Vision of the Four Beasts A Study of Daniel 7 · Vision of the Four Beasts A Study of Daniel 7...
Transcript of Vision of the Four Beasts A Study of Daniel 7 · Vision of the Four Beasts A Study of Daniel 7...
VisionoftheFourBeasts
AStudyofDaniel7FutureKingdoms
andthe
Pre-adventInves>ga>veJudgment
Presentedby:MarkLaRoseDate:05/10/17Dra8File:Daniel7
Rela<onshipwithChrist• TheMostImportantUnderstandingaboutourSalva<on:– WebelieveeternallifeisagiBfromGodinChristJesusandwearejus>fiedbyHisgraceandHisfaithwhopaidtheprice;death,forourtransgressions
Romans3:21-26;4:4-5,25;6:23;Ephesians2:4-10;Titus3:4-7(Is53;Eze36:25-27;John3:3-8,16;16:8;Rom5:6-10;8:1-4,14-17;1Cor15:3-4,20-22;2Cor5:14-15,19-21;Gal1:4;3:13-14,26;4:4-7;Phil2:6-11;Col1:13-14;Heb8:7-12;1Pet1:23;2Pet1:3-4;1John2:2;4:10)
• God“senthisangeltoshowhisservants”thefuture(Rev22:6)“Donotdespiseprophecies.”1Thess5:20– Purpose:Tosharethevitalnecessityofacharactertransformingrela>onshipwithChrist,namelytheGospelofHissacrificeforallwhocallHimLordandSavior(Ps1:1-2;Mab20:25-28;Luke19:17-20;John20:21;Rom12:2;2Cor3:17-18;Gal5:22-25;Eph5:19-21;6:12-18;Phil3:7-14;Col2:6;1Thess5:16-23;Heb10:25;2Pet2:9;3:18;1John4:4)
PrinciplesofBibleStudy• Paul’scounseltoTimothy:
– 16AllScriptureisgivenbyinspira>onofGod,andisprofitablefordoctrine,forreproof,forcorrec>on,forinstruc>oninrighteousness,17thatthemanofGodmaybecomplete,thoroughlyequippedforeverygoodwork.2Tim3:16-17(Ps119:105;Prov30:5-6;Is8:20;John17:17;1Thess2:13;Heb4:12)
– forprophecynevercamebythewillofman,butholymenofGodspokeastheyweremovedbytheHolySpirit.2Pet1:21
• Bibleversions:– Useversionswiththeclosesttransla<ontotheoriginallanguage
• RecommendcomparingNKJV(usedhere),NASB95,KJV,ESV,andNIV
– Concordancesources:www.abibleconcordance.com;www.blueleberbible.org
• UseofExpositorystudymethods(versusThema<cstudy)– ThismethodexplorestheliteralmeaningofeachwordinScriptureandits
rela<onshiptootherwordsinitscontext(exegesis)
PrinciplesofInterpreta<on• It’simportanttobeconsistentbyusingthesameprinciples,
pabern,andunderstandingoftheBookofDanielforthepropheciesinRevela>on(Num12:6;2Chron20:20;Joel2:28-29;Amos3:7;Acts2:14-21;Rev.12:17;19:10;22:8-9)
• Everyworddeservescarefulconsidera>on– “Forpreceptmustbeuponprecept,preceptuponprecept,Lineupon
line,lineuponline,Herealible,therealible.”Is28:10
• TheHistoricistmethodofinterpreta>onisusedforbothDanielandRevela>on
• MuchofRevela>onissymbolic– Lookfordefini>onselsewherewithinthesetwobooksfirst,thenthe
Bibleasawhole;theninhistory
! ThevisionsofDaniel2,7,8,9,and10-12buildoneachotherprogressively,amplifyingandaddingimportantdetails! Applica>onofthe1prophe>cday=1yearrule(Num14:34,Ezekiel
4:4-6)iskeytotheproperinterpreta>onof>mepropheciesinDanielandRevela>on
DanieltheProphetMab24:15• Danielandhis3friendswereexiledin605BCwhentheLord
allowedNebuchadnezzartoruleoverJerusalemasforetoldbyJeremiah(Jer25;27:22)asrecordedin2Ki24:10-17(Is39:6-7;Jer29;Micah4:10)– Ezraindicates(2Chr36:15-21)thatthe70yearBabylonianexilewas
directedbyGodbecauseHischosenpeopledidnotturnfromevilandfalseworship
• MuchofDanielisliteral,howeversymboliclanguageisusedsuchasDan1:20(“ten>mes”),thebeast’sdescrip>ons(Daniel7,8&11)referringtokingsandkingdoms,andbothliteralandspiritualapplica>onsinDaniel11:40-45
• ThebookofDanieliswribeninachiasm,adoublelistofrelateditemsinwhichtheorderofthesecondlistisoppositeofthefirstlist:– Theouterchapters(Dan1:1-2:4aand8-12)werewribeninHebrew– Theinnerchapters(Dan2:4b–Dan7:28)werewribeninAramaic
ChronologicalOverviewTheBookofDaniel
• Daniel1:anaccountofthefirstBabylonianexile(605BC)
• Daniel2:Nebuchadnezzar’sdreamofthekingdoms(603BC)• Daniel3:Nebuchadnezzarbuildstheimageofhisdreamtoworship
• Daniel4:Nebuchadnezzar’sdreamofthegreattree– Chapter4isale[erwri[enbyNebuchadnezzar
• Daniel7:Daniel’sdreamofthekingdomsasbeasts(553BC)
• Daniel8:Daniel’svisionwithfurtherkingdomdetails(551BC)• Daniel5:anaccountofthefallofBelshazzarandBabylon(539BC)
• Daniel6:Thelion’sdenandDariustheMede(539/8BC)
• Daniel9:Gabrielfurtherexplains2300days/yrsinch.8(538BC)– Includingthe70weeks(490yrs)“cutoff”ofthe2,300yearsun>lChrist’sministrybegan
• Daniel10-12:GabrielprovidesspecificdetailsofthekingsandkingdomstocomethroughthesecondcomingofJesus(535BC)
Daniel7
• Daniel7Structure:– TheaccountinDaniel7:1-12isachronologicaldescrip>onofwhat
Danielwasfirstshowninhisdream,parallelingtheDaniel2imagedream,providingaddi>onaldetails• ThispassageisfurtherexpandedoninDan8:1-25and11:2-45(535BC)
– Dan7:13stepsback,providingaddi>onaldetailstoDan7:9-10;thebeginningofthejudgment(1844)
– Dan7:14,providesaddi>onaldetailsabouttheendofjudgment,expandedoninDan12:1a(20xx)
– Dan7:15-27recordstheinterpreta>ongiventoDanielwhenheaskedthemeaningofthefirstpartofhisdreamrecordedinDan7:2-14• Thereareimportantclarifyingdetailscontainedintheseverses
! JustastheDaniel2imagefromheadtofeetrepresentedthecon>nuumof>me,thebeastconfigura>onrepresents>mepassing,star>ngatthetail,progressingthroughthebodytoheads,thenhorns.ThisprincipleisconsistentlyappliedinRevela>on12,13and17.
