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KARNATAK NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD
KARNATAKA INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
INVESTMENT PROGRAM
ADB LOAN No. 0085-IND/LOAN No. 3172
VIJAYANAGARA CANALS (VNC)
FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT
Vol 3: Socio-Economic Assessment
September 2016
PROJECT SUPPORT CONSULTANT (PSC)
SMEC International Pty Ltd, Australia
in association with SMEC (India) Pvt Ltd
DOCUMENTS/REPORT CONTROL FORM
Report Name VNC Feasibility Study Report – Vol. 3: Socio-Economic Assessment
Project Name: Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment
Program- Consultancy Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC)
Project Number: 5061164
Report for: Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd (KNNL)
REVISION HISTORY
Revision # Date Prepared by Reviewed by Approved for Issue by
1 30 Sept 2016 AR/NR AR/KK KK
ISSUE REGISTER
Distribution List Date Issued Number of Copies
KNNL: 30 Sept 2016 10
SMEC Staff:
Associate (K. K. Gupta): 30 Sept 2016 1
Office Library (Shimoga): 30 Sept 2016 1
SMEC Project File: 30 Sept 2016 1
SMEC COMPANY DETAILS
Dr Hasan A. Kazmi
387, Udyog Vihar, Phase-2, Gurgaon – 122002, Haryana
Tel: +91 124 4552800
Fax: +91 124 4380043
Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.smec.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ................................................................................................................ vi
ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... viii
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Project Background ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objectives of the Social Assessment ...................................................................................... 1
1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 1
2 FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................................... 3
2.1 Field Visits .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Public Consultation ................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Issues Raised during Consultation .......................................................................................... 7
2.4 Key Priorities Expressed by Men and Women ....................................................................... 9
3 WATER USERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY (WUCS) ........................................................ 12
3.1 Relevance of WUCS ............................................................................................................. 12
3.2 WUCS in VNC Subproject Areas ......................................................................................... 12
3.3 Institutional Status of Existing WUCS ................................................................................. 16
3.4 Affordability & Willingness of WUCS to Pay Contributions............................................... 17
4 SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ........................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Involuntary Resettlement ...................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Indigenous Peoples ............................................................................................................... 19
5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF VNC AREAS ................................................................ 22
5.1 Demography .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Incidence of Poverty at District Level 2011-12 .................................................................... 24
5.3 Poverty Reduction Programmes ............................................................................................ 24
5.4 Role of SHGs in Poverty Reduction Programmes ................................................................ 24
5.5 Major Occupations ................................................................................................................ 25
5.6 Major Crops .......................................................................................................................... 28
5.7 Drinking Water Supply ......................................................................................................... 28
5.8 Sanitation .............................................................................................................................. 28
6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND ACTION PLAN ..................................... 29
6.1 Strategy for Enforcing Social Management Framework ...................................................... 29
6.2 Role of Information Education and Communication (IEC) .................................................. 30
6.3 Empowerment ....................................................................................................................... 30
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6.4 Gender Framework and Action Plan ................................................................................ 32
6.4.1 Gender Blindness .......................................................................................................... 32
6.4.2 Gender approach in IWRM ........................................................................................... 32
6.4.3 Targeted Actions ........................................................................................................... 33
6.4.4 Cultural Stereotypes ...................................................................................................... 33
6.4.5 Monitoring and Review ................................................................................................ 34
6.4.6 Monitoring Indicators ................................................................................................... 35
6.4.7 Social Benefits .............................................................................................................. 36
6.4.8 Gender Action Plan for VNC ........................................................................................ 37
7 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS .................................................................................... 38
8 ANNEXURES .............................................................................................................................. 41
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Distribution of indigenous peoples in VNC subproject areas ............................................... 20 Figure 2: Taluk wise population and literacy ........................................................................................ 22 Figure 3: Distribution of farmers in VNC subproject areas (%) ........................................................... 26
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Details of secondary information collected as part of the socio-economic assessment ............ 2 Table 2: Details of canals and villages visited ........................................................................................ 3 Table 3: Issues raised by WUCS/farmers during Public Consultation & FGDs ..................................... 7 Table 4: Needs and Priorities expressed by men and women ................................................................. 9 Table 5: Summary of prioritised needs of people ................................................................................. 10 Table 6: Sub Division Wise Vijayanagara Channels with Command Area .......................................... 13 Table 7: Village List of Vijayanagara Channel .................................................................................... 14 Table 8: Sub Division Wise Probable WUCS under Vijayanagara Channel ........................................ 16 Table 9: Population Distribution, Literacy Rates, & SC /ST Population .............................................. 23 Table 10: Distribution of SHGs and representation of indigenous population ..................................... 25 Table 11: Distribution of workers classification in subproject areas .................................................... 25 Table 12: Distribution of farmers in subproject areas ........................................................................... 26 Table 13: Distribution of workers classification in selected project areas ............................................ 27 Table 14: Social management activity schedule ................................................................................... 31 Table 14: Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Tranche-2 subprojects ......................................................... 37
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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 1: Public Consolation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President .................................... 5 Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with farmers including women .......................................................... 6 Plate 3: Contamination of water source due to waste water and plastics ................................................ 8
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
ADB - Asian Development Bank
ASI - Archaeological Survey of India
CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board
EA - Executing Agency
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP - Environmental Management Plan
GoI - Government of India
GoK - Government of Karnataka
HWHAMA - Hampi World Heritage Area Management Authority
IA - Implementing Agency
IEE - Initial Environmental Examination
IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature
KNNL - Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited
KSPCB - Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
MFF - Multi-tranche Financing Facility
MoEFCC - Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
NP - National Park
OM - Operations Manual
PA - Protected area
PIU - Project Implementation Unit
PMU - Project Management Unit
PSC - Project Support Consultants
PUC - Pollution under Control
REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist
SEIAA - State Environment Impact Assessment Authority
SPCB - State Pollution Control Board
SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter
SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement
UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation
WALMI - Water and Land Management Institute
WLS - Wildlife Sanctuary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while
implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target population.
