Vineyard Site Preparation - Michigan State University
Transcript of Vineyard Site Preparation - Michigan State University
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Dr. Duke ElsnerSmall Fruit EducatorMichigan State University ExtensionTraverse City, Michigan
2018 Wine Grape Vineyard Establishment Conference
Vineyard Site Preparation
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Many thanks to
Thomas J. ZabadalMSU Southwest Michigan Research and Extension CenterBenton Harbor, MI
© Thomas J. Zabadal, 2016
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A Multi-Component Process
• Site assessment
• Design and layout
• Large scale operations
• Final preparations
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Site Assessment-
• What cultivars will be grown?
• Will an irrigation system be required?
• Are there any nematode issues?
• Are there any herbicide residues?
Basics and Background Questions
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Site Assessment-
• Is there a need to remove trees?
• Will re-shaping of the site be done?
• Is the site at risk for soil erosion?
• How soon do you intend to plant?
Basics and Background Questions
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Vineyard Design and Layout
Row orientation
– North to south preferred for sunlight interception
– Topography can alter the decision
– Field dimensions can alter the decision
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Vineyard Design and Layout
Row length
– No limit with regard to engineering
– Row length may be influenced byefficiency of access
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Vineyard Design and Layout
Row width
– Row width should not be less than the planned height of the trellis
– Equipment issues may also influence row width
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8-foot tall trellises of Cabernet franc at the MSU Southwest Michigan Research & Extension Center.
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Vineyard Design and Layout
Vineyard AcessHeadlands – 30 foot minimumAlleyways – 25 foot minimumAccess roadsSpecial needs
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Aces
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Aces
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Large Scale Operations• Tree removal• Topography changes• Surface & subsurface drainage
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Tree Removal• Be aware of spreading tree diseases• Remove root systems
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Cold Air Sinks and Flows Downhill Very important during spring and fall frosts
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Cold Air Sinks and Flows Downhill Very important during spring and fall frosts
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At this point, you may be wondering why you got yourself into this…
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Topography Changes• Modifying slopes• Preparing drives and access areas
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Modify Soil Internal Drainage
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Fig. V-2
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Drainage Improvement Options
• Deep tillage to break up hardpan
• Subsurface tiling systems
• Forming berms for planting
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Control Surface Water
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Surface Erosion Statistics
1 acre-inch of water = 27,154 gallons So on 10 acres..
– A 1-inch rainfall = 271,154 gallons– A 2-inch rainfall = 543,080 gallons– A 3-inch rainfall = 814,620 gallons – A 4-inch rainfall = 1,086,160 gallons
* The volume of a YMCA Olympic-size swimming pool is about 180,000 gallons.
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Modifying Soil Chemistry & Biology
• pH adjustments
• Nutrient applications
• Soil amendments
• Cover crops for soil improvement and erosion control
• Cover crops for nematode management
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Modify Soil Chemistry
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Soil tests for determining:
Soil pH
Soil nutrient levels
Organic matter content
Recommendations for cover crops and grapevine nutritional needs
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Grapevines grow well over a middle range of soil pH from 5.5 to 7.0.
Optimum soil pH values depend on the varieties being grown.
Soil pH
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Vineyard pH Target Rangesfor new vineyard plantings
Variety Type Desired Soil pH
Native 5.5 to 6.0
Hybrid 6.0 to 6.5
vinifera 6.5 to 7.0
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To increase soil pH, apply lime– reacts slowly, should be applied a year
ahead of vine planting
To decrease pH, apply Sulphur
Soil pH
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Soil Phosphorus Level
If soil tests indicate phosphorusis needed, make broadcastapplications during site preparation
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Soil Potassium Level
If soil potassium is below 200 lbs./acre, apply potassiumfertilizer by banding it along vinerows after planting.
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Cover Crops
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Cover Crops Can Provide
• Erosion control
• Soil improvement
• Nematode management
• Weed management
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Consider the Threat of Nematodes
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What do nematodes do to grapevines?
(1) Transmit virus diseasesTomato ringspot virusTobacco ringspot virus
(2) Feed on grapevine roots
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Nematodes and Grapevines
Be especially concerned about a vineyard site that has been previously cropped with a perennial crop (orchard or vineyard) and has exhibited areas of weak plant growth.
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Nematodes and Grapevines
If there is a reason to take a nematode sample for analysis, do so before the current perennial crop is removed because the sample must be taken with roots and soil immediately adjacent to the roots.
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Nematodes and Grapevines
There are many nematode-resistant rootstocks most of which have not been evaluated under Michigan conditions.
Rootstock 5C has performed well at SWMREC.
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Statements about nematodes and grapevines
Fallowing sites for two or more years with grass cover crops (sudan or sudexpreferred) can reduce risks of nematodeproblems.
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Weed Control
Lack of weed control is the most common cause poor vineyard establishment.
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Fall application of glyphosate
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THE INFLUENCE OF COVER CROPS ON VINEYARD SITE PREPARATION
“ROUNDUP RESISTANT” SOYBEANS
WEEDY CONTROL TREATMENT
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THE INFLUENCE OF COVER CROPS ON VINEYARD SITE PREPARATION
“ROUNDUP RESISTANT” SOYBEANS
WEEDY CONTROL TREATMENT
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Wow, you have come a long way!
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Is irrigation needed in a new Michigan vineyard?Michigan Precipitation
+/- 32 inches per yearrather evenly divided year roundactually somewhat less in winter~ 50% probability of ~3” rain each
month of the growing season
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Consider Temporary Irrigation for a New Vineyard
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A listing of supplies needed to construct a temporary irrigation system for one acre of vineyard.
800 feet thin wall 1" polyethylene tubing ($0.18/ft) = $144.00_______________________________________________________
108 feet thin wall 1” poly tubing for header($0.18/ft) 19.444800 feet T-tape ($0.0157/ft) = 75.3612 valve tape x barb ($1.70 ea) = 20.401 15 psi pressure regulator (2 - 20 gpm) 10.26Misc. plugs, bushings, barb x thread adapters, etc. 10.001" PVC ball valve 6.38
_______$141.84
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SUMMARYThankfully, not all the tasks listed
above need to be performed on all vineyard sites.
However, all vineyard sites need thoughtful site preparation so the grower has the best opportunity for rapid establishment and long-term productivity.
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THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION