Virginia HendersonVirginia HendersonHUMANSHUMANS Physiological 1. Breath normally1. Breath normally 2. Eat and drink adequately2. Eat and drink adequately 3. Eliminate body wastes3. Eliminate body wastes 4. Move and maintain desirable postures4. Move and maintain desirable postures 5. Sleep and rest5. Sleep and rest 6.Select suitable clothes - dress and undress6.Select suitable clothes - dress and undress 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment.the environment. 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument.8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument. 9.Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.9.Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. 10.Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.10.Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. 14.Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health 14.Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.and use the available health facilities. Spiritual 11.Worship according to one’s faith.11.Worship according to one’s faith. Sociological 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. Psychological

Virginia HendersonVirginia HendersonENVIRONMENTtENVIRONMENTt

* Individuals in relation to families* Individuals in relation to families * Supports tasks of private and public agencies* Supports tasks of private and public agencies * Society expects nurses to act for individuals who are unable to function * Society expects nurses to act for individuals who are unable to function independentlyindependently * Basic nursing care involves providing conditions under which the patient can * Basic nursing care involves providing conditions under which the patient can perform the 14 activities unaided perform the 14 activities unaided

HEALTHHEALTH

* Definition based on individual’s ability to function independently as outlined in * Definition based on individual’s ability to function independently as outlined in the 14 components.the 14 components. * Nurses need to stress promotion of health and prevention and cure of disease.* Nurses need to stress promotion of health and prevention and cure of disease. * Good health is a challenge.* Good health is a challenge. * Affected by age, cultural background, physical, and intellectual capacities, and * Affected by age, cultural background, physical, and intellectual capacities, and emotional balanceemotional balance * Impact on health by working of various social issues. * Impact on health by working of various social issues.

Virginia HendersonVirginia Henderson

NURSING:NURSING:

* Definition* Definition Henderson's classic definition of nursing:Henderson's classic definition of nursing: "I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they "I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible."makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible." * Nurse serves to make patient "complete","“whole",or "independent."* Nurse serves to make patient "complete","“whole",or "independent." * Physicians therapeutic plan* Physicians therapeutic plan * Individualized care* Individualized care * Use nursing research * Use nursing research

SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhDSISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD

ADAPTATION THEORYADAPTATION THEORY

HUMANSHUMANS

An adaptive system with coping processesAn adaptive system with coping processes· Described as a whole comprised of parts· Described as a whole comprised of parts· Functions as a unity for some purpose· Functions as a unity for some purpose· Includes people as individuals or in groups (families, organizations, communities, · Includes people as individuals or in groups (families, organizations, communities, nations, and society as a whole)nations, and society as a whole)· An adaptive system with cognator and regulator subsystems acting to maintain · An adaptive system with cognator and regulator subsystems acting to maintain adaptation in the four adaptive modes:adaptation in the four adaptive modes:

physiologic-physical, self-concept-group identity, role function, and physiologic-physical, self-concept-group identity, role function, and interdependenceinterdependence

SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhDSISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

· All conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the · All conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons and groups with particular consideration of development and behavior of persons and groups with particular consideration of mutuality of person and earth resourcesmutuality of person and earth resources· Three kinds of stimuli: focal, contextual, and residual· Three kinds of stimuli: focal, contextual, and residual· Significant stimuli in all human adaptation include stage of development, family, · Significant stimuli in all human adaptation include stage of development, family, and cultureand culture

SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhDSISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD

HEALTH AND ADAPTATIONHEALTH AND ADAPTATION

· Health:· Health: a state and process of being and becoming integrated and whole that a state and process of being and becoming integrated and whole that reflects person and environmental mutualityreflects person and environmental mutuality

· Adaptation:· Adaptation: the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons, as the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons, as individuals and in groups, use conscious awareness and choice to create human and individuals and in groups, use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integrationenvironmental integration

· Adaptive Responses: · Adaptive Responses: responses that promotes integrity in terms of the goals of responses that promotes integrity in terms of the goals of the human system, that is, survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, and personal and the human system, that is, survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, and personal and environmental transformationenvironmental transformation

· Ineffective Responses: · Ineffective Responses: responses that do not contribute to integrity in terms of responses that do not contribute to integrity in terms of the goals of the human systemthe goals of the human system

· Adaptation levels· Adaptation levels represent the condition of the life processes described on three represent the condition of the life processes described on three different levels: integrated, compensatory, and compromiseddifferent levels: integrated, compensatory, and compromised

SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhDSISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD

NURSINGNURSING

· Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances · Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformationperson and environment transformation· Nursing goals are to promote adaptation for individuals and groups in the four · Nursing goals are to promote adaptation for individuals and groups in the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignityadaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity· This is done by assessing behavior and factors that influence adaptive abilities and · This is done by assessing behavior and factors that influence adaptive abilities and by intervening to expand those abilities and to enhance environmental interactionsby intervening to expand those abilities and to enhance environmental interactions