Daniel7:1-3• 1InthefirstyearofBelshazzarkingofBabylon,Danielhada
dreamandvisionsofhisheadwhileonhisbed.Thenhewrotedownthedream,tellingthemainfacts.2Danielspoke,saying,“Isawinmyvisionbynight,andbehold,thefourwindsofheavenweres<rringuptheGreatSea.3Andfourgreatbeastscameupfromthesea,eachdifferentfromtheother.– KingNabonidus(556-539BC)placedhisson,Belshazzar,askingoverthe
cityofBabylonin553BC,50yearsaBerNebuchadnezzar’sdreamoftheimage(Dan2:1-49)
– 4winds:Strifefromalldirec>onsofthecompass(Dan8:8;Jer49:36;Zech2:6)• AngelsholdingbackstrifeinRev7:1aregivenavoiceinDan7:5
– GreatSea:Mediterranean(Num34:6-7;Josh1:4;Eze47:10,15,19-20),alsopeopleandna>ons(Is17:12;Rev17:15)• Thekingdomstocomewouldarisefromexis>ngpeoplesaroundtheMediterraneanSearegion
– 4beasts:CivilpowersthatwouldpersecuteGod’speople
Daniel7:4• Thefirstwaslikealion,andhad
eagle’swings.Iwatched<llitswingswerepluckedoff;anditwasli8edupfromtheearthandmadetostandontwofeetlikeaman,andaman’sheartwasgiventoit.– Lion:Babylon(609-539BC)(Is21:8-9;Jer
1:13-16;2:15;4:7,13;5:15;6:1,22;10:22;49:19;50:17;Dan2:37-38;2Ki24:10-14;25:1-7)
– Eagle’swings:Completeconquest(Deut28:49-50;Is8:8;Jer48:40;49:22;Dan9:27)
– Likeaman:Thelossofitsnobility(Dan4)– Man’sheart:ABerNebuchadnezzardied
expansionceased;BabylonbecamemorewickedwithBelshazzarusingtheholytemplegobletstoentertain(Dan5:1-4)• Nevertobeinhabitedagain(Is13:19-22)• “Theheartisdeceioulaboveallthings,Anddesperatelywicked…”Jer17:9
Daniel7:5• “Andsuddenlyanotherbeast,a
second,likeabear.Itwasraisedupononeside,andhadthreeribsinitsmouthbetweenitsteeth.Andtheysaidthustoit:‘Arise,devourmuchflesh!’– Bear:Medo-Persia(539-331BC)(Is
13:17-22;21:2,7-9;Dan2:39a;8:3-4;11:2)– Raisedupononeside:Persiawasthe
dominantpoweroverMedia
– 3ribs:Babylon(539),Lydia,andEgyptwereconqueredbyMedo-Persia(Is45:1-2)• CyrustheGreatcapturedLydiaattheBableofThymbrain547BC
• CambysesIIcapturedEgyptattheBableofPelusiumin525BC(Dan11:2)
– They:Angelsallowingstrife(Rev7:1)
Daniel7:6• “A8erthisIlooked,andtherewas
another,likealeopard,whichhadonitsbackfourwingsofabird.Thebeastalsohadfourheads,anddominionwasgiventoit.– Leopard:Greece(331-168BC)(331BCBable
ofArbela)(Dan2:39b;8:5-8,20-22;11:3-19)
– 4wings:AlexandertheGreatconqueredterritoryveryrapidly(Deut28:49;Hab1:8)
– 4heads:In301BC,4generalsenteredintoanagreementtosplittheempireinto4separatelyruledareas(Macedonia,Pergamum,Egypt,Syria)
– Dominion:VastareaswereplacedundertheHellenis>cinfluenceofGreekcultureandlanguage
Daniel7:7• “A8erthisIsawinthenightvisions,
andbehold,afourthbeast,dreadfulandterrible,exceedinglystrong.Ithadhugeironteeth;itwasdevouring,breakinginpieces,andtramplingtheresiduewithitsfeet.Itwasdifferentfromallthebeaststhatwerebeforeit,andithadtenhorns.– Dreadfulbeast:ImperialRome(168BC-
AD476)(Dan7:19;8:9,23a;11:20-22)
– Ironteeth:Forcefulrule(legsofDan2:33)– Devouring/breaking:Erasedpastculture– Tramplingresidue“remainder”:
Remnantpersecuted(Rev2:10)– “Different”:Enforcedreligionemerged– 10horns:Symbolic;dozensoftribesand
kingdomsfollowingtheRomanEmpire(Rev8:7-13)Horns:Eze29:21;Hab3:4KJV;Zech1:18-21;Rev5:6
Daniel7:8• Iwasconsideringthehorns,andthere
wasanotherhorn,ali[leone,comingupamongthem,beforewhomthreeofthefirsthornswerepluckedoutbytheroots.Andthere,inthishorn,wereeyesliketheeyesofaman,andamouthspeakingpompouswords.– Liblehorn:Papacy/seabeast(Dan
8:10-13,23b-25;11:23-45;Rev13:1-10;17:1-11,18)
– 3pluckedout:Barbariantribeseliminated(1Vandals/Alans,2Ostrogoths,3Rugians).TheseArians,opposedandwarredagainstthepapacy.(Rev8:8-9)
– Eyesandmouthofaman:Representspopesac>nginplaceofGod(Dan11:24,28-37,45a;Rev13:1,5-7)
– Pompouswords:Pronouncingchangesto>mesandGod’slaw(Dan7:11,20,25)• Changedthecrea>onSabbathtoSunday
Iden>tyoftheLible/TalkingHorn
Thereformers,Luther,Calvin,Wycliffe,andtheWesleysalltaughtthattheliblehorn/an>christ/seabeastpowerwastheRomanCatholicpapalsystem,whichisspecificallyforetoldinDaniel7&8,2Thessalonians2,andRevela>on12,13,17&18
Thisinterpre>veapproach,historicism,assignsprophecytoactualevents
– Response#1:PriestLuisDeAlcasarcreatedtheconceptofpreterism• Biblicalprophecyhasalreadytakenplace
– Response#2:PriestFranciscoRiberacreatedtheconceptoffuturism• Biblicalprophecyisassignedtothefuture,rightbeforethesecondcoming
ThemembershipoftheRomanCatholicChurchhasandcon>nuestobemadeupoffaithfulpeople,manyofwhichhavesubmibedtoandhadtheircharacterstransformedbyJesus.Wecanbeassuredthesewillbesaved.
