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Violence against womenSubmitted to Mam Tooba AhmedSubmitted by1) Nelofer 2) Sabahat 3) Raffia 4) Laraib 5) Haider 6) Adeel7) Farhan 8) Faizan DepartmentInstitute for Business and Information Technology (IBIT)University of Punjab

By Sabahat Massod

Forms of violence against women Violence against women in the family setting :Physical, psychological and sexual violence that occurs in the family including Domestic violence Dowry related violence Son preference Early marriages Female genital mutilation Violence against women in community :Physical, psychological and sexual violence that occurs in community including Rape Sexual harassment Sexual assault within marriage Pornography Intimidation at work and educational institutions Prostitution and trafficking Mistreatment of women migrant workers Domestic violence means a person in a relationship hurts another person physically and emotionally. Domestic violence is also called intimate partner violence. For women aged 15 to 44 years, violence is a cause of death and disability. Studies showed that between one quarter or one half of the woman of all over the world have been abused by their intimate partners. Worldwide, 40 to 70 % woman killed by their intimate partners. In many countries, women fall victim to traditional practices that violate their human rights. These violations include female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM), dowry murder, so-called honor killings, and early marriages. The custom of dowry is very common in Asia especially in India is the trigger of many forms of violence against women. Bride burning is a form of violence against women in which bride is killed by their husband or husbands family members due to the dissatisfaction over the dowry provided by the family. Early marriages are another form of violence against women. Early marriage involves the forced marriage of young girls which is the main cause of sexual violence. Early or forced marriages affect the womens physically , emotionally and spiritually .According to the World Health Organization, 85 million to 115 million girls and women in the population have undergone some form of female genital mutilation and suffer from its adverse health effects. Son preference is the consistent favoring of male children, affects women in many countries, particularly in Asia. In China and India, some women choose to terminate their pregnancies when expecting daughters but carry their pregnancies to term when expecting sons. Rape can occur anywhere, even in the family, where it can take the form of marital rape or incest. It occurs in the community, where a woman can fall prey to any abuser. It also occurs in situations of armed conflict and in refugee camps. Sexual assault within marriage is included under this category because it is the community attitudes prevalent in many areasattitudes held by law enforcement, local leaders, neighbors, and even church leadershipwhich allow this type of violence to go unpunished. Sexual harassment in the workplace is a growing concern for women. Employers abuse their authority to seek sexual favors from their female co-workers or subordinates, sometimes promising promotions or other forms of career advancement. Many women are forced into prostitution either by their parents, husbands or boyfriendsor as a result of the difficult economic and social conditions in which they find themselves. The migrant workers themselves fare badly, and sometimes tragically. Many become virtual slaves, subject to abuse and rape by their employers. In the Middle East and Persian Gulf region, there are an estimated 1.2 million women, mainly Asians, who are employed as domestic servants.