Here public consultations and their active involvement/participation in every stage of planning,
implementation, and concurrent monitoring of the project is a mandatory requirement. “The safeguard
policies require that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle; (ii) plans to avoid,
minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented; and
(iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation”.
The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end
mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers, the poor and the vulnerable groups. Besides the
programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups.
Following methodologies adopted to solicit the information required to prepare the Social Management
Framework and Gender Action Plan for VNC.
Methodology:
Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat,
Population Census, District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake
holders in the project area.
Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of water and livelihood of
people, especially the indigenous and vulnerable population
Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from
the underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers
based on their socio economic status.
Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers
Associations, women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis),
NGOs, elected representatives etc. Public Consultations
Transect walk and observations, semi structured dialogue techniques and Informal
discussions
Stakeholder Consultation:
Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity, type
of farmers and other locally specific characteristics as part of the assessment and preparation of social
management and gender plan. A multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the
Vijayanagara Canal (VNC) from May 22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016 to undertake the task outlined
above. Out of the 16 canals, 14 canals were visited and interacted with community members and farmers
residing in 31 villages. These canals are covering the villages under three districts such as Bellary, Koppal
and Raichur. Altogether 258 men and 58 women participated in Public consultation and focus group
discussions in different localities. The communities were explained about the modernization work of
canals and their active participation in the effective implementation of project. The roles and
responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained. The social screening was based on both
primary and secondary data collected during field visits and discussions conducted with the people
residing in subproject area.
During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority
separately and listed out 9 sectors. Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for
irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%) followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in
priority 1 they have identified health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water,
sanitation and employment. In Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and bridges as the highest
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priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given
equal importance to employment and sanitation followed by health care.
Overall the people participated in public consultation and focus group discussions seems to be quite
interested and confident about the project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this
project and its effect on enhancing the living standards of farmers.
Water Users Cooperative Societies
Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to be established as part of the
modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed more
than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to perform
their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the conflicts
aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages.
During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are formed several years
back and vibrant in some of the Vijayanagara Canal areas. Few of them have converted as WUCS. In the
public consultation and FGD the participants expressed their concerns for the sustainability of the canal
system.
Community have been carrying out operation and maintenance work with their own resources. In few
localities Panchayat authorities agreed to utilise NAREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the
canals/distributaries, especially the labour component.
A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women are
members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk cooperative
society’s women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due to the
training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects.
Involuntary Resettlement
During the public consultation and visit to several localities it has been realized that resettlement and
rehabilitation of people is not considered as a major issue in the canal areas. However in few villages
encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS
and other responsible authorities during the initial stage of implementation. This requires a careful
assessment of the economic disadvantages and social impact of displacement. There must also be a holistic
effort aimed at improving the all-round living standards of the affected people.
As per ADB policy on involuntary resettlement, projects are classified into the following four categories:
Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A
resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category B. A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant.
A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category C. A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.
Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial
intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social
management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate
involuntary impacts.
Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public
consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. Thus, the VNC
modernisation clearly falls under Category C for involuntary resettlement.
The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 and the Karnataka Resettlement of displaced
persons Act 1987 was also emphasized the need for systematic approach in dealing with resettlement
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issues. With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act, 1980 also
provides adequate provisions for addressing the issue.
Prior to initiating the acquisition of land for the project, the appropriate. Government should, inter alia,
take into consideration the alternatives that will (i) minimise the displacement of people due to the
acquisition of land for the project; (ii) minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and
(iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural land for non-agricultural use in the project.
Based on the overall assessment, the project is likely to fall under the “Category C” in consistent with the
ADB Involuntary Resettlement policy “project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action
is required”.
Indigenous People
It is also necessary to define the term IP, which is not only co-terminus with the communities defined by
the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often also includes backward communities, as per the
recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission.
In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled tribe communities living according to the Constitution (Scheduled
Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003.
The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy
statement. Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse
impacts are anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. During the
community consultations also, it has been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the
economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the STs as compared to other
communities in the villages.
It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the
Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between
protection measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the
IPPF and the approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s
safeguards policy on IP. In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required.
Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed
project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if
there is any physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement Plan
and Indigenous Peoples Plan will be prepared.
Social Management Framework
This project has an implementation concept and structure which incorporates all physical and non-physical
components, but needs to develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and implementation
strategy for community based activities. Community involvement always depends upon the level of
awareness within the community. It is a formidable task to bring about positive change in people’s
behavior and practice with regard to effective water use, value of water, environmental conditions and
related issues. The active participatory involvement of beneficiaries does indeed slow down physical
implementation, but experience shows that this is only in the beginning.
An active public awareness program will be mounted at Panchayat, canal and community level to ensure
that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives, roles and responsibilities and activities,
and to ensure that the scope and procedures for the public works component are fully understood.
Gender Action Plan
Gender Action Plan is still a relatively new approach in India especially in the water and infrastructure
sector. The implications of this are twofold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented way
undoubtedly presents a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building along
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the way. On the other, this presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good practice
standard in the sector.
IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because women are the
ones predominantly involved. If the views and concerns of community women are not expressed and
integrated into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment and the
probability of functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate
changes into the pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus
increasing the sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, the active support (and involvement) of
community men needs to be sought.
In this project during the implementation, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify
women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually
build-up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day implementation;
(c) Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered to women.
The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as
recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups
function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood,
agriculture and a nutrition programme package.
Social Benefits
The project interventions will lead to increased agricultural opportunities and diversification of crops to
improve income and livelihood standards, benefiting both men and women across the project areas. The
programme is expected to mainstream gender within the irrigation management by strengthening landless,
tail end farmers and the socially disadvantaged communities. This will fulfil strategic requirements of the
socially excluded and women in the context of water management, besides meeting their daily water needs
for domestic use, livestock and hygiene purpose. On the whole the project will provide a platform for
promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and irrigation management.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while
implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target
population. Here public consultations and their active participation in every stage of planning,
implementation, and concurrent monitoring of the project is a mandatory requirement. “The safeguard
policies require that:
impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle;
plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are
developed and implemented; and
affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation”.