Daniel7:9• “Iwatched<llthroneswereputinplace,AndtheAncientofDays
wasseated;Hisgarmentwaswhiteassnow,AndthehairofHisheadwaslikepurewool.Histhronewasafieryflame,Itswheelsaburningfire;! Verses9-10areanexpansionoftheStonebeing“carved”inDaniel2:34a– DanielistakeninvisiontoviewheavenitselfnotedinDan7:9-10,13-14– Describingtheprepara>onforthestartofthepre-advent“inves>ga>ve”
judgmenton10/22/1844*,takingplaceintheheavenlysanctuaryofwhichtheearthlytabernaclewaspabernedaBer(Heb8-10,especially8:1-6)• Thronesputinplace:Implyprepara>onforthepre-adventjudgment(Ps9:7;
Dan2:44;Rev11:1;14:7)• AncientofDays:GodtheFatherpresideswhileJesusjudges(1844-20xx)• Whiteassnow:Sinless,purity,righteousacts(Is1:18;Rev19:8)
• Wheelsoffire/fierystream:NoteEzekiel’s(acontemporaryofDaniel)descrip>onofGod’sthronewhileinvision(Eze1:1-28),andJohn’svision(Rev4:1-11)
*Thejudgment>mingisdescribedinDaniel8:13-14,26;Dan9:24
Daniel7:10• AfierystreamissuedAndcameforthfrombeforeHim.A
thousandthousandsministeredtoHim;Tenthousand<mestenthousandstoodbeforeHim.Thecourtwasseated,Andthebookswereopened.– Describingtheini>a>onofthepre-advent“inves>ga>ve”judgmenton
10/22/1844,takingplaceintheheavenlysanctuary! Wearelivinginthean>typicaldayofatonement(1844-20xx)
• Courtseated:Seethesameconsecu>vesequenceinDan7:25-26
• Booksopened:Anexamina>onofallwhohaven’trejectedChrist,HisLawandHisprophetswillbemadebasedonheavenlyrecords(Deut6:5;Is8:20;Mab
5:18;22:36-40;Acts10:42;Rev11:1-2;12:17;14:7;19:10)Note:Jer31:33-34
• Daniel’scontemporary,Ezekielisshownthe“hidden”sinsofpeopleclaimingtoworshiptheLordinEze8:2-18,followedbyajudgmentandsealingofGod’speopleinEze9:1-6– Ezekiel9:6indicatesthatthejudgmentofthelivingwillstartwithpeople
professingtobe(seventh-day)Sabbathkeepers(Is10:11-12;Mal3:1-6;1Pet4:17)
• ThejudgmentprocessisdescribedinDan2:34asthecu-ngoutofthestone
TheTabernacleMoseswasgivenExquisitelyDetailedInstruc>ons
The Tabernacle-Patterned from the Heavenly Sanctuary North CourtEx 25:1-9; 26:1-37; Ps 77:13; Heb 8-10 Ex 27:9-1910 x 20 x 10 cu 50 x 100 cu
Altar of Incense Table of Showbread4 Pillars Intercessory Prayer God's Word=LifeEx 26:32 Ex 30:1-10 Ex 25:23-30; Lev 24:5-9 5 Pillars
(Lk 6:12; He 7:25; Rev 8:1-4) (Jn 4:34; 6:48,58) Ex 26:37 Altar of Burnt Offering1 x 1 x 2 cu 1 x 2 x 1.5 cu 10 cu Typifying Jesus' Sacrifice
Laver Ex 27:1-8Baptism (Mt 27:35; Jn 1:29)
Most Holy Place Holy Place Ex 30:17-21 5 x 5 x 3 cu(Mt 3:16; 28:19; Jn 3:3-5; 4:10; Titus 3:5)
Ark with Mercy Seat andCovering Cherubim
West Containing God's Law EastEx 25:10-22; Deut 10:4-5(Ex 20; Ps 85:10; Mt 5:17; 9:13; Jn 14:15; 1John 2:1; Rev 11:18-19)2.5 x 1.5 cu
Veil 7 Branched Lamp standEx 26:31 Gospel Light to the World(Mt 27:51; Mk 15:38; Lk 23:45; He 9:3) Ex 25:31-40
Our High Priest, Jesus, has been (Mt 5:16; Jn 1:9; 8:12; Is 2:2-3; Rev 1:11-13; 21:22-27)interceding and preformingthe pre-advent judgment in theMost Holy Place compartmentsince the antitypical day of Atonement 10/22/1844.(Heb 4:14; 1Tim 2:5)
PillarsEx 27:10-18 Drawn to scale5 cu South 1 cubit = about 18 inches
9/12/16
The Plan of Salvation
Daniel7:11• “Iwatchedthenbecauseofthesoundofthepompouswords
whichthehornwasspeaking;Iwatched<llthebeastwasslain,anditsbodydestroyedandgiventotheburningflame.– Pompouswords:ThepapacyblasphemesGod(Dan7:8,25;8:10-12,24-25;Mab
24:21-22;Mark13:19-20;Rev13:1,5-6;17:3)
• Blasphemy:ClaimingtobeGod(John10:33);toforgivesins(Mark2:7);persecu>ngGod’speople(1Tim1:13)
– Horn:Thepapacy(Dan7:8,20-21,24-25;8:9-13,23-25;11:23-45;Rev13:1-10;17:1-11)– Beastslain:The“Horn”becomesa“Beast,”obtainingpersecutory
powersfromthena>ons;the“manofsin”,the“lawlessone”,the“666man”,the“8thking”(2Thess2:3-9;Rev13:18;17:8-11)• Danielisshownthean>-ChristindividualslainbyJesus’secondcoming
– “Body”destroyed:Seabeast/papalsystemwillbedestroyedduringthe6thplagueofRev16:12-16(Dan7:11b,26b;11:45;Rev16:12;17:16;18:9-24)• Thepapalsystemwillbedestroyedbytheverypeople(apostateProtestantreligions)whoonceadheredtoitsdoctrineswhentheyrealizetheyhavebeendeceived
Daniel7:12• Asfortherestofthebeasts,theyhadtheirdominiontakenaway,
yettheirliveswereprolongedforaseasonanda<me.– Other“beasts”:Referstothe“Ten”horns(apostateProtestantleaders,
