of g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n i of p e r c e p t u a l and m o t o r

f a c t o r s of c h i l d r e n in r e l a t i o n to the i r m e n t a l and c h r o i i o l c g i c a l a g e . A s

B e n d e r s t a t e s , i! . . . th is b e c o m e s a c o n t i n u a l l y expanding ' g e s tal tung1

which lb con t i nua l l y r e s h a p i n g i t s oil in tne e x p e r i e n c e of the g rowing

ch i ld" (1, p . 18). T h e r e a r e o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s which s u p p o r t B e n d e r ' s

f i n d i n g s , F a b i a n (2) found tha t the w h i r l i n g and c i r c u l a r m o v e m e n t s ,

the d i s s o c i a t i o n of f r a g m e n t s , c o m p l e t i o n , and r o t a t i o n a l t e n d e n c i e s in

c h i l d r e n ' s d r a w i n g s w e r e l e s s e v i d e n t wi th i n c r e a s i n g age .

Second ly , the type of i n s t r u m e n t u s e d f o r p e r c e p t u a l m e a s u r i n g

m a y be m e a s u r i n g a d i f f e r e n t type of p e r c e p t i o n than the B ~G - T . T h e

S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t a p p e a r s to m e a s u r e a p r o b l e m - s o l v i n g type

of p e r c e p t i o n which is d i f f e r e n t than the one m e a s u r e d by the B -G - T.

T h i r d l y , the s u b j e c t s w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d t h r e e t e s t - t r i a l s on

the Segu in F o r m b o a r d c o n s e c u t i v e l y wi thou t any c h a n g e s in the p r e -

s e n t a t i o n of b l o c k s o r the r o t a t i o n of the b o a r d . ^ T h e r e f o r e , the p r a c t i c e

e f f e c t was not e l i m i n a t e d in th is e x p e r i m e n t and o v e r a i l the s u b j e c t s

showed a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t of i m p r o v e m e n t on the s e c o n d and t h i r d

t r i a l s .

S u m m a r y

The p r e s e n t s t udy was d e v e l o p e d to i n v e s t i g a t e w h e t h e r the p e r -

f o r m a n c e on the B e n d e r V i s u a l Mo to r G e s t a l t T e s t d e p e n d s on p e r c e p t u a l

a b i l i t y o r m o t o r s k i l l . F o r t y p r e s u m a b l y n o r m a l s u b j e c t s w e r e s e l e c t e d

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25

f r o m two E n g l i s h c l a s s e s a : N o r in T e x a s S l a t e U n i v e r s i t y , T h e r e w a s no

s p e c i f i c c r i t e r i a . , s u c h a s a g e , £>ex, a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e , s e t f o r the s u b j e c t s .

A l l of the s u b j e c t s w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r

G e s t a l t T e s t b y p r o j e c t i n g the d e s i g n s one b y one on a p o r t a b l e m o v i e

s c r e e n , P a s c a l a n d S u t t e l l 1 s m e t h o d w a s u s e d f o r s c o r i n g the d e s i g n s .

T h e p e r c e p t u a l t a s k s e l e c t e d w a s the S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t a n d w a s

a d m i n i s t e r e d f o l l o w i n t the B e n d e r V i s u a l Mo to r G e s t a l t T e s t . T h e s u b j e c t s

w e r e t h e n m e t i n d i v i d u a l l y in o r d e r to p e r f o r m the S e g u i n F o r m b o a r d ,

u s e d a s a m o t o r t a s k . In o r d e r to p e r f o r m th i s t a s k the s u b j e c t s w e r e

b l i n d f o l d e d . T h e a v e r a g e t i m e f o r t h r e e t e s t - t r i a l s w a s f o u n d f o r e v e r y

s u b j e c t .

