Virus,

Bacteria

protista

fungi

(prokaryotes, eukaryotes)

Origin of Cells Origin of Cells

No one knows for No one knows for sure, thought to be sure, thought to be ________________________

Earth formed: 4.5 Earth formed: 4.5 billion years billion years

life origin: 2.5 b.y.life origin: 2.5 b.y.

Viruses Viruses Are they living organisms???? No ______________________________--

Viruses and Diseases

1. Common cold – attack respiratory tract

2. Measles – skin3. Rabies – nerve cells4. Herpes virus – mouth

and lips, sexual transmission

5. AIDS – white blood cells

6. Ebola – a hemorrhagic fever

7. Biological Weapons

These diseases are difficult to fight!!!!

Antibiotics - No effect!

– Quick replication– High mutation rate

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

most most abundantabundant, , single cells single cells

organizedorganized __________________________________ plasma membrane plasma membrane cell wallcell wall

Types:Types:1. ______________1. ______________

2. archaea2. archaea

1. Bacteria1. Bacteria Additional features Additional features

::– Flagella, Flagella, long long

strands used in strands used in ________________________

– Pili, Pili, short strands short strands used as docking used as docking cablescables

Bacteria Bacteria reproducereproduce: : ______________________________________

bacteria exchange genetic information: bacteria exchange genetic information: conjugationconjugation

three shapes:three shapes:– Coccus: Coccus: ______________– Bacillus: Bacillus: ______ ______– Spirillum: ____Spirillum: ____

1.1.E. COLI 0157:H7E. COLI 0157:H7 outbreaks in US, per year: outbreaks in US, per year:

– 73,000 infections/61 deaths73,000 infections/61 deaths infections from: infections from:

– uncooked ground beef (cattle carry the uncooked ground beef (cattle carry the pathogen in their intestines without getting pathogen in their intestines without getting sick) sick)

– contaminated dairy productscontaminated dairy products– Vegetables, unpasteurized juice, petting zoosVegetables, unpasteurized juice, petting zoos

Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, kidney failureSymptoms: bloody diarrhea, kidney failure Prevention: _________________________-Prevention: _________________________-

Bacteria-Bacteria-Foodborne illnessFoodborne illness

2. 2. SalmonellaSalmonella outbreaks: outbreaks:

– 40,000 cases/600 people die40,000 cases/600 people die infected by: infected by:

– contaminated ground beef, pork, eggs, contaminated ground beef, pork, eggs, poultry products poultry products

– improperly pasteurized dairy productsimproperly pasteurized dairy products Symptoms: bloody diarrheaSymptoms: bloody diarrhea Prevention: good higiene, not to eat raw Prevention: good higiene, not to eat raw

eggs (even cookie dough), meat well eggs (even cookie dough), meat well cookedcooked

3. 3. CampylobacterCampylobacter causing diarrhea, cramping, abdominal causing diarrhea, cramping, abdominal

pain, fever, nausea, vomitingpain, fever, nausea, vomiting Outbreaks: Outbreaks:

– 1 million/100 people die 1 million/100 people die infections from: infections from:

– raw poultry meat, 80% chickens in US raw poultry meat, 80% chickens in US carrierscarriers

2. Archaea2. Archaea

from prokaryotic ancestors from prokaryotic ancestors to eukaryotesto eukaryotes

live live __________________________________________ cell walls different from cell walls different from

bacteria with unique lipids bacteria with unique lipids and rRNA sequencesand rRNA sequences

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Cells with Cells with ____________________________ Types: Types:

– ProtistaProtista, diverse group, diverse group– multicellular multicellular kingdoms:kingdoms:

FungiFungi PlantsPlants animalsanimals

Are _______________Are _______________ fungi, plants, or animals fungi, plants, or animals

employ almost every form of employ almost every form of ____________________________________________________

Reproduce:Reproduce:– asexually most of the time: fission and budding asexually most of the time: fission and budding – sexually only in times of stresssexually only in times of stress

Some Some survive harshsurvive harsh environmental conditions by forming environmental conditions by forming cystscysts, , a a dormant form of cell dormant form of cell

movementmovement accomplished by diverse mechanisms: accomplished by diverse mechanisms: CiliaCilia FlagellaFlagella PseudopodsPseudopods gliding mechanismsgliding mechanisms

ProtistaProtista

Types: Types: single cellsingle cell: : paramecium, amoebaparamecium, amoeba Aggregation,Aggregation, transient collection transient collection

of cells: of cells: slime moldsslime molds Colonial multicellular: Colonial multicellular:

permanent cells in contact: permanent cells in contact: algaealgae

FungiFungi

Similar to plants but Similar to plants but _______chlorophyll: _______chlorophyll: heterotrophsheterotrophs

differ from plants in:differ from plants in:1.1. have filamentous bodies called have filamentous bodies called

________________

2.2. have cell walls made of have cell walls made of chitinchitin

Reproduce:Reproduce:1.1. asexually asexually

2.2. SexuallySexually

reproductive structures: reproductive structures: gametangiagametangia produce ______________-produce ______________- sporangiasporangia produce haploid spores produce haploid spores

that can be dispersedthat can be dispersed

Heterotrophs: Heterotrophs: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Fungi and bacteria: principal Fungi and bacteria: principal decomposersdecomposers

mutualistic associations mutualistic associations ecologically ecologically important:important:– Mycorrhizae: Mycorrhizae: fungi-plantfungi-plant

expedite the plant’s absorption of essential nutrients in expedite the plant’s absorption of essential nutrients in the rootsthe roots

– Lichens:Lichens: fungi-algae (cyanobacteria) fungi-algae (cyanobacteria) can grow in harsh habitats, such as bare rockcan grow in harsh habitats, such as bare rock

Practice questionsPractice questions

1.1. BacteriaBacteriaA)A) are prokaryoticare prokaryoticB)B) have been on the earth for at least 2.5 billion have been on the earth for at least 2.5 billion

yearsyearsC)C) are the most abundant life form on earthare the most abundant life form on earthD)D) All answers are correctAll answers are correct

2. 2. Viruses are:Viruses are:A)A) protein coats that contain DNA or RNAprotein coats that contain DNA or RNAB)B) simple eukaryotic cellssimple eukaryotic cellsC)C) simple prokaryotic cellssimple prokaryotic cellsD)D) AliveAlive

3. 3. The main problem in classifying protists is The main problem in classifying protists is that:that:

A)A) all have a common lifestyleall have a common lifestyleB)B) all are unicellularall are unicellularC)C) all are photoautotrophicall are photoautotrophicD)D) any eukaryotic organism that is not plant, any eukaryotic organism that is not plant,

animal, or fungi is a protistanimal, or fungi is a protist

4. 4. The main body of a fungus is the ________The main body of a fungus is the ________

5. Fungi reproduce both _______5. Fungi reproduce both _______

6. Lichens are mutualistic associations 6. Lichens are mutualistic associations between _______between _______