duringtheirpersecu>onphase)ontheseabeast(Dan2:42;Rev13:1;17:12-17)• These“Ten”arereligiousleadersastheyareseenasextensionsoftheseabeast/papacy(apostateProtestantsclaimSundaysacredness[the“image”ofRev13:12,14-17]asestablishedbythepapacy)
• These“Tenkings”receivepower(Rev17:12)becomingbeastsbyadvoca>ngforlegisla>ontoenforceSundaysacredness,ini>allyintheUnitedStates,thenjoiningwiththepapacyandEuropeinextendingittothewholeearth
! Thedesigna>on“beast”isassociatedwithreligiouspersecu>onofthesaints– Dominion:The“beasts”arepreventedfromkillingthesaintsaBerthe
judgmentiscomplete(Dan12:1b),duringthe7plaguesofRev16• TheseplaguesfallonthewickedaBerthepre-advent“inves>ga>ve”judgmentisfinished;proba>onhasclosedwitheveryonemakinganinformeddecisionconcerningworshipaccordingtothe1stangelofRev14:7
– Livesprolongedforaseasonanda>me:Couldthisbeliteral>mereferringto15monthsaBerthefallofthepapalsystem?(Dan4:16,23-24,32)
Daniel7:13• “Iwaswatchinginthenightvisions,Andbehold,OneliketheSon
ofMan,Comingwiththecloudsofheaven!HecametotheAncientofDays,AndtheybroughtHimnearbeforeHim.– SonofMancomingwithclouds:Jesusstartsthepre-advent
“inves>ga>ve”judgment10/22/1844,offeringHisBloodforthesinsofallthesaints(Rev14:12),surroundedbyangels(clouds)(Mab25:31-33;John5:22-30;2Cor5:10;Heb9:27;1Pet4:6;Rev10:1;11:1)
• ReferencedinDan8:14;Mal3:1;andthecomingoftheBridegroom(Mab25:1-13)
• CharacterizedbytheparableoftheMinas,Luke19:11-27(Mab25:14-30)
• Judgment:Haveourcharactersbeentransformed?(Rom12:1-2;1John2:1-2orRom2:4-7)
– BroughtnearbeforeHim:CountlessangelsaccompanyJesusfromtheHolyPlacetotheMostHolyPlaceoftheheavenlysanctuarytotheFather(Is66:15-16;Dan12:1)
– AncientofDays:GodtheFather,whosemovablethroneisnowabovetheArkoftheCovenantintheMostHolyPlace(Eze1:16,26;Rev8:4)
Daniel7:14(1of2)• ThentoHimwasgivendominionandgloryandakingdom,That
allpeoples,na<ons,andlanguagesshouldserveHim.Hisdominionisaneverlas<ngdominion,Whichshallnotpassaway,AndHiskingdomtheoneWhichshallnotbedestroyed.– “Then”:Referstothecomple3onofthepre-adventjudgment(20xx)
– Him:Jesus① Dominion(everlas>ng):Theearth
② Glory:TheMountain(HolyTrinity)fillstheearth(Dan2:35,45)
③ Kingdom(Bride;NewJerusalem):ThelivingsaintswithGod’sseal(includingthe144,000ofRev7:3-4;14:7-12,14-16),alongwiththe“greatmul>tude”ofRev7:9-14includingthosethatcon>nuetosleepintheirgravesun>laBerthe7plagues,whenJesusreturns(Eze9:4,6;Rev21:2)– TheParableoftheMinas:Thekingdom(thesaints)isgiventoJesusbeforeHe
returns(Luke19:11-27;Mab25:14-34;Gen7:4,16)
– AncientofDays:GodtheFatherwillgivethekingdom(thesaints)toHisSon,themarriageoftheLamb:Rev11:15b(Thissignalstheendofthepre-advent“inves>ga>ve”judgment)
Daniel7:14(2of2)• ThentoHimwasgivendominionandgloryandakingdom,That
allpeoples,na<ons,andlanguagesshouldserveHim.Hisdominionisaneverlas<ngdominion,Whichshallnotpassaway,AndHiskingdomtheoneWhichshallnotbedestroyed.! Thisini>atesthe>meofJacob’sTroubleandthe7lastplagues
• Jacob’sTrouble(Jer30:6-7;Dan12:1b)• 7lastplagues(Rev16:1-21)
– Resultsoftheplagues:(Is34:1-11;63:1-6;Jer46:10;Lam2:21-22;Eze9:5-11;10:2;39:17-21;Zeph1:7-18;Mab13:30,39-40;Rev14:18-20;18:9-24)
! Proba>onhasclosed,meaningallofGod’speoplehavebeensealed(Eze9:3-6;Rev7:1-4;14:14-16)
• OurHighPriest/Intercessor,JesusleavesthegoldencensorontheArkoftheCovenant,andthetemple(Rev15:8)
! Theearthlyindica>onthatjudgmentisfinishedwillbewhenthefirstplagueofsoresappearonpeoplethathaveagreedtoacceptthebeasts’markinordertocon>nuecommerce(Rev13:16-17;16:2)AswhenJesuswascrucified,darknesswillcovertheearth(Mab27:45;Mark15:33;Luke23:44-45)
Daniel7:15-17• 15“I,Daniel,wasgrievedinmyspiritwithinmybody,andthe
visionsofmyheadtroubledme.16Icameneartooneofthosewhostoodby,andaskedhimthetruthofallthis.Sohetoldmeandmadeknowntometheinterpreta<onofthesethings:17‘Thosegreatbeasts,whicharefour,arefourkingswhichariseoutoftheearth.– The4beastsare4kings:Thebeast’sbodiesareequivalenttoitsheads,
represen>ngkings,kingdoms,and/orna>ons• “kings”representaseriesorlineofkingsthatruledthesekingdoms(Dan2:38b)
• Theseposi>onswereusuallyinheritedandarepoli3calleadersandpowers(Rev13:11)
– Ariseoutoftheearth:Unlikethebeast“na>ons”inDan7:3,thesekingsdon’tariseoutofthe“waters”becausetheyarenotana>onformedbywarsbetweenna>ons.Theyareindividualsarising,usuallyfromroyalfamilies,withinthena>ons.Thislinksto“kingsoftheearth”inRev1:5;6:15;16:14;17:2,18;18:3,9;19:19;21:24.Thesearepoli>cal/civil,notreligiousleaders.