The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end
mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers, the poor and the vulnerable groups. Besides the
programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups by (i) strengthened
grassroots level institutions; (ii) improved irrigation infrastructure and practices; (iii) improved and
equitable access to water by small, marginal and landless farmers; (iv) enhanced farm income; (v)
enhanced off farm livelihood opportunities; (vi) sustainable and innovative irrigation and agricultural
practices, including drip and micro irrigation and crop diversification; (vii) strengthened water resources
and environmental management; (viii) social inclusion and in water governance and (ix) awareness
generation, community mobilization and participatory irrigation management. In order to adopt the
principles of safeguard policies in VNC sub-project areas following strategies adopted.
It is therefore important that all stakeholders involved in the project meds to understand the ADBs social
safeguard procedures and also environmental issues of infrastructure components. As far as
implementation of mitigation measures on site is concerned the Contractor and other related parties will
be involved. Hence, it is essential to orient the contractors and supervisory staff towards the
implementation of mitigation measures and their consequences.
Considering the existing capabilities of the agencies involved in KNNL, appropriate orientation and
training programs needs to be provided to all stakeholders on a regular and systematic basis.
1.2 Objectives of the Social Assessment
The objective of the socio-economic assessment of VNC subproject areas are to:
Understand the project locations, different stakeholders associated with the project and
understand their perceptions on social and gender dimension in the project- especially who is
doing what? What are the corrective measures to be adopted for improving the situation?
Examine the level of participation of both male and females in local water resource
management institutions in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils;
Review and analyse level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures,
safeguard measures on water quality and management etc.; and
Understand the Coordination mechanisms WRD, CADA, Gram Panchayat and other related
organizations involved in Irrigation and agriculture/horticulture and livelihood sectors.
1.3 Methodology
The methodology for the socio-economic assessment will involve:
Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat, Population Census,
District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake holders in the project area (Table 1);
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Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of water and livelihood of people,
especially the indigenous and vulnerable population;
Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from the
underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers based on
their socio economic status;
Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers Associations,
women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis), NGOs, elected
representatives etc; and
Transect walk and observations, semi structured dialogue techniques and Informal discussions.
For assessment, public consultation and focus group discussions villages are selected among the localities
as given below:
Location Specific
Head
Middle head
Tail ends
Ethnicity
SC/ST Population
OBC
General
Type of Farmers
Landless
Small landholders
Medium land holders
Large landholders
Table 1: Details of secondary information collected as part of the socio-economic assessment
Section Key Components Remarks
General
information from
Panchayat /
WUCS
Population, households, age-sex
distribution, Ethnicity, area under
cultivation, major crops, infrastructure
facilities etc.
Information gathered from secondary
data and using a Performa on socio
economic profile
Household &
Social
information
Family composition, socio economic
status, Ethnicity, Education, occupation,
Land Holding & crop pattern, drinking
water, sanitation facilities,
Information gathered through household
checklist and focus group discussions
Ongoing poverty
alleviation
programmes
Types of both central and state
government supported programmes,
including MGNREGA, other
programmes supported by NABARD
and other agencies.
Secondary data, discussion with
panchayat and other elected
representatives, district handbook,
progress reports of rural development
and Panchayati Raj departments
Gender aspects Type of activities carried out by men
and women, especially in agriculture
and irrigation, wage structure,
participation in meetings, decision
making, land ownership etc.
Information collected during FGD and
informal discussion with women groups
and men
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2 FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION
2.1 Field Visits
Public consultations and focus group discussions with local people as well as project implementation
authorities were conducted at different points of time as part of the assessment and preparation of social
management and gender plan. The social screening was based on both primary and secondary data
collected during field visits and discussions conducted with the people residing in subproject area. A
multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the Vijayanagara Channels (VNC) from
May 22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016 to undertake the task outlined above. Out of the 16 canals, 14
canals were visited and interacted with community members and farmers residing in 31 villages. These
canals are covering the villages under three districts such as Bellary, Koppal and Raichur. The details of
canals and villages visited are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Details of canals and villages visited
S.
No. Name of Canal Villages Covered
Command
Area (Ha) Remarks
RIGHT BANK
01. RAYA-27.74Km 1.Hosur
2226
This canal passes through 17
villages. Out of this the
assessment and public
consultations were held in 7
villages.
Public consultation and FGD
were held in 4 villages
2.Gudiobalapura
3.Kalaghatta
4.Hospet
5.Narsapura
6.Hosakote
7.Danapura
8.Nagenahalli
9.Kaddirampura
10.Malapanagudi
11.Mudlapura
12.Amaravathi
13.Belagodu
14.Kamalapura
15.Chithawadgi
16.Singanathanahalli
17.Kallirampura
2. BASAVANNA-16.5Km 1.Hosakote
1240
This canal also passes more or
less the same villages
mentioned above 2.Hosur
3.Amaravathi
4.Hospet
5.Ananthsayanagudi
6.Mudlapura
7.Malapanagudi
8.Kamalapura
9.Nagenahalli
10.Kariganur
03. BELLA-5.5Km 1.Narasapura 600 This canal also passes more or
less the same villages
mentioned above 2.Hosur
04. KALAGHATTA-
7.02Km
1.Kalaghatta 237
2.Dhanapura
05. TURTHA-18.69Km 1.Venkatapura
Visited on 22 July 2016
2.Bukkasagar
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S.
