Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N...

15
8/28/2019 1 Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. Traditional “Euclidian” Zoning classifies land based on: Use (e.g., agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial, with potential subcategories within each category, as reflected in Euclid) Height Lot area and setbacks (or “bulk”)

Transcript of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N...

Page 1: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

1

Village of Euclid

v.

Ambler Realty Co.

Traditional “Euclidian” Zoning classifies land based on:

• Use (e.g., agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial, with potential subcategories within each category, as reflected in Euclid)

• Height

• Lot area and setbacks (or “bulk”)

Page 2: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

2

Lake Erie

Lake Shore RR.

St. Clair Avenue

Ambler Realtysite

N

ResidencesResidences

Page 3: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

3

Nickel Plate RR.

Euclid Avenue

Residential

HomesResidential

Homes

U-6

(Heavy Industry)

U-2(Residential: 1-Family and Duplex)

U-3 (Apartments & Institutions)

Undeveloped

U-1 Single Family

1150

'

Total = 68 acres

U-1 Single Family

What is the overall thinking behind the zoning of the 68‐acre Ambler property?

• Why the U‐6 (industrial) on the north side?

• Why the U‐2 (single‐family and duplex residences) on the south side?  [n. 6, p. 20]

• Why the U‐3 (apartments) in the middle?  [n. 6, p. 20]

Page 4: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

4

U‐6:  U‐5 + Heavy industry (any but illegal uses)

U‐1:  SingleFamilyRes.

U‐2:  U‐1 + Duplex

U‐3:  U‐2 + Multi‐family +Institutional uses

U‐4:  U‐3 + Light Commercial

U‐5:  U‐4 + Heavy Commercial + LightIndustrial

“Cumulative”Zoning

• Historically, zoning regimes were cumulative

– This encouraged strict segregation of uses, but did not prevent it altogether (someone could build a home in a U‐6 district, for example)

• Many remain cumulative, but some zoning ordinances today are noncumulative

– Strict segregation of uses; no industrial use in residential zone, no residential use in commercial zone, etc.

Page 5: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

5

• Given the potential conflict between industrial and residential uses (e.g., the potential for nuisance), why would Euclid have enacted a cumulative zoning ordinance rather than a noncumulative one?

• Given the proximity of the Ambler parcel (and other adjacent parcels between Euclid Ave. and the Nickel Plate RR) to the railroad, its most valuable use would have been as industrial property

– Why would industrial use be more valuable than apartments? (U‐3)

– Why would Euclid adopt a scheme that would not maximize the value of this corridor?

Page 6: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

6

• The apparent purpose of “segmenting” the Ambler parcel was to provide “buffer” zones between future industrial uses and single‐family residential homes located south of Euclid Ave.– Rationally, one might justify this (despite its impact on Ambler’s parcel and similarly situated parcels) based on “average reciprocity of advantage” experienced across all land within Euclid subject to the zoning ordinance

Which kind of “due process” challenge  did Ambler bring?

• Did the Euclid court evaluate the validity of the ordinance as a matter of procedural due process, or substantive due process?

Page 7: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

7

“The ordinance now under review, and all similar laws and regulations, must find their justification in some aspect of the police power, asserted for the public welfare.”

• Thus, to survive a substantive due process attack, the ordinance must fall within the “police power”

• What is the “police power”?

Zoning is based on the “police power.”

• The power to regulate in theinterest of the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare

• This power is inherent in everystate’s sovereignty,  and is not limited to zoning or land use regulation

• Regulations that don’t fall w/in scope of police power are a denial of substantive due process

Page 8: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

8

How might police power be misused (and thus violate substantive due process)?

• Not aimed at a general welfare goal

• Means that are not reasonably calculated to achieve that goal

• Unfairly discriminatory

• Too burdensome in relation to its benefits

Village of Euclid

• Why did the Court sustain Euclid’s zoning ordinance?– Court:  ordinance was not arbitrary, has a substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare [p. 18]

Page 9: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

9

• Court:  segregation of uses has rational basis, aimed at conditions relative to general welfare– “[S]egregation of residential, business, and industrial buildings will make it easier to provide fire apparatus suitable for the character and intensity of development in each section”

– “increase the safety and security of home life”

– “tend to prevent street accidents, especially to children, by reducing the traffic and resulting confusion in residential sections” [p. 18]

• Court:  segregation of uses has rational basis in preserving residential land values

– “[T]he development of detached house sections is greatly retarded by the coming of apartment houses, which has sometimes resulted in destroying the entire section for private house purposes; that in such sections very often the apartment house is a mere parasite ….” [p. 18] [anti‐nuisance]

Page 10: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

10

“With ownership comes stability... With ownership comes increased interest in the promotion of public agencies... With ownership of one’s home comes recognition of [one’s] responsibility for his share in the safeguarding of the welfare of the community."

— Miller v. Board of Public Works (Cal. 1925)

Euclid:  Deference

• “If the validity of the legislative classification for zoning purposes be fairly debatable, the legislative judgment must be allowed to control.”  [p. 16]

– Substantial deference is thus given to city council in enacting its zoning scheme  

Page 11: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

11

• Are you persuaded that such broad deference to the City’s political judgments is justified?  Is there a contrary view?

“In the last analysis, the result to be accomplished is to classify the population and segregate them according to their income or situation in life.”

— Ambler Realty Co. v. Euclid, 297 F. 307 (N.D. Ohio 1924) (striking down the ordinance as unconstitutional)

Page 12: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

12

Buchanan v. Warley

• 1917:  Court had unanimously struck down a Louisville, KY zoning ordinance that prohibited occupancy by black persons

– Held:  ordinance was beyond the city’s police power (discriminatory, unwarranted interference with freedom of contract)

• While Euclid’s ordinance was race‐neutral, it certainly perpetuated existing patterns of racial segregation

Euclidean zoning’s premise: different land uses should not be

mixed. Is this premise sound?

Page 13: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

13

• Zoning’s goal is to minimize negative externalities (spillover effects)

• But use classifications are not a perfect proxy for activities that generate such effects– Mixed residential, commercial, and industrial uses can be complementary, but inflexible zoning classifications can prevent them

– More modern, and more flexible zoning may work more effectively

“Facial” vs. “As Applied”

• Due process challenge in Euclid was a “facial” challenge rather than an “as applied” challenge.  What does this distinction mean?

• Why do you guess Ambler made a “facial” challenge rather than an “as applied” one?

Page 14: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

14

Henry St.

Bro

oklin

e S

t.Residential

Residential

Ford Plant

R3

100'

Industrial

Nectow v.City of Cambridge

• Why do you think the City split Nectow’s land, putting most in Industrial but western 100 feet into Zone R‐3?

– Past history?  [Used to be occupied by “mansion house”]

– Strategic move? [To lower the cost of land acquisition if Brookline St. is expanded]

• Court:  ordinance violates due process as applied to Nectow’s parcel. Why?

Page 15: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. · Lake Shore RR. St. Clair Avenue Ambler Realty site N Residences Residences. 8/28/2019 3 Nickel Plate RR. Euclid Avenue Residential Homes

8/28/2019

15

• Held:  Zoning strip R3 “does not bear a 

substantial relation to the public health, 

safety, morals, or general welfare”

–Nectow could make “no practical use” of R3

strip; “there would not be an adequate 

return on the amount of any investment for 

the development of the property” 

• What does this mean?

• Would the Euclid ordinance have survived a challenge as applied to the Ambler parcel?