By Farhan Zafar

Those Affected by Violence: Women of lower socioeconomic status are at a greater risk for physical violence. Women of higher education and socioeconomic status are at a higher risk for emotional abuse. Most cases of violence occur in intimate partner relationships. Ex: Husband, common law husband, boyfriend, or ex-boyfriend. Women who have no economic freedom and no social security are at the greatest risk. We define domestic violence as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner. Domestic violence can be physical, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone. Domestic violence affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels Domestic violence not only affects those who are abused, but also has a substantial effect on family members, friends, co-workers, other witnesses, and the community at large. Domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, religion, or gender. Children, who grow up witnessing domestic violence, are among those seriously affected by this crime. Domestic violence is a serious threat for many women. One in 3 women worldwide is a victim of physical violence resulting in global health epidemic according to a new world health organization (WHO) report. Most of these females are attacked or abused by their boyfriends or husbands. This is an everyday reality for many many women. Nearly 38 percent of all women murder victims were killed by intimate partners, according to the report of WHOM. A recent report showed that 1 in 6 women arriving at orthopedic fracture clinics has been a victim of physical, emotional violence at the hands of an intimate partner within the past year. Women are also affected by following types of violences. Physical Abuse: Hitting, slapping, shoving, grabbing, pinching, hair pulling, etc are types of physical abuse. This type of abuse also includes denying a partner medical care. Emotional Abuse This may include constant criticism, diminishing one's abilities, name-calling, or damaging one's relationship with his or her children. Economic Abuse: Is defined as making or attempting to make an individual financially dependent by maintaining total control over financial resources, withholding one's access to money.Psychological Abuse: Elements of psychological abuse include causing fear by threatening physical harm to self, partner, children, or partner's family or friends; destruction of property; and forcing isolation from family, friends, or school or work. You might be experiencing domestic violence if you're in a relationship with someone who: Calls you names, insults you or puts you down. Prevents you from going to work or school. Stops you from seeing family members or friends. Tries to control how you spend money, where you go, what medicines you take or what you wear. Threatens you with violence or a weapon. Hits, kicks, slap, chokes or otherwise hurts you or your children. Blames you for his or her violent behavior or tells you that you deserve it. Getting out of an abusive or violent relationship isnt easy. Maybe youre still hoping that things will change or youre afraid of what your partner will do if he discovers youre trying to leave. Whatever your reasons, you probably feel trapped and helpless.But if you are in an abusive relationship, you know that its not that simple. Ending an important relationship is never easy. Its even harder when youve been isolated from your family and friends, psychologically beaten down, financially controlled, and physically threatened. Women are at least three times more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than menMost people understood that mainly men inflict violence upon women in relationships or family settings The vast majority of people did not believe that physical force against a woman (current or former wife, partner or girlfriend) could be justified under any circumstances. The majority of people believes that domestic violence is a matter of public concern and disagreed that it should be dealt with privately.

By Laraib khanCauses: A vital part of understanding a social problem, and a precursor to preventing it, is an understanding of what causes it. Research on the causes of violence against women has consisted of two lines of inquiry: examination of the characteristics that influence the behavior of offenders and consideration of whether some women have a heightened vulnerability to victimization. Sociocultural analysis in which joint consideration is often given to two complementary processes: those that influence men to be aggressive and channel their expressions of violence toward women and those that position women for receipt of violence and operate to silence them afterwards. Multiple causes of violence: There are multiple causes of violence (including dispossession, poverty, greed, nationalism, racism, the concept of "honor". Poverty is another cause of violence against women. Mostly people who are jobless and suffering from poverty become aggressive and frustrate of daily routine and with this constantly tension they become aggressive towards family, especially towards women. Uneducated persons mostly cause violence, because education built up the personality and mentality of person and they know how to react humbly towards any action of others, but uneducated persons treat women as they are their slaves. When men feel entitled to power and status (especially with respect to women) they are angered when they cannot achieve these "entitlements". Reactions to a sense of powerlessness may include violence against women. Aggressive and dominating masculinities may be a direct source of violence. In many cases, however, gender ideologies serve as the means by which other causes of conflict are converted into violent conduct. Violence against women is rooted in unequal power relationship between men and women in society. In a broader context, structural relationships of inequalities in politics, religion, media and discriminatory cultural norms perpetuate violence against girls and women. But the common reason for women being abused and battered include dissatisfaction with the initial dowry resulting in continued exploitation of women for more, not cooking properly or on time for the men at home, going out of the house without telling their husbands or in-laws, suspicion of extra-marital affairs, and infertility or giving birth to girls rather than boys. Many times, the women are cursed for their husbands death and are deprived of proper food and clothing. They are not allowed or encouraged for remarriage in most of the homes, and this is true even today in many rural areas. Another cause is the image created by the society which portrays a man to be viewed as being strong, educated, creative, and clever while a woman is the opposite of all these traits. The way parents bring up their children, which create disparity between boys and girls, also is a source of gender-based violence in later life. When a boy grows up, knowing that he is not supposed to wash his own clothes, cook or help in the house, if he grows up and gets married to a woman who comes from a home where duties are equally shared between girls and boys, this can create tension that might lead to violence. The causes of gender-based violence are many and varied depending on the types of violence. Traditional attitudes towards women around the world help perpetuate the violence. Stereotypical roles in which women are seen as subordinate to men constrain a womans ability to exercise choices that would enable her end the abuse.