A l l c o m p a r i s o n s of the r a w d a t a w e r e m a d e t h r o u g h the u s e of the

P e a r s o n 1 s p r o d u c t m o m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t of c o r r e l a t i o n . T h e . 0 5 l e v e l of

c o n f i d e n c e w a s s e t f o r a i l t e s t s of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

U t i l i z i n g c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s (5, 6, 7), i t w a s

h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e r e w o u l d b e a s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

the s c o r e s on the 3 e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a l t T e s t a n d the s c o r e s on

the .Su r f ace D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t . F ur t h e r m o r e , i t w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t

t h e r e w o u l d be a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n the s c o r e s on

the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a l t T e s t and the t i m e t a k e n on p e r f o r m i n g

the S e g u i n F o r m b o a r d . . N e i t h e r of t he a b o v e h y p o t h e s e s w a s c o n f i r m e d .

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1 hL' i.' O S O O111 S LQ O e is u i XA v Ju D b ii. i.C C sLj-sLtXOil iOr LLIO i.aCxv O L

& ^ nil ic a n t r c s ul t s . r i r s t. cft.o jr o net e r \/1 s u a ivi o to r O e 3 iaI t ' I e s z m a y

not be an a d e q u a t e ins t r rur / ient .tor n ^ a s u / i i : ^ p e r c e p t i o n a n d m o t o r s k i l l ,

u s ing n o r m a l g r o u p s of s u b j e c t s . S e c o n d l y , the type of p e r c e p t i o n

r n o a s a r e d by the S u r f a c e D e v e l o p m e n t T e s t i s no t the s a m e a s the one

m e a s u r e d by the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a l t T e s t , F i n a l l y , the p r a c t i c c

e f f e c t on the S e g u i n I" o r m b o a r d w a s no t e l i m i n a t e a .

xi. e c o rn m e ncia tx oris

1. T h e r e i s a nee a f o r f a r t h e r r e s e a r c h to b e done on are B e n d e r

" isual M o t o r Ges rai t T e s t in o r d e r to i s o l a t e die e x a c t rype and the magna

tude of the f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g i t s p e r f o r m a n c e ,

2. U s i n g a n o r m a , ! g r o u p of s u b j e c t s , the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r

G e s t a l t T e s i s h o u l d be c o r r e l a t e d wi th the o t h e r v a l i d a t e d p e r c e p t u a l a n a

m o t o r t a s k s to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r i t i s a n a d e q u a t e i n s t r u m e n t .

3. U t i l i z i n g the S e g u i n F o r m b o a r o. a s a m o t o r t a s k , tlx t p r a c t i c e

e f f e c t s h o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d b y the r o t a t i o n of the b o a r d o r c h a n g i n g the

o r d e r of or e s e n t a t i o n of the block,;; *

4. A p p l i c a t i o n of a m o r e o b j e c t i v e and m o r e v a l i d s c o r i n g s y s t e m

t h a n P a s c a l and Su t t e l l 1 s m e t h o d of B e n d e r ' s d e s i g n s wou ld b e a p p r o p r i a t e .

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C H A P T E R B I B L I O G R A P H Y

1. 3 end o r , E . , n A V i s u a l Mo to.r G e s t a l t T e s t a n d I t s C l i n i c a l U s e / 1

T h e A m e r i c a n O r t h o p s y c h i a t r i c A s s o c i a t i o n , R e s e a r c h M o n o -g r a p h N o . 3, N e w Y o r k , 19 380

2. F a b i a n , A . A , , n V e r t i c a l R o t a t i o n in V i s u a l M o t o r P e r f o r m a n c e : I t s R e l a t i o n s h i p to R e a d i n g R e v e r s a l , 11 J o u r n a l of E d u c a t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y , X X X V I (1945), 129-154. : ^

3. G i b s o n , J . J . , " T h e R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n V i s u a l a n d P o s t u r a l D e t e r -m i n a n t s of the P h e n o m e n a l V e r t i c a l , M P s y c h o l o g i c a l R e v i e w , LIX (1952), 317. ~ "

4. M c P l i e r s o n , M . W. a n d L . A . P e p i n , " C o n s i s t e n c y of R e p r o d u c t i o n s of B e n d e r - G e s t a l t D e s i g n s , 11 J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , XI (1955), 163-166. " ' ~~~

5. N e i b u h r , H . a n d D . C o h e n , " T h e E f f e c t of P s y c h o p a t h o l o g y on V i s u a l D i s c r i m i n a t i o n , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l a n d S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y , L I I I (1956), 17 3-177 .