Daniel7:18• ButthesaintsoftheMostHighshallreceivethekingdom,and
possessthekingdomforever,evenforeverandever.’– Receivethekingdom:Thesaints,askingsandpriests,takepartinthe
judgmentofthewickedduringthe1,000yearsaBerChrist’sreturn,therebybecomingpartofGod’sspiritualkingdom(Rev1:6;19:1-8;20:4)• Priests(Ex19:6;1Pet2:9;Rev20:6;7:9-15)
– Arethesedescribedasthe“greatmul>tude”madeupofthelivingandresurrectedatJesus’return?(Rev7:9,13-15)
• Kings:Willthe144,000(AspecialpeoplelivingwhenHereturns)haveadifferentroleservingwithChristasjudges(kings)ofthecharactersofthewickeddeadduringthe1,000years?(Rev20:4)
– Possessthekingdom:Referringtotheactofseblingtheland/territoryofGod’sliteralkingdom,theearthmadenew,aBersinanddeatharedestroyed(Is60:12-14;Rev21:1,3,10-27;22:1-5)
Daniel7:19• “ThenIwishedtoknowthetruthaboutthefourthbeast,which
wasdifferentfromalltheothers,exceedinglydreadful,withitsteethofironanditsnailsofbronze,whichdevoured,brokeinpieces,andtrampledtheresiduewithitsfeet;– 4thbeastwhichwasdifferent,dreadful:Ruthless,destroyediconsand
culturesofpriorkingdoms• ImperialRome(Dan2:40;7:7;8:9,23a;11:20-22;Rev8:7-12)
• Example:Thedestruc>onofJerusaleminAD70(Mab24:2)
– Ironteeth:Forcefulrule(legsofDan2:33)– Bronzenails:Poten>alreferenceoftheHellenis>c/Greekinfluence
withinImperialRome
– Tramplingresidue“remainder”:Remnantpersecuted(Rev2:10)
Daniel7:20• andthetenhornsthatwereonitshead,andtheotherhorn
whichcameup,beforewhichthreefell,namely,thathornwhichhadeyesandamouthwhichspokepompouswords,whoseappearancewasgreaterthanhisfellows.– “Ten”Horns:Symbolic;thedozensoftribesandkingdomsfollowingthe
RomanEmpire(Jer48:25;Eze34:21;Zech1:18-21;Rev8:7-13)• Asthesehornsareseenonthebeast’sheadofImperialRome,con>nuingaBerAD476,theyarepoli>cal,notreligiouskings/kingdoms
– Liblehorn“cameup”:ThepowerofthepapacygrewwithinImperialRome,adop>ngmanyofitspagancustomsandprac>ces(Dan8:10-12,23-25)
– Liblehornappearancegreaterthantheother“horns”:AramaicmostoBentranslated“greater”or“master”,certainlyfixngfortherela>onshipbetweenthepapacyandtheEuropeanstates(Dan11:23-45;Rev13:1-10)
– 3hornsremovedthroughpapalinfluence:(1Vandals/Alans,2Ostrogoths,3Rugians)allowingJus>niantoenforcehiscode,CorpusJurisCivilis(538)
– Eyesandamouth:Alludestoanindividualleadinga“power”(horn)– Pompous:Referstoblasphemy(Dan7:8,11,25;8:10-12,24-25;Rev13:5-6;Mark2:6-7;
John10:33;1Tim1:13)
Daniel7:21-22• 21“Iwaswatching;andthesamehornwasmakingwaragainst
thesaints,andprevailingagainstthem,22un<ltheAncientofDayscame,andajudgmentwasmadeinfavorofthesaintsoftheMostHigh,andthe<mecameforthesaintstopossessthekingdom.– Hornwarringagainstthesaints:Thelible/talkinghornpersecutedthe
saintsduringthetribula>on,538-1798(1,260years)(Dan7:25;12:7;Rev11:2,3;12:6,14;13:5;Mab24:21,Mark13:19-20)
– AncientofDays:GodtheFather(Dan7:9,13)– Literally“judgmentwasgiventothesaints”KJV:Thesaintsserveas
priestsandkingsinjudgmentduringthe1,000yearsinheaven(Dan7:18;1Cor6:3;Rev1:6;20:4,6)
– Possessthekingdom:ThesaintsaregivenuncontestedpossessionandwillseblethenewJerusalem/newearthaBerthe1,000years;aBerthewickedareresurrected,acknowledgethejus>ceofGod’slaw,andreceivetheirfinalpunishment(Is60:12-14;Rev21:1,3,10-27;22:1-5)
Daniel7:23-24• 23“Thushesaid:‘ThefourthbeastshallbeAfourthkingdomon
earth,Whichshallbedifferentfromallotherkingdoms,Andshalldevourthewholeearth,Trampleitandbreakitinpieces.24ThetenhornsaretenkingsWhoshallarisefromthiskingdom.Andanothershallrisea8erthem;Heshallbedifferentfromthefirstones,Andshallsubduethreekings.– ImperialRomewasindeeddifferent,bydestroyingthepastand
supplan>ngitscultureinplaceofhistoricaltradi>on;atyranny
– “Ten”kings:Asymbolicnumberrepresen>ngthedozensoftribesandkingdomsthataroseduringthedeclineofImperialRome
– “Anothershallrise”He,the“different”horn/king:Thepapacy,areligiousleaderwithoutitsownarmy;averydifferentpowerthatruledthekingsofearth,persecu>ngthesaints(Dan7:8,11;8:10-12,23-25,Rev13:1-10)
– 3“subdued”kings:Vandals/Alans,Ostrogoths,Rugians• These“kingdoms”,holdingArianbeliefs,stronglyopposedthepapalchurchwhich,inturn,orchestratedtheirdemisethroughother“kings”armies
Daniel7:25• HeshallspeakpompouswordsagainsttheMostHigh,Shall
persecutethesaintsoftheMostHigh,Andshallintendtochange<mesandlaw.ThenthesaintsshallbegivenintohishandFora<meand<mesandhalfa<me.– Speak:Tolegislate,todefinelaw– Pompous,a“command”:Referstoblasphemy(Dan7:8,11,20;8:11-12,24-25;Rev