By M.HaiderFacts and Figures by the numbers: According to a 2013 global review of available data, 35 per cent of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence. However, some national violence studies show that up to 70 per cent of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime from an intimate partner [1].In Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and the United States, intimate partner violence accounts for between 40 and 70 percent of female murder victims [2].More than 64 million girls worldwide are child brides, with 46 percent of women aged 2024 in South Asia and 41 percent in West and Central Africa reporting that they married before the age of 18. Child marriage resulting in early and unwanted pregnancies poses life-threatening risks for adolescent girls; worldwide, pregnancy-related complications are the leading cause of death for 15-to-19-year-old girls [3].Approximately 140 million girls and women in the world have suffered female genital mutilation/cutting [4].Women and girls represent 55 percent of the estimated 20.9 million victims of forced labor worldwide, and 98 percent of the estimated 4.5 million forced into sexual exploitation [5].Rape has been a rampant tactic in modern wars. Conservative estimates suggest that 20,000 to 50,000 women were raped during the 19921995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina [6], while approximately 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls were targeted in the 1994 Rwandan genocide [7].Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries experience unwanted sexual advances, physical contact or other forms of sexual harassment at work [8].In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12 to 16 have experienced some form of sexual harassment in public schools [9].Women in urban areas are twice as likely as men to experience violence, particularly in developing countries [10].In New Delhi, a 2010 study found that 66 percent of women report experiencing sexual harassment between two and five times during the past year [11]..Annual costs of intimate partner violence have been calculated at USD 5.8 billion in the United States in 2003 [12] and GBP 22.9 billion in England and Wales in 2004 [13].A 2009 study in Australia estimated the cost of violence against women and children at AUD 13.6 billion per year [14].85% of all domestic violence victims are women. Approximately 1.3 million women are victims of IPV every year.Only one quarter of all physical assaults are reported to authorities.Reference:[1] World Health Organization,Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women,http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85239/1/9789241564625_eng.pdf,p2. For individual country information, see full compilation of data inUN Women, 2012,Violence against Women Prevalence Data: Surveys by Country.[2] E. G. Krug, et al., eds., 2002,World Report on Violence and Health,Geneva, World Health Organization. Cited in United Nations Population Fund, 2005,State of World Population 2005,p. 66, New York.[3] Based on theWorlds Women 1990, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York,cited inBlack, M. 2001. Early Marriage: Child Spouses.Innocenti DigestVol. 7, Florence: 11 and Pinheiro, P. S. and J. Ward. 2008.From Invisible to Indivisible: Promoting and Protecting the Right of the Girl Child to be Free from Violence: 29. United Nations, New York.[4] World Health Organization, 2012, Female Genital Mutilation: Fact Sheet No. 241, Geneva.[5] Figure derived from data based on a 2002-2011 reference period. International Labour Organization, 2012, ILO Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Results and Methodology, p. 14, Geneva.[6] Based on reports by the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Commission. J. Ward on behalf of the Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium, 2002,Bosnia and Herzegovina, If Not Now, When?: Addressing Gender-based Violence in Refugee, Internally Displaced, and Post-Conflict Settings, p. 81. Cited inUNIFEM,Facts and Figures on Peace and Security.[7] United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Rwanda, 1996, Report on the situation of human rights in Rwanda,E/CN.4/1996/68,United Nations, New York.[8] Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs, 1998, Sexual harassment at the workplace in the European Union, p. iii, Brussels, European Commission. Cited in UN General Assembly, 2006, In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women: Report of the Secretary-General,A/61/122/Add.1, p. 42, New York.[9] Based on a nationally representative study among female and male students in grades 8 through 11. American Association of University Women, 2001, Hostile Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School, p. 4, Washington, DC. Cited in UN General Assembly, 2006, In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women: Report of the Secretary-General,A/61/122/Add.1, p. 42, New York.[10] F. Vanderschueren, 2000, The Prevention of Urban Crime. Paper presented at the Africities 2000 Summit, Windhoek, Namibia. Cited in UN-HABITAT, 2006,State of the Worlds Cities 2006/2007,p. 144, Nairobi.[11] JAGORI and UN WOMEN (2010). Report on the Baseline Survey. Available at:http://jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Baseline-Survey_layout_for-Print_12_03_2011.pdf. [12] Figure includes direct health costs and indirect productivity losses from intimate partner violence based on 1995 annual estimates. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2003,Costs of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the United States,p. 2, Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cited in UN General Assembly, 2006, In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women: Report of the Secretary-General,A/61/122/Add.1, p. 137, New York.[13] Figure includes direct and indirect individual, employer and state expenses related to violence. S. Walby, 2004,the Costs of Domestic Violence, p. 12, Leeds, Women and Equality Unit and University of Leeds.[14] Data calculated for both intimate partner and non-partner violence based on estimated prevalence rates for 20072008, including direct and indirect individual and public costs related to suffering, health, legal and employment expenses, among others. The National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children, 2009,the Cost of Violence against Women and their Children, p. 4, Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia.Other forms of violence: Rape 17.6% of women in the US are victims of rape 21.6% of all rape victims are under the age of 12 32.4% of rape victims are between the ages of 12-17 Stalking 78% of stalking victims are women Women are 60% more likely than men to be stalked by an intimate partner 76% of all female homicide victims were stalked prior to their murder