No. Name of Canal Villages Covered
Command
Area (Ha) Remarks
3.Kaddirampur 931
4.Hampi
5.Krishnapura
6.Nimapura
06. RAMASAGAR-
15.5Km
1.Ramasagar
673
Public Consultation and FGD
conducted in one village 2.Kampli
3.Muddapur
07. KAMPLI-23.55Km 1.Ramsagar
620
2.Kampli
3.Aralihalli
4.Belagoduhal
5.Sanapuram
08. BELAGODHALLA-
11.22Km
1.Belagodhalla 210
2.Kampli
09. SIRUGUPPA-10.85Km 1.Kenchanagudda 1344 Public Consultation held at
KNNL office for both canals 2.Siruguppa
10. DESHNUR-9.03Km 1.Deshnur 815
LEFT BANK
11. HULUGI-10.69Km 1.Hulgi 419 Visited on 22 July 2016,
interacted with Panchayat and
farmers 2.Shivpura
12. SHIVPURA-6.54Km 1.Atthivatti
717
Public Consultation and FGD
held for two villages 2.Shivpura
3.Mohammad Nagar
4.Narayanapura
13. ANEGUNDI-19.44Km 1.Virpapurgaddi
1359
Public Consultation and FGD
held for two villages 2.Hanumanahalli
3.Chikkrampura
4.Anegundi
14. UPPER
GANGAVATHI-
9.00Km
1.Vipra
1363
Public Consultation and FGD
held for two villages 2.Hirejanthkal
3.Hosalli
4.Nagenahalli
5.Chikkajanthkal
6.Achalapur
15. LOWER
GANGAVATHI-
9.54Km
1.Vipra
1141
2.Naganahalli
3.Chikkajanthkal
4.Ayodhya
5.Danapur
6.Achalapur
16. BICHAL-14.50Km 1.Rajolli
276
Visited and interacted with
farmers on 21 July 2016
Kotigudda village was
submerged few years back
2.Katakanuru
3.Kotigudda
4.Hanumapura
5.Bichal
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The existing canals have their own diversion structures on the river and many of the canals are
interlinked. In some villages more than one canal is passing through (e.g. Raya, Basavanna, Bella, Hosur,
Ramsagar, Kampli) and as a result water scarcity is not noticed during the peak summer period. However,
the majority of the canal bunds are in poor conditions and provide unreliable supply of water to the tail
ends and are filled with water hyacinth, plastics and waste water (including sewerage) especially the
areas near to the cities. Some farmers are even cultivating within the right-of-the-way of canals;
nevertheless, they are aware of the fact and it was confirmed through the farmers that they do not have
any intention to do so if the canals are modernised and the water reaches their fields.
2.2 Public Consultation
Public consultation is a process in which people get an opportunity to express their views on various
aspects concerning the project. Public consultation is vital in early stage of project which helps
strengthening preventive measures to ensure social sustainability and preserving public interest by taking
in to account their anticipated questions and introducing measures for mitigating the same. Public
consultation involved focus group discussion, informal discussions, case studies etc. The people residing
along the project areas were consulted during site visits and in-depth discussions were held for soliciting
their opinion and cooperation on several aspects of the project (Plate 1).
Sustainable water resources management, from planning to implementation and operations, requires well-
coordinated mechanisms and frameworks for participation of different stakeholders. Participants who
may be adversely impacted and/or socially marginalized may be stimulated to participate within a
consensus-building strategy. Stakeholder involvement can be defined appropriately for local conditions
and improved gradually, for example by setting up a committee, public hearings and workshops in the
process of applying the principles of IWRM at various levels. Local communities have wealth of
traditional and historical hydrological knowledge on the canals and distributaries and this will have value
addition in the effective design and implementation of irrigation projects.
Plate 1: Public Consolation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President
Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity,
type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics. In total 258 men and 58 women participated in
Public consultation and focus group discussions in different localities (Plate 2). The communities are
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explained about the modernization work of canals and their active participation in the effective
implementation of project. The roles and responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained.
Among the participants there were mixed reactions and the villages participated in the PPTA study in
2013 expressed their dissatisfaction about the delay in the approval process for resuming the
implementation of the project. The communities residing in the tail ends were enquired anxiously about
the starting of the project and others were rather skeptical about the delays. These assessments can enable
the implementing authorities to not only identify social and environmental impacts, but also to put in
place suitable institutional, organizational and project-specific mechanisms to mitigate the adverse
effects. They can also support in bringing about greater social inclusion and participation in the design
and implementation stages of the project.
Overall the people participated in public consultation seems to be quite interested and confident about the
project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this project and its effect on
enhancing the living standards of farmers.
Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with farmers including women
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2.3 Issues Raised during Consultation
During the public consultation and focus group discussions the participants expressed their displeasure
and concern about the unresolved issues connected for the canal system. The problems raised by them are
given in Table 3.
Table 3: Issues raised by WUCS/farmers during Public Consultation & FGDs
Issues
An
egu
nd
i
Sh
iva
pu
ra
Hu
lgi
Md
na
ga
r
Ga
ng
ava
ti
Sir
ug
up
pa
Na
gen
ah
all
i
Ho
suru
Ra
ma
saga
r
Bic
ha
l
Fund constraints for O& M x x x x x x x x x x
Water availability, especially at tail ends x x x x x x x
KNNL & CADA need provide more support x x x x x x x x x x
Poor attendance & cooperation in meetings x x x x x x
More consultation necessary with WUCS x x x x x x x x x x
Closure of TLBC in December leads to water
shortage for irrigation x x x x
Unlined canal posing problems of mud and
weeds x x x
Degeneration of canal water due to high
pollution x x x x x x x x x
Hampi heritage and related issues x x
More Consultation with WUCS Necessary during Modernisation Works and O&M
The farmers’ representative are of opinion that there are more need of consultation during project
preparation as well as during modernisation and thereafter.
KNNL & CADA Need to Provide More Support to WUCS
During the consultation it was reported that there is need of any support and guidance from CADA and
KNNL to the WUCS or farmers association. It was reported that in few places, trainings are offered to
WUCS/farmers associations by CADA on the collection of user charges, book keeping and accounting
principles; nevertheless, the continuity to such activities is lacking.
Poor Attendance and Cooperation in Meetings
In WUCS meetings the participation is low and members are not actively participating due to lack of
orientation and exposure to understand the scope and activities to be performed by them. Especially the
participation of women are rather limited. Water being of equal interest to all, factors such as political
influence and caste dominance have not so far distorted the operation and maintenance of the canals.
Water Availability
Water availability to the tail end farmers considered as a problem due to silt, plastics and water hyacinth
in several localities. Besides encroachments in few localities have also affected the equitable distribution
of water.
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Fund Constraints for O& M
In all the places it was mentioned that fund constraints for regular O & M is a major problem. Resources
are mobilised from farmers for jungle cutting, removal of weeds and desilting. It appears that only limited
fund is being allocating for O & M in view of the proposed VNC modernization programme.