13:5-6;Mark2:6-7;John10:33;1Tim1:13;Rev13:1,5-6;17:3)– WordsagainsttheMostHigh:ReplacementofGod’slaw– Shallintendtochange>mesandlaw:God’slawcannotbechanged(Mal
3:6;Mab5:17;Heb13:8;James2:10;Rev13:12)• Thepapacyeliminatedthe2ndcommandmentand“7thday”fromthe4th,
dividingthe10thinto2commandments
– Timeand>mesandhalfa>me(360+[360x2]+180=1,260):Referencingthe538-1798(1,260years)persecu>onofthesaints(Dan7:25;12:7;Rev11:2,3;12:6,14;13:5)(the“tribula>on”ofMab24:21,Mark13:19-20;Luke21:24)(Dan4:16,23-25,32)
• Thesaints(thosewhoworshipGodtheCreatorEx20:8-11;Rev7:3;14:7-12)
ChangeTimesandLaw• "WeCatholicsdonotaccepttheBibleastheonlyruleoffaith.Besidesthe
BiblewehavethelivingChurch,theauthorityoftheChurch,asaruletoguideus.Wesay,thisChurchins>tutedbyChrist,toteachandguidementhroughlife,hastherighttochangetheCeremoniallawsoftheOldTestamentandhence,weacceptherchangeoftheSabbathtoSunday.Wefranklysay,yes,theChurchmadethischange,madethislaw,asshemademanyotherlaws,forinstance,theFridayAbs>nence,theunmarriedpriesthood,thelawsconcerningmixedmarriages,theregula>onofCatholicmarriages,andathousandotherlaws."Wealsosaythatofallprotestants,theSeventh-dayAdven>stsaretheonlygroupthatreasoncorrectlyandareconsistentwiththeirteachings.ItisalwayssomewhatlaughabletoseetheProtestantChurches,inpulpitandlegislaturedemandtheobservanceofSundaysofwhichthereisnothingintheBible.Withbestwishes,PeterR.Tramer,Editor"[ofTheCatholicExtensionMagazine,inresponsetoale[erMay22,1954.]
! ContrarytonearlyuniversalProtestantdoctrine,itwasthepapacy,nottheNewTestamentapostles,whochangedthesacreddayofworship
Daniel7:26-28• 26‘Butthecourtshallbeseated,Andtheyshalltakeawayhis
dominion,Toconsumeanddestroyitforever.27Thenthekingdomanddominion,Andthegreatnessofthekingdomsunderthewholeheaven,Shallbegiventothepeople,thesaintsoftheMostHigh.Hiskingdomisaneverlas<ngkingdom,AndalldominionsshallserveandobeyHim.’– Courtseated:JustaBerthe“>me,>mesandhalfa>me”(1,260years)
endedin1798,atthepreciseendofthe2,300day/yearprophecyofDan8:14,the“inves>ga>ve”judgmentstartedinheaven(10/22/1844)(Dan7:9-10;Rev11:1)
– Takeaway“his”dominion:Thisimpliesthatsome>mea;er1844,theliblehorn/papacywillagainbecomeapersecu>ng“beast”having“dominion”overthesaints;rulingthekingsofearth(Rev13:12-17;17:11)
– ThesaintsaregiventhekingdomaBerthe1,000years(Rev20-22)– Hiskingdom:Christ’skingdomisthesaintsatthecloseofproba>on(7:14)
• 28“Thisistheendoftheaccount.Asforme,Daniel,mythoughtsgreatlytroubledme,andmycountenancechanged;butIkeptthema[erinmyheart.”
God's Plan Revealed in Scripture Copyright © Mark E. LaRose 2015
Study Guide (SG) Symbol Chart #B51b
Chart B Ref: Lines 25,28,29,85,256,266,286,287 05/18/16
Daniel 2 Statue: 603BC Daniel 7: 553BC Daniel 8: 551BC Daniel 11: 535BC Revelation 12: AD96 Revelation 13: AD96 Revelation 17: AD96 MeaningSG B15 SG B18, B19, B43 SG B20, B22, B23, B43 SG B28,B32,B33a,B41,B43, SG B33b SG B51a & B54a SG B54b-B54e
SG B46,B47,B49,B54a,B55
Gold Head Lion/2 Wings Babylon (609-539BC)
Silver Chest & Arms Bear/raised side 2 horns of the Ram Dan 11:2 Media/Persia (539-331BC)
Bronze Belly & Thighs Leopard/4 Wings Goat/1 horn to vs 3: Alexander Greece (331-168BC)
4 Heads 4 horns vs 4: 4 generalsKing of the South Ptolomies,King of the North Seleucids (Dan 11:5-19)
Iron Legs Beast/iron teeth Little horn growing Dan 11:20-22 Pagan Rome (168BC-AD476)
horizontally King of the North
Iron portion of the Feet & Toes '10' Horns Civil kingdoms (AD476-xx)
Woman with sun & Pure Christians/light/moon and 12 stars Bible/12 apostles
Red Dragon with tail that Satan deceived ⅓ of the
swept ⅓ stars angels and empowers7 heads/crowns, 10 horns apostate Christianity
Miry Clay of the Feet Talking Horn with Little horn Dan 11:23-45 Sea beast with 7 heads/ Scarlet woman on Papal Rome(Compare KJV & NKJV) eyes of a man growing vertically King of the North1 blasphemous names scarlet beast2>7heads (Spiritual Babylon)
Dan 11:25-43 Arab/Ottoman/King of the South Radical Islam (AD612-xx)
Brittle Clay of the Toes King of the North1 Earth beast with 2 horns USA/civil & religious freedom
'10' horns/crowns '10' horns apostate Protestants
Stone cut out of the Mountain JesusMountain filling the earth God the Father/Son/Spirit
2 The scarlet beast with blasphemous names represents the empowering nations being directed by religious authorities, both papal and apostate Protestant.