6. S t r a u s s , A . A . a n d N. C . K e p h a r t , P s y c h o p a t h o l o g y a n d E d u c a t i o n of the B r a i n I n j u r e d C h i l d , II, N e w Y o r k , G r e e n e a n d S t r a t t o n , • • — — -

7. W a l k e r , W. G . , A S t u d y of the P e r c e p t u a l F a c t o r s Which a r e I n v o l v e d in P e r f o r m a n c e on the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a l t T e s t , N o r t h T e x a s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1967, u n p u b l i s h e d t h e s i s .

8. W e r n e r , H. a n d S. W a p n e r , " S e n s o r y - T o n i c F i e l d T h e o r y of P e r -c e p t i o n , " J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y , XX (1949), 88 -107 .

27

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B y r d , E . , " T h e C l i n i c a l Va l id i ty of the B e n d e r - G e s ta l t T e s t of C h i l d r e n : A D e v e l o p m e n t C o m p a r i s o n of C h i l d r e n in N e e d of P s y c h o t h e r a p y and C h i l d r e n J u d g e d W el l -A d j us ted, " J o u r n a l of P r o j e c t i v e T e c h n i q u e s , XX (1956), 127-136.

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C u r n u t t , R . H. , " T h e Use of the B e n d e r - G e s t a l t wi th an A l c o h o l i c and N o n - A l c o h o l i c P o p u l a t i o n , J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , IX (1953), 287 -290 .

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B e n d e r - G e s t a l t T e s t on N o r m a l and N e u r o t i c A d u l t s , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l M o n o g r a p h s , LXVII (1953), 6 (Whole N u m b e r 356).

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Kopp i t z , E . M, , V. M a r d i , and T . S t e p h e n s , "A Note on S c r e e n i n g School B e g i n n e r s wi th the B e n d e r - G e s t a l t T e s t , " J o u r n a l of E d u c a t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y , LI I (1961), 80-81.

L a s h l e y , K. S. , " S e n s o r y C o n t r o l and R a t e of L e a r n i n g in the M a z e , " J o u r n a l of G e n e r a l P s y c h o l o g y , LXVI (1945), 143-145.

M c P h e r s o n , M. W. and L . A . P e p i n , " C o n s i s t e n c y of R e p r o d u c t i o n s of B e n d e r - G e s t a l t D e s i g n s , " J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , XI (1955), 163-166. ~

M u e s n t e r b e r g , H. and A. H. P i e r c e , " T h e L o c a l i z a t i o n of Sound, " P s y c h o l o g i c a l R e v i e w , I (1894), 461-476.

N e i b u h r , H. and D. Cohen , " T h e E f f e c t of P s y c h o p a t h o l o g y on V i s u a l D i s c r i m i n a t i o n , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l and S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y , LIII (1956), 173-177.

R o s e n b e r g , L . A . and A. M. R o s e n b e r g , " T h e E f f e c t of T a c h i s t o s c o p i c P r e s e n t a t i o n on the H u t t - B r i s k i n B e n d e r - G e s t a l t S c o r i n g S y s t e m , " J o u r n a l of C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , XXI (1965), 314-316.

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Wal lach , H. , " T h e R o l e of H e a d M o v e m e n t and V e s t i b u l a r and Visual. C u e s in Sound L o c a l i z a t i o n , " J o u r n a l of E x p e r i m e n t a l P s y c h o l o g y , XXVII (1940), 339-368 . ' ' "

W e r t h e i m e r , M. , " S t u d i e s in the T h e o r y of G e s t a l t P s y c h o l o g y , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l F o r s c h , IV (1923), 301-350.

Unpub l i shed M a t e r i a l s

Walke r , W. G. , A Study of the P e r c e p t u a l F a c t o r s which a r e Invo lved in P e r f o r m a n c e on the B e n d e r V i s u a l M o t o r G e s t a l t T e s t , N o r t h T e x a s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1967, u n p u b l i s h e d t h e s i s .