Closure of TLBC in December
The closure of TLBC for 21 days in December is affecting farmers due to water availability during peak
period of cultivation. Earlier, farmers were growing two crops per year and now restricted to one due to
water availability. The farmers are of opinion to shift the closure dates to May from December as it was
practiced and planned earlier.
Unlined Canal Posing Problems of Blockage Due To Clay/Mud and Weeds
It was reported by the villagers that the unlined canal was posing problems of erratic supply of water due
to excessive silt, weeds and spread of diseases to the crops. Another issue raised was lack of drainage
facility which leads to the leakages and wastage of water.
Degeneration of Canal Water due to High Pollution
The quality of water is seriously affected due to disposal of wastes and waste water from industries and
sewerage and septic tanks (Plate 3). Molasses and chemicals from factories are being disposed to the
canals without any treatment. During the field visit, it was noticed that children are bathing in canal
water, women are using canal water for cleaning plates and other domestic purposes.
Hampi World heritage and Related Issues
The restrictions on the usage of construction materials and digging the land has affected the poor and
lower middle class families since they are not familiar with the restrictions imposed on the heritage tag.
This has resulted from the construction of public toilets and even building household toilet also.
Plate 3: Contamination of water source due to waste water and plastics
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2.4 Key Priorities Expressed by Men and Women
During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority
separately and listed out nine (9) sectors. Some women expressed that their men folk will provide the
responses. The priority needs are reflected in Table 4, and summary in Table 5.
Table 4: Needs and Priorities expressed by men and women
S.
No
.
Da
te
Village Priority
Dri
nk
ing
Wa
ter
Em
plo
ym
ent
Ro
ad
& B
rid
ge
Wa
ter
for
Irri
gati
on
Sa
nit
ati
on
Hea
lth
Care
An
imal
Hu
sba
nd
ry
Imp
rov
ed A
gri
cult
ure
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Ed
uca
tio
n
Rem
ark
s
1
24 M
ay 2
016
Emminur Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
2 Belagodhal Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
3 Kampli Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
4 Ramasagar
Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
Women
1 x
2 x
3 x
5 Kamalapur Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
6
25 M
ay
2016
Anegundi Men
1
x
2
x
3
x
7
26
Ma
y 2
01
6
Shivapura
Hulugi
Kampasagar
Bandiharlapur
Men
1
x
2 x
3 x
8
Upper &
Lower
Gangavathi
Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
Women
1 x
2 x
3 x
9
27 M
ay
2016
Siruguppa Men
1
x
2 x
3 x
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S.
No
.
Da
te
Village Priority
Dri
nk
ing
Wa
ter
Em
plo
ym
ent
Ro
ad
& B
rid
ge
Wa
ter
for
Irri
gati
on
Sa
nit
ati
on
Hea
lth
Care
An
imal
Hu
sba
nd
ry
Imp
rov
ed A
gri
cult
ure
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Ed
uca
tio
n
Rem
ark
s
10 Deshnur Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
11
Md’dnagar
Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
12 Women
1 x
2 x
3 x
13
28 M
ay 2
016
Nagenahalli Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
14 Narasapura Men
1 x
2
3 x
15 Hosuru Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
Total 4 3 10 13 11 10 2 3 1
Table 5: Summary of prioritised needs of people
Priority Needs of People Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3
Total Men Women Men Women Men Women
Water for Irrigation 10 2 1 13
Drinking Water 2 1 1
4
Employment
1
2
3
Roads & Bridges 1
8
1
10
Sanitation 1 1
2 5 2 11
Health Care
2 2 1 5
10
Animal Husbandry
2 2
Improved Agriculture Technology
1
2
3
Education
1
1
Total 14 5 14 5 14 5 53
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Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%)
followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in priority 1 they have identified
health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. In
Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and bridges as the highest priority followed by drinking
water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given equal importance to
employment and sanitation followed by health care.
In priority 3, the men group graded sanitation and health care (35.7% each) as the highest priority
followed by improved agricultural technology, roads & bridges and education. Among the women group
sanitation and animal husbandry (40% each) as the highest importance in Priority 3 category followed by
water for irrigation.
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3 WATER USERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY (WUCS)
3.1 Relevance of WUCS
Consultation with local farmers/community is a necessary prerequisite to get their cooperation and
endorsement for effective implementation of IWRM projects. Here WUCS or other grassroots level
institutions play a pivotal role. In most water resources projects to date, the concerned departments have
usually determined the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation, typically based
on the government rules/norms and procedures. How can the community or WUCS can provide any input
in the project which was conceived without appropriate consultation process or dialogue? For the
sustainability of systems, it is considered important that WUCS and WUAs be involved in the
identification (and design) of solutions and play a key role in the operation and maintenance of facilities
constructed.
Building partnerships is the most challenging aspect of community development and empowerment
programmes. For integrated sector programmes, some key partnership features include:
partnership between community, WUCS/Local Government and implementing agency;
fully active community participation both within communities and between each community
and the project;
well defined roles and responsibilities, commitments and inputs for each partner organisation;
integration of key project components;
flexible choice and development of service levels by all partners;
felt needs of communities identified through PRA;
PRA findings of each community to be used appropriately in community planning and
implementation;
members and staff of all partner organizations to be given training on community organization,
community management, team building, monitoring etc.;
WUCS/WUA members to be given intensive training on team building, group dynamics,
community organisation and management, improved agricultural practices, basic financial
management and monitoring;
for all partners, a necessary sense of responsibility for the project is to be created/developed,
with particular focus on communities residing in the locality;
sharing of knowledge and skills between partners including exposure visits between partners;
joint partnership decisions; and
community needs to be involved in progress and performance monitoring (functionality
monitoring) of implementation and subsequent on-going activities;
Without effective partnership, one of the project partners is likely to dominate implementation with
unilateral decisions made that may or may not be advised to other partners. This results in the decision
making party frequently being seen to own (be responsible for) the project with either indifference or
animosity on the part of the less involved partners. Experience shows this situation typically carries
beyond implementation into the following operation and maintenance phase to the functional detriment of
project service(s) and/or facilities provided.