Beast of the Bottomless Pit/Abyss of Revelation 11:7-13 equated with Sodom (Immorality) and Egypt (Atheism, Secularism): French Revolution and following (1789-20xx)
The Symbols of Kingdoms and Religious Powers in Bible Prophecy
The 'pure woman', the 'scarlet woman', the 'talking horn', the 'little horn' (when growing vertically), the 'sea beast' with '10' horns, and the two types of 'clays' are religious in nature.1 The King of the North = apostate Christians (those who renounce God's law) and 'Christian' nations. An imposter of the true King of the North (Is 14:13).
OurMissionastheRemnant
• “WorshipGod!Forthetes>monyofJesusisthespiritofprophecy.”(Rev19:10)– Theunderstandingofprophecyisacalltoac>on;tosharethegospelof
everlas>nglifethrougharela>onshipwithJesus,proclaimingthe3angels’messageofRev14:6-12
• “…obeyGod’scommandments”(Rev12:17)and“Worshiphimwhomadetheheavens,theearth,theseaandthespringsofwater.”(Rev14:7)
• “…EveryonewhokeepsfromdefilingtheSabbath,AndholdsfastMycovenant—EventhemIwillbringtoMyholymountain,AndmakethemjoyfulinMyhouseofprayer.(Is56:6-7)
• “Beholy…blameless”(1Pet1:16-19;2Pet3:10-14)
Hewhotes>fiestothesethingssays,“SurelyIamcomingquickly.”Amen.Evenso,come,LordJesus!Revela<on22:20
Addi<onalInforma<onIamindebtedtoTimRoosenbergwhohasstudiedDaniel11-12sincetheearly2000’sand
hasdedicatedhisministrytoprovidingpeoplewithknowledgeofthe<mesthatwelivethroughseminarsandhiswebsite;h[p://www.islamandchris<anity.org
IamalsoindebtedtotwoindividualswhomhavededicatedtheirlivesinastudyofRevela<on17sincethelate1990’s.Theirwebsite,h[p://666man.net,providessignificantdepthonthemanyrelatedBiblepassagesandpropheciesthatcorrelatecompletelytothepropheciesofDaniel
Foranexcellentversebyversecommentarysee:h[p://www.bibleexplained.com
Foradeepperspec<veofhowRevela<onrepresentsthespiritualfulfillmentofmuchoftheOldTestamentsee:LouisF.Were,TheCertaintyofthe3rdAngel’sMessage,1945
EllenGouldWhitewasaprolificauthorandanAmericanChris<anpioneer.AlongwithotherSabbatarianAdven<stleaderssuchasJosephBatesandherhusbandJamesWhite,sheformedwhatbecameknownastheSeventh-dayAdven<stChurch.TheSmithsonianmagazinenamedEllenG.Whiteamong100MostSignificantAmericansinanacknowledgementofherinfluenceonreligion.h[ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_G._White
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:9-10! “Thuswaspresentedtotheprophet’svisionthegreatandsolemndaywhen
thecharactersandthelivesofmenshouldpassinreviewbeforetheJudgeofalltheearth,andtoeverymanshouldberendered“accordingtohisworks.”TheAncientofDaysisGodtheFather.Saysthepsalmist:“Beforethemountainswerebroughtforth,oreverThouhadstformedtheearthandtheworld,evenfromeverlas<ngtoeverlas<ng,ThouartGod.”Psalm90:2.ItisHe,thesourceofallbeing,andthefountainofalllaw,thatistopresideinthejudgment.Andholyangelsasministersandwitnesses,innumber“tenthousand<mestenthousand,andthousandsofthousands,”a[endthisgreattribunal.”{GC479.2}
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:10! “Thereisanunerringregisterkeptofallsinscommi[ed.Allman’simpiety,all
hisdisobediencetoheaven’scommands,arewri[eninthebooksofheavenwithunerringaccuracy.Thefiguresofguiltrapidlyaccumulate,yetthejudgmentsofGodaretemperedwithmercy,un<lthefigureshavereachedtheirappointedlimit.Godbearslongwiththetransgressionofhumanbeingsandcon<nuesthroughHisappointedagenciestopresentthegospelmessageun<ltheset<mehascome.Godbearswithdivinepa<encewiththeperversityofthewicked;butHedeclaresthatHewillvisittheirtransgressionswitharob.Hewillatlastpermitthedestruc<veagenciesofSatantobearswaytodestroy.”{Ms17-1906.24}
! “AccuratelyrecordedinthebooksofheavenarethesneersandtrivialremarksmadebysinnerswhopaynoheedtothecallofmercywhenChristisrepresentedtothembyaservantofGod.Asthear<sttakesonthepolishedglassatruepictureofthehumanface,soGoddailyplacesuponthebooksofheavenanexactrepresenta<onofthecharacterofeveryindividual.”{Ms105-1901.15}
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:13! “ThiscomingisforetoldalsobytheprophetMalachi:“TheLord,whomye
seek,shallsuddenlycometoHistemple,eventheMessengerofthecovenant,whomyedelightin:behold,Heshallcome,saiththeLordofhosts.”Malachi3:1.ThecomingoftheLordtoHistemplewassudden,unexpected,toHispeople.TheywerenotlookingforHimthere.TheyexpectedHimtocometoearth,“inflamingfiretakingvengeanceonthemthatknownotGod,andthatobeynotthegospel.”2Thessalonians1:8.”{GC424.3}
! “ThecomingofChristasourhighpriesttothemostholyplace,forthecleansingofthesanctuary,broughttoviewinDaniel8:14;thecomingoftheSonofmantotheAncientofDays,aspresentedinDaniel7:13;andthecomingoftheLordtoHistemple,foretoldbyMalachi,aredescrip>onsofthesameevent;andthisisalsorepresentedbythecomingofthebridegroomtothemarriage,describedbyChristintheparableofthetenvirgins,ofMabhew25.”{GC426.1}
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:13-14! “Daniel7:13,14.ThecomingofChristheredescribedisnotHissecondcoming