Dorothea Orem Self-Care TheoryDorothea Orem Self-Care Theory

HUMANSHUMANS

Self caring agent capable of providing for own individual needs through self-care Self caring agent capable of providing for own individual needs through self-care acitvities. The model is concerned with the provision and management of self-care. acitvities. The model is concerned with the provision and management of self-care. A requirement for nursing exists when a person is unable to maintain for A requirement for nursing exists when a person is unable to maintain for him/herself self-care action which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, him/herself self-care action which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, recovering from disease and injury or coping with their effects.recovering from disease and injury or coping with their effects.

Meet own needs through nutrition, fitness, hygiene, rest and relaxation, Meet own needs through nutrition, fitness, hygiene, rest and relaxation, interpersonal relationships, meaningful work, spiritual practices, prevention and interpersonal relationships, meaningful work, spiritual practices, prevention and health promotion practiceshealth promotion practices

Dorothea OremDorothea OremENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Context where self-care occurs. Can hinder or support self-care activities. Includes Context where self-care occurs. Can hinder or support self-care activities. Includes the family, work, community, health care system. Person (client/patient) self-care the family, work, community, health care system. Person (client/patient) self-care deficits are the result of environmental situations.deficits are the result of environmental situations.

HEALTHHEALTH

Promoted by adequate self-carePromoted by adequate self-care

Major areas for "self-care" patient educationMajor areas for "self-care" patient educationMaintaining healthMaintaining healthEnhancing healthEnhancing healthIncludes: exercise & physical fitnessIncludes: exercise & physical fitnessnutrition and weight controlnutrition and weight controlstress managementstress managementmaintenance of social support systemsmaintenance of social support systemsenvironmental controlenvironmental control

Dorothea OremDorothea Orem

NURSINGNURSING

systems exist within this professional nursing practice modelsystems exist within this professional nursing practice modelCompensatory system-nurse provides total careCompensatory system-nurse provides total carePartially compensatory system-nurse & patient share responsibility for carePartially compensatory system-nurse & patient share responsibility for careEducative-development system-client has primary responsibility for personal health, Educative-development system-client has primary responsibility for personal health, with nurse acting as a consultantwith nurse acting as a consultant

Direct Nursing Care (nurse has direct contact with client and/or family)Direct Nursing Care (nurse has direct contact with client and/or family)

Providing care or teaching in the following areas:Providing care or teaching in the following areas:

NutritionNutritionHygieneHygieneMobilityMobilityMedicationsMedicationsBehaviorBehavior

IMOGENE KING, PhDIMOGENE KING, PhDHUMANHUMAN

- consists of the personal, the interpersonal, and the social.- consists of the personal, the interpersonal, and the social.- dynamic human being whose perceptions of objects, persons, and events influence - dynamic human being whose perceptions of objects, persons, and events influence his behavior, social interaction, and health his behavior, social interaction, and health

The personal system The personal system that King speaks of refers to the individual. The concepts that King speaks of refers to the individual. The concepts within the personal system and fundamental in understanding human beings are within the personal system and fundamental in understanding human beings are perception, self, body image, growth and development, time, and space perception, self, body image, growth and development, time, and space

Interpersonal systems Interpersonal systems involve individuals interacting with one another.involve individuals interacting with one another.

Social systemsSocial systems are groups of people within a community or society that share are groups of people within a community or society that share common goals, interests, and values. Social systems provide a framework for social common goals, interests, and values. Social systems provide a framework for social interaction and relationships, and establish rules of behavior and courses of actioninteraction and relationships, and establish rules of behavior and courses of action

The relationships between these three systems led to King’s Theory of Goal The relationships between these three systems led to King’s Theory of Goal Attainment.Attainment.

IMOGENE KING, PhDIMOGENE KING, PhDENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

The surroundings and interpersonal relationships around the personThe surroundings and interpersonal relationships around the person

HEALTHHEALTH

Depemded on a healthy interplay of human interactions, perception, Depemded on a healthy interplay of human interactions, perception,

communication, role, stress, time, space, growth and development, and transactions.communication, role, stress, time, space, growth and development, and transactions.

NURSINGNURSING

Client goals are met through the transaction between nurse and client. The nurse Client goals are met through the transaction between nurse and client. The nurse and the person interact toward a goal. The end-point of this interaction, which and the person interact toward a goal. The end-point of this interaction, which occurs over time, is transaction, at which the person's goal is met. The goal of occurs over time, is transaction, at which the person's goal is met. The goal of nursing as bringing a person closer to a healthy state nursing as bringing a person closer to a healthy state