People who act out violently against womenAre trying to show their dominance in any given situationReference:https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CFMQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fteraclausen.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fviolence-against-women-sociology.pptx&ei=-E_hUt3wIMbZ4ASCzIDYCA&usg=AFQjCNHM1NU3cFl6oVHuIfdo0oKBtJ8ePg&sig2=NQ1qeop135bd79j5wmNurA&bvm=bv.59568121,d.bGe

By M.Adeel AfzalOPTION FOR RESOLUTIONWe have attempted to highlight the need to recognize the violence against women as an important issue and to enhance educational and health facilities for the prevention and control of violence with combined awareness programs including non-governmental organizations through stake holders. Furthermore, comprehensive laws need to be developed and enforcement against dowry and alcohol abuse. The best way to end violence against women and girl is to prevent it from happening in the first place by addressing its roots and structural causes. Prevention details supporting the implementation of the agreed conclusion of 57th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) that placed a strong focus on prevention through the promotion of gender equity, women`s empowerment and their enjoyment of human rights.Increasing women`s participation and decision-making power in the home, in the public life as well as in politics.REFERANCE1- www.unwomen.orgIMPORTANT STEPS TO PREVENT VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN1- More education need to be implemented to start reconstructing dominate cultural roles.2- More supervised half way homes for abusers need to be established. If the abusers are able to keep their job, they will still have the opportunity to provide for their families. 3- Empowering women is the number one way to resolve the problem.4- Educating the society5- Provide victims with a variety of different services to rehabilitate. For example legal assistance, transitional housing and supervised visitation.6- Allowing more involvement of communities and authorities. Violence agianst women are macro sociological issue.7- Aware women with laws and constitution.8- Promote gender equality.9- End forced early marriage and premature pregnancy.10- Bring greater attention to violence.11- Revise marriage laws that are institutionally biased against women.REFERANCE1- www.teraclausen.file.wordpress.com./violence-against-women-soceilogy ORGANIZATIONS THAT ADRESSING VIOLENCE AGIANST WOMENFollowing are the organizations which work to prevent violence against women. GENERAL ORGANIZATION1- Department of Justice`s Office on Violence Against Women2- Future Without Violence3- National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center4- Rural Women ZonePREVENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ORGANIZATIONS1- American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence2- Asian Task Force Against Domestic Violence3- National Latino Alliance for the Elimination of Domestic Violence4- National Network to End Domestic ViolencePREVENT SEXUAL ASSAULT ORGANIZATION1- National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource ProjectREFERANCE1- www.accessingsafety.org2- www.one.orgIMPORTANT LINKS1- www.teraclausen.file.wordpress.com./violence-against-women-soceilogy 2- www.unwomen.org3- www.accessingsafety.org4- www.one.org