totheearth.HecomestotheAncientofDaysinheaventoreceivedominionandgloryandakingdom,whichwillbegivenHimatthecloseofHisworkasamediator.Itisthiscoming,andnotHissecondadventtotheearth,thatwasforetoldinprophecytotakeplaceatthetermina<onofthe2300daysin1844.A[endedbyheavenlyangels,ourgreatHighPriestenterstheholyofholiesandthereappearsinthepresenceofGodtoengageinthelastactsofHisministra<oninbehalfofman—toperformtheworkofinves<ga<vejudgmentandtomakeanatonementforallwhoareshowntobeen<tledtoitsbenefits.”{GC479.3}{CIHS116.1}
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:13-14! “IntheparableofMa[hew22thesamefigureofthemarriageisintroduced,
andtheinves>ga>vejudgmentisclearlyrepresentedastakingplacebeforethemarriage.Previoustotheweddingthekingcomesintoseetheguests,toseeifallareatredintheweddinggarment,thespotlessrobeofcharacterwashedandmadewhiteinthebloodoftheLamb.Ma[hew22:11;Revela<on7:14.Hewhoisfoundwan<ngiscastout,butallwhouponexamina<onareseentohavetheweddinggarmentonareacceptedofGodandaccountedworthyofashareinHiskingdomandaseatuponHisthrone.Thisworkofexamina<onofcharacter,ofdeterminingwhoarepreparedforthekingdomofGod,isthatoftheinves<ga<vejudgment,theclosingworkinthesanctuaryabove.”{GC428.1}“Whentheworkofinves<ga<onshallbeended,whenthecasesofthosewhoinallageshaveprofessedtobefollowersofChristhavebeenexaminedanddecided,then,andnot>llthen,proba>onwillclose,andthedoorofmercywillbeshut.Thusintheoneshortsentence,“TheythatwerereadywentinwithHimtothemarriage:andthedoorwasshut,”wearecarrieddownthroughtheSaviour’sfinalministra<on,tothe<mewhenthegreatworkforman’ssalva<onshallbecompleted.”{GC428.2}
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:13;8:13-14! “Iturnedtolookatthecompanywhoweres<llbowedbeforethethrone;they
didnotknowthatJesushadle8it.Satanappearedtobebythethrone,tryingtocarryontheworkofGod.Isawthemlookuptothethrone,andpray,“Father,giveusThySpirit.”Satanwouldthenbreatheuponthemanunholyinfluence;inittherewaslightandmuchpower,butnosweetlove,joy,andpeace.Satan’sobjectwastokeepthemdeceivedandtodrawbackanddeceiveGod’schildren.”{EW56.1}
– Referringto1844whenJesusmovedtotheMostHolyPlace
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:14! “Isawangelshurryingtoandfroinheaven.Anangelwithawriter'sinkhornby
hissidereturnedfromtheearthandreportedtoJesusthathisworkwasdone,andthesaintswerenumberedandsealed.ThenIsawJesus,whohadbeenministeringbeforethearkcontainingtheTenCommandments,throwdownthecenser.HeraisedHishands,andwithaloudvoicesaid,“Itisdone.”AndalltheangelichostlaidofftheircrownsasJesusmadethesolemndeclara8on,“Hethatisunjust,lethimbeunjusts8ll:andhewhichisfilthy,lethimbefilthys8ll:andhethatisrighteous,lethimberighteouss8ll:andhethatisholy,lethimbeholys8ll.”Revela<on22:11.”{SR402.2}
! “Everycasehadbeendecidedforlifeordeath.WhileJesushadbeenministeringinthesanctuary,thejudgmenthadbeengoingonfortherighteousdead,andthenfortherighteousliving.ChristhadreceivedHiskingdom,havingmadetheatonementforHispeopleandblo[edouttheirsins.Thesubjectsofthekingdomweremadeup.ThemarriageoftheLambwasconsummated.Andthekingdom,andthegreatnessofthekingdomunderthewholeheaven,wasgiventoJesusandtheheirsofsalva>on,andJesuswastoreignasKingofkingsandLordoflords.”{SR402.3}
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:17;Rev13:11! “Butthebeastwithlamblikehornswasseen“comingupoutoftheearth.”
Insteadofoverthrowingotherpowerstoestablishitself,thena<onthusrepresentedmustariseinterritorypreviouslyunoccupiedandgrowupgraduallyandpeacefully.Itcouldnot,then,ariseamongthecrowdedandstrugglingna<onali<esoftheOldWorld—thatturbulentseaof“peoples,andmul<tudes,andna<ons,andtongues.”ItmustbesoughtintheWesternCon<nent.”{GC440.1}
! The“Earth”referstona>onsthatarise,notfromoverthrowingotherna>ons,butformedorganically,followedbyacquisi>onofbroaderterritoryandconqueringna>ons
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:17! “Everyna<onthathascomeuponthestageofac<onhasbeenpermi[edto
occupyitsplaceontheearth,thatthefactmightbedeterminedwhetheritwouldfulfillthepurposesoftheWatcherandtheHolyOne.Prophecyhastracedtheriseandprogressoftheworld’sgreatempires—Babylon,Medo-Persia,Greece,andRome.Witheachofthese,aswiththena<onsoflesspower,historyhasrepeateditself.Eachhashaditsperiodoftest;eachhasfailed,itsgloryfaded,itspowerdeparted.”{PK535.1}
EllenWhiteCommentsDan7:25! “Thedetectoroferrorhavingbeenremoved,Satanworkedaccordingtohis
will.ProphecyhaddeclaredthatthePapacywasto“thinktochange<mesandlaws.”Daniel7:25.Thisworkitwasnotslowtoa[empt.Toaffordconvertsfromheathenismasubs<tutefortheworshipofidols,andthustopromotetheirnominalacceptanceofChris<anity,theadora<onofimagesandrelicswasgraduallyintroducedintotheChris<anworship.Thedecreeofageneralcouncilfinallyestablishedthissystemofpopishidolatry.Tocompletethesacrilegiouswork,RomepresumedtoexpungefromthelawofGodthesecondcommandment,forbiddingimageworship,andtodividethetenthcommandment,inordertopreservethenumber.”{SR328.1}
! “Vastcouncilswereheld,from<meto<me,inwhichthedignitariesofthechurchwereconvenedfromalltheworld.InnearlyeverycounciltheSabbathwhichGodhadins<tutedwaspresseddownali[lelower,whiletheSundaywascorrespondinglyexalted.Thusthepaganfes<valcamefinallytobehonoredasadivineins<tu<on,whiletheBibleSabbathwaspronouncedarelicofJudaism,anditsobserversweredeclaredtobeaccursed.”{SR329.2}