3.2 WUCS in VNC Subproject Areas
Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to be established as part of the
modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed
more than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to
perform their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the
conflicts aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages. In the
other models social facilitators were involved to mobilise the farmers.
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Karnataka adopted participatory irrigation management in 2000 through amending its Irrigation Act of
1965. The formation of WUCS is the task of CADA in coordination with WRD and is formed under
Karnataka Cooperative Act. It is reported that the State has formed 2633 WUCS covering area of
1350062.93 ha. The Vijayanagara Channels have 2 WUCS and there is a potential to form total of about
25 WUCS. At the outset, the CADA Munirabad, with all its limitation of man power, financial, advanced
methods and approaches is carrying out formation and strengthening of WUCS. Moreover, VNC has
been exhibiting poor water management, gap in the agriculture productivity by about 30 %, providing
ample scope for institutional linkages between WRD/KNNL and CADA, Agriculture Department and
WUCS. As a result, the WUCS have not been able to have ‘hands on experience’ and engage
constructively in water management. Thus, there is a potential to revitalize the existing WUCS and form
new WUCS to derive anticipated benefits in terms of improved water use efficiency, crop productivity,
regular operation and maintenance, self-sustainable WUCS and improved livelihoods of the farmers.
Vijayanagar Channels have been incorporated under KISWRMIP project for which detailed project
report has been prepared. Based on the available information, a feasibility report needs to be prepared
encompassing various activities like analysis of social, environmental, agriculture, irrigation channel
networks, hydraulics and institutional aspects including WUCS formation and strengthening. The
formation of WUCS is essential component both under Karnataka Irrigation Act as amended in 2000 and
KISWRMIP project.
Due to limited time frame to prepare feasibility report, it was resolved during the Second PSC Review
Meeting held at PMU Bangalore to delineate the area of WUCS under each VNC to facilitate the
stakeholder’s consultation process. However, during the PPTA of KISWRMIP project, indicative pattern
of WUCS formation is envisaged, which could be basis for furtherance of the related activities.
Table 6: Sub-division-wise Vijayanagara Channels with Command Area
# Name of the Channel Command Area (in ha)
Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank)
1 Basavanna Channel 1240
2 Raya Channel 2226
3 Bella Channel 600
4 Kalaghatta Channel 237
5 Turtha Channel 931
6 Rama Sagara Channel 673
7 Kampli Channel 620
8 Belagondahala Channel 210
Siruguppa Sub Division (Right Bank)
9 Siruguppa Channel 764
10 Deshnur Channel 478
Vaddarahatti Sub Division (Left Bank)
11 Anegundi Channel 789
12 Shivapur Channel 403
13 Hulugi Channel 265
14 Upper Gangavathi Channel 775
15 Lower Gangavathi Channel 667
Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank)
16 Bichal Channel 276
Total 11154
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Table 7: Village List of Vijayanagara Channels
# Name of the Channel # Name of the Village
1 Kampli channel 1 Rama Sagar
2 Kampli
3 Arali halli
4 Belagoduhal
5 Sanapura
2 Turtha channel 6 Venkatapura
7 Bukkasagara
8 Kaddi Rampura
9 Hampi
10 Krishnapura
11 Nimbapura
3 Basava kaluve 12 Hosakote
13 Hosur
14 Amaravathi
15 Hosapet
16 Ananthashayana gudi
17 Mudlapura
18 Malapana Gudi
19 Kamalapura
20 Nagena halli
21 Kariganur
4 Raya Channel
22 Hosur
23 Gudi obala pura
24 Kala ghatta
25 Hospete
26 Narasa pura
27 Hosa kote
28 Dana pura
29 Nagena halli
30 Kaddi rampura
31 Malapana gudi
32 Mudlapura
33 Amaravathi
34 Belagodu
35 Kamalapura
36 Chithawadagi
37 Singa nathana halli
38 Kalli rampura
5 Bella Channel 39 Narasapura
40 Hosur
6 Kala Ghatta 41 Kalaghatta
41 Dhanapura
7 Rama Sagar Channel 43 Ramasagar
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# Name of the Channel # Name of the Village
44 Kampli
45 Muddapura
8 Belagodhal 46 Belagodhal
47 Kampli
9 Shivapur 48 Bandi Harala pura
49 Mahammed Nagara
50 Hatthi Matti
51 Narayana Pete
10 Hulugi 52 Hulagi
53 Shivapur
11 Anegundi 54 Rama pura
55 Anegundi
56 Ramdurga
57 Basavana durga
58 Singangund
59 Krishnapur
60 Sangapur
61 Rajapur
62 Virupapura gudda
63 Chickka rampura
64 Hanumana halli
65 Sannapura
12 Gangavathi Upper channel 66 Vipra
67 Hire Jantkal
68 Hosalli
69 Nagana halli
70 Chickka Jantkal
71 Achalapura
13 Gangavathi lower channel 72 Vipra
73 Nagana halli
74 Chickka Jantkal
75 Ayodhya
76 Danapur
77 Achalapura
14 Siruguppa 78 Siraguppa
79 Kenchana gudda
80 Ibrahim pura
15 Deshnur 81 Deshanur
16 Bichal 82 Bichala
83 Kataknur
84 Nirmal Hanumapur
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Table 8: Sub-division-wise Probable WUCS under Vijayanagara Channels
# Name of the Channel Command Area (ha) WUCS Formed &
Area
No. of WUCS
Proposed 1
Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank)
1 Basavanna 1240 3
2 Raya 2226 5
3 Bella 600 1
4 Kalaghatta 237 1
5 Turtha 931 2
6 Rama Sagar 673 1
7 Kampli 620 1
8 Belagondahala 210 1
Vaddarahatti S Division (Left Bank)
9 Anegundi 789 1 (522ha) 12
10 Shivapur 403 1
11 Hulugi 265 1
12 Upper Gangavathi 775 2
13 Lower Gangavathi 667 1
Siruguppa S Division (Right Bank)
14 Siruguppa 764 1 (764 Ha) 1
15 Deshnur 478 1
Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank)
16 Bichal 276 1
Total 11154 25
3.3 Institutional Status of Existing WUCS
During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are formed several
years back and vibrant in some of the Vijayanagara Canal areas. Few of them have converted as WUCS.
