The word virtue (Latin virtus) signifies manliness or courage.

Traits of character or habits of disposition to think and act in ways that are good

Doing what is morally right From Saint Thomas's entire Question

on the essence of virtue : "habitus operativus bonus", an operative habit essentially good

Used by moral philosophers and theologians, it signifies a habit superadded to a faculty of the soul, disposing it to elicit with readiness acts conformable to our rational nature.

Manner of healthcare delivery depends on the kind of person the healthcare professional is

I. Intellectual› Prudence

II. Moral› Justice› Temperance› Fortitude

III. Theological› Faith› Hope› Charity

Necessary for right action and correct thinking

Defined as a habit perfecting the intellect to elicit with readiness acts that are good in reference to their proper object, namely, truth

from Latin prudentia foresight, judiciousness, contraction of providentia foresight

Virtue which directs on in the choice of means most apt, under existing circumstances, for the attainment of a due end

ability to judge between virtuous and vicious actions, with regard to appropriate actions at a given time and place

Considered by St. Thomas as the cause, measure and form of all virtues

Father Rickaby aptly renders it as "right reason applied to practice”

from the word mos, which signifies a certain natural or quasi-natural inclination to do a thing

Regulates man in relations with his fellow-men

Disposes one to respect the rights of others, to give each man his due

Adjusting to what is owed to the specific needs of the person› Ex. Providing needed care to research

subjects after the research project is complete

› Providing community benefits from research

restrains the undue impulse of concupiscence (from latin word concupiscentia meaning a desire for worldly things) for sensible pleasure

important tenet of the moral codes of other world religions—for example, it is one of the Five Precepts of Buddhism

practice of moderation

moral virtue which moderates in accordance with reason the desires and pleasures of the appetite attendant on those acts by which human nature is preserved in the individual or propagated in the species

Temperance is the first virtue that perfects man’s ability to act well with one’s self from within one’s self

Humility› from the Latin word "humilis", which is

translated not only as humble but also alternatively as "low", or "from the earth".

› Restrains inordinate desires of one's own excellence

› "A quality by which a person considering his own defects has a humble opinion of himself and willingly submits himself to God and to others for God's sake”

St. Thomas Aquinas, a 13th century philosopher and theologian in the Scholastic tradition, › "the virtue of humility" that "consists in

keeping oneself within one's own bounds, not reaching out to things above one, but submitting to one's superior" (Summa Contra Gent., bk. IV, ch. lv, tr. Rickaby).

According to the words of St. James, "God resisteth the proud, and giveth his grace to the humble" (James 4:6).[

causes man to be brave when he would otherwise shrink, contrary to reason, from dangers or difficulties

a certain moral strength and courage, is the virtue by which one meets and sustains dangers and difficulties, even death itself, and in never through fear of these deterred from the pursuit of good which reason dictates

All virtues dispose man to act conducive to his true happiness › Faith› Hope › Charity

Infused virtue, by which the intellect is perfected by a supernatural light, in virtue of which, under a supernatural movement of the will, it assents firmly to the supernatural truths of Revelation, not on the motive of intrinsic evidence, but on the sole ground of the infallible authority of God revealing

Hebrews 11:1 which states, "Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.“

Faith is the "evidence" of what Christians "know" to be true within their own hearts that has revealed to them by God.

To commit oneself to act based on self experience to warrant belief, but without absolute proof To commit oneself to act based on self experience to warrant belief, but without absolute proof

Divinely infused virtue, by which we trust, with an unshaken confidence grounded on the Divine assistance

From St. Paul (Romans 8:24): "For we are saved by hope. But hope that is seen, is not hope. For what a man seeth, why doth he hope for?"

Theological virtue, by which God is loved by reason of His own intrinsic goodness or amiability, and our neighbour loved on account of God

love (agape), means an unlimited loving-kindness towards all others

Greatest of the three virtues Caritas: selfless love

Deus caritas est : “God is love” Comprised of two parts, love of God

and love of man, which includes both love of one's neighbor and one's self

Fidelity Honesty Compassion Courage Prayerfulness

Faithfulness to trust and promise Trust – basis of relationship of patients

with doctors, students with teachers, and researchers with research subjects

Fulfilling the promise to be a patient advocate› Benevolence: to intend one’s good› Nonmaleficence

Fulfilling promise of researcher to be a public advocate› Seeking good and avoiding harm› Respect dignity of man› Obtaining free and informed consent› Drawing and reporting accurate

conclusions› Provide truth to the public

Truthfulness › Good faith intent to convey truth, both in

words and conduct, to others, as best one knows it

› Avoid communicating wrong or incomplete information likely to mislead or deceive

› Ex. Telling a patient and his family the truth and nature of an illness, prognosis, benefits and burdens of alternative actions

› Publishing accurate findings, appropriately acknowledging contributors and citing source of support

Integrity› Being true to oneself or wholeness› Congruence between one’s beliefs, words

and actions› Making choices in line with one’s values

› Ex. Researcher believing subjects should be respected must strive to protect their right and make sure all give free and informed consent

Feeling for the loss or suffering of an another with an attempt beyond obligation to help or avoid that loss or suffering

Self-sacrifice voluntarily given for the benefit of another whose needs are greater and given with no hope of return, gain, recognition, or payment

Compassionate competent care is the essence of the healing profession

Ex. Reducing burdens for researcher and research objects

known as bravery, will and fortitude, is the ability to confront fear, pain, risk/danger, uncertainty, or intimidation

moral courage is the courage to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or discouragement

Augustine Waldron. Transcribed by Barbara J. Barrett. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV. Published 1912. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. URL: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15472a.htm

Wikipedia. URL:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue

The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas AquinasSecond and Revised Edition, 1920

Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, Fourth Edition. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Inc. 2001. URL:http://www.usccb.org/bishops/directives.shtml