In the public consultation and FGD the participants expressed their concerns for the sustainability of the
canal system. One of the major concern raised was about their requests for support in desilting on a
regular basis. This has not been considered by the authorities and as a result WUCS/farmers mobilising
resources for undertaking the seasonal O & M tasks, including desilting. Community have been carrying
out operation and maintenance work with their own resources. In few localities Panchayat authorities
1 This is based on the suggestion that WUCS be demarked on the average area for WUCS (350–500 ha) proposed
by CADA and that in those channels with command area less than the WUCS average one WUCS still be formed
instead of combining areas from more than one channel.
2 Assign the balance command area to the existing WUCS.
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agreed to utilise NAREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the canals/distributaries, especially
the labour component.
A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women
are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk
cooperative society’s women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due
to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects. Some of the WUCS
members are also part of this society and their expertise could be utilised for strengthening the WUCS.
Another issue is that women’s opinions are not recorded, because they are often not present in meetings
or are not confident to speak up (particularly if their husbands or in laws are around). Majority of the
farmers expressed that they are involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and
harvesting. The women community in Mohammed Nagar (Shivpura canal area) expressed that their role
has been minimised due to the mechanisation process in the farming sector and as a result they need to
travel longer distances for finding jobs. The opportunities for women in agriculture is being affected due
to mechanisation in the sector.
3.4 Affordability & Willingness of WUCS to Pay Contributions
In all consultation meetings, the discussions were held with regard to affordability and willingness of
WUCS members to pay for their share of contribution towards the cost of on-farm development works
(CAD works). As mentioned earlier, the status of WUCS organisations in VNC subproject areas is still in
very infancy stage, nevertheless, the farmers express their willingness to form WUCS under the guidance
of KNNL and CADA. They are of the view that they will pay their share of contribution towards the
CAD works, as they expect the irrigation service will improve with modernisation of the VNC canals and
infrastructures.
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4 SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS
4.1 Involuntary Resettlement
Provision of public facilities or infrastructure often requires the exercise of legal powers by the state
under the principle of eminent domain for acquisition of private property, leading to involuntary
displacement of people, depriving them of their land, livelihood and shelter; restricting their access to
traditional resource base, and uprooting them from their socio-cultural environment.
The objective of Involuntary Resettlement is to avoid or minimise involuntary resettlement where
feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs. This policy is triggered not only if physical
relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or
access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must
move to another location.
These have traumatic, psychological and socio-cultural consequences on the affected population which
call for protecting their rights, in particular of the weaker sections of the society including members of
the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, marginal farmers and women. Involuntary displacement of
people may be caused by other factors also.
Additional benefits beyond monetary compensation have to be provided to the families affected adversely
by involuntary displacement. This requires a careful assessment of the economic disadvantages and social
impact of displacement. There must also be a holistic effort aimed at improving the all-round living
standards of the affected people.
As per ADB policy on Involuntary Resettlement, the projects are classified into the following four
categories:
Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A
resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category B. A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed
significant. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category C. A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.
Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial
intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social
management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate
involuntary impacts.
Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public
consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. However, in few villages
encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS
and other responsible authorities during the initial stage of implementation. The field assessment of few
canals and interactions with the communities revealed that the right way (RoW) for the canal system
seems to be available.
The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 also emphasised the need for systematic
approach in dealing with resettlement issues. The objectives of the National Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Policy are as follows: - (a) to minimise displacement and to promote,' as far as possible,
non-displacing or least-displacing alternatives; (b) to ensure adequate rehabilitation package and
expeditious ‘implementation of the rehabilitation process with the active participation of the affected
families; (c) to ensure that special care is. taken for protecting the rights of the weaker sections of society,
especially members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and to create obligations on the State
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for their treatment with concern and sensitivity; (d) to provide a better standard of living, making
concerted efforts for providing sustainable income to the affected families; (e) to integrate rehabilitation
concerns into the development planning and implementation process; and (f) where displacement is on
account of land acquisition, to facilitate harmonious relationship between the requiring body and affected
families through mutual cooperation.
The Karnataka Resettlement of project displaced persons Act 1987 was passed by the legislature in 1987
and subsequently amended in 2002. The State Government have worked out a comprehensive framework
on Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) works for the families affected by the irrigation projects
across the state. With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act,
1980 also provides adequate provisions for addressing the issue.
Prior to initiating the acquisition of land for the project, the appropriate. Government should, inter alia,
take into consideration the alternatives that will (i) minimise the displacement of people due to the
acquisition of land for the project; (ii) minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and
(iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural land for non-agricultural use in the project.
Based on the overall assessment, the project is likely to fall under the “Category C” in consistent with the
ADB Involuntary Resettlement policy. Accordingly, the project has no involuntary resettlement impacts;
and no further action is required.
4.2 Indigenous Peoples
The Indigenous Peoples (IPs) are categorized as tribal who often become vulnerable in development
projects because of their cultural autonomy which is usually undermined and also because this group
endure specific disadvantages in terms of social indicators of quality of life, economic status and usually
as subject of social exclusion. The guiding principles enshrined in the constitution of independent India
as also various plans and policies for safeguarding the interests of scheduled tribes notwithstanding, the
benefits of development of free and shining India have by and large by-passed the scheduled tribes.
The term “Indigenous Peoples ” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and
cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) self-identification as
members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) collective
attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural
resources in these habitats and territories (c) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions
that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (d) an indigenous language, often
different from the official language of the country or region.
It is also necessary to define the term IP, which is not only co-terminus with the communities defined by
the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often also includes backward communities, as per the
recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission. In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled
tribe communities living according to the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003.
The major tribes located in the project areas are Nayaka, Naikda, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka,
Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka, Naik,Nayak, Beda, Bedar, Valmiki, Chodhara, Kanda Kapus (in Bellary and
Raichur districts), Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi, Valvi, Dubla, Talavia, Halpati (in Koppal
districts). Bichal/Manvi consists of highest indigenous population of around 25.8% and Koppal is lowest
(13.2%). Siruguppa consists around 20%, Hospet (20%) and Gangavathi 16.5%. Among the SC
population (vulnerable) Hospet is the highest (29.3%) and Koppal is the lowest (19.3%), followed by
Siruguppa (21.4%), Gangavathi (20.7%) and Manvi/Bichal (16%).
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Figure 1: Distribution of indigenous peoples in VNC subproject areas
A number of villages are situated in remote areas inhabited by indigenous populations who have distinct
lifestyle, language, and culture. Besides, they are having secluded living and quite far away from the
usual developmental streams and do not enjoy the same social and economic benefits as do most of the
general population.
During the consultations it has also been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the
economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the indigenous population as compared
to other communities in the villages.
Ascertain the consent of affected Indigenous Peoples communities to the following project activities
where Indigenous Peoples groups are deemed to be particularly vulnerable: (i) commercial development
of the cultural resources and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples; (ii) physical relocation of Indigenous
Peoples from traditional or customary lands; and (iii) commercial development of natural resources
within customary lands under use that would impact the livelihoods or on cultural, ceremonial, or
spiritual uses of the lands that define the identity and community of Indigenous Peoples. For the purposes
of policy application, it is proposed that consent of affected Indigenous Peoples communities refers to a
collective expression by the affected Indigenous Peoples communities, through individuals and/or their
recognized representatives, of broad community support for the project activities. Such broad community
support may exist even if some individuals or groups object to the project activities.
ADB’s Indigenous People Policy uses the following characteristics to define IP: (i) self-identification as
members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (ii) collective
attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural
resources in these habitats and territories; (iii) customary cultural, economic, social, or political
institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (iv) a distinct language,
often different from the official language of the country or region.
Under Article 342 of the Constitution of India, following characteristics are used to define indigenous
people (scheduled tribes, as termed by the Constitution): (i) tribes’ primitive traits, (ii) distinctive culture,
Hospet KoppalGangavath
iSiruguppa Manvi
SC Population % 29.2 19.3 20.7 22.7 22.0
ST Population % 20.0 13.2 16.6 20.1 25.8
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0P
op
ula
tio
n in
%
Percentage Distribution of Indigenous and Vulnereble population in Project Villages
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(iii) shyness with public at large, (iv) geographical isolation, and (v) social and economic backwardness.
Essentially, IP have a social and cultural identity distinctly different from the mainstream (or dominant)
society that makes them marginalized, socially isolated, and often overlooked in the development
process. The objectives are to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for
Indigenous Peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness as
defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and
economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate
actively in projects that affect them.
As per ADB Indigenous People safeguards Projects are classified into the following four categories:
Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant impacts on indigenous peoples. An
indigenous people’s plan (IPP), including assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category B. A proposed project is likely to have limited impacts on indigenous peoples. An IPP,
including assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category C. A proposed project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further
action is required.
Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial
intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social
management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities unlikely to have impacts
on indigenous peoples.
The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy
statement. Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse
impacts are anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. ADB IP
safeguards are not triggered because the project directly or indirectly does not affect the dignity, human
rights, livelihood systems, or culture of the STs and the project will not affect territories claimed by the
STs as their ancestral domain. During the community consultations also, it has been found that there is no
specific uniqueness with regard to the economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst
the STs as compared to other communities in the villages.
In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required. In addition, as part of the WUCs
strengthening, special focus shall be made to ensure the participation of STs (indigenous) and SCs
(vulnerable) in the planning and decision making process. It will also be ensured that under no
circumstances will the STs/ SCs be deprived of the benefits from the program.
It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the
Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between
protection measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the
IPPF and the approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s
safeguards policy on IP.
Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed
project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if
there is any physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement
Plan and Indigenous Peoples Plan will be prepared.
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5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF VNC AREAS
5.1 Demography
The population of the project area has been predominantly scattered over the rural belt and vast majority
of the people hail from the rural sector. The rural and traditional character of the population has been the
hallmark of the villages coming under the project (Table 9).
Sex ratio:
Hospet has a total population of 188,965 out of which 50.1 % is male and 49.9% females. In Koppal,
Gangavathi, Siruguppa and Manvi follows almost similar sex ratio. Among all the taluks, Manvi taluk
has the highest sex ratio (1013) followed by Hospet (1006), Siruguppa (1005), Gangavathi (988) and
Koppal taluk has the lowest sex ratio.
Literacy:
The literacy rate among male category in Hospet is 58.5 and female 41.5. The corresponding figures for
Koppal is 58.7 and 41.3, Gangavathi 57.1 (Male) and 42.9 (female) respectively. In Siruguppa the female
literacy is lowest 38.7 when compared to all other places (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Taluk wise population and literacy
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Table 9: Population Distribution, Literacy Rates, & SC /ST Population
Taluk Wise Population Literacy SC Population ST Population
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Hospet 94673 94292 188965 55639 39527 95166 27600 27668 55268 18749 19042 37791
Koppal 582958 573258 1156216 382270 268731 651001 111858 111077 222935 76987 75576 152563
Gangavathi 172397 172866 345263 109179 81994 191173 35381 36058 71439 28543 28745 57288
Siruguppa 94949 95439 190388 49522 31216 80738 21391 21853 43244 18977 19223 38200
Manvi 160902 163303 324205 87594 58539 146133 35343 35893 71236 41226 42449 83675
Source: 2011 Population Census Report, Govt. of India
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5.2 Incidence of Poverty at District Level 2011-12
As mentioned above Poverty has always been a cause of concern in the state. However, as the statistics
reveals, over the years the state has made significant progress in poverty reduction. Although there has
been a decline in the poverty ratio in the state regional disparities with in the state still exist. The districts
of Bellary (40.8%), Koppal (40.7%) & Raichur (37.7) have the highest poverty levels i.e. their poverty
ratio is much higher than the poverty ratio at the state level.
5.3 Poverty Reduction Programmes
Several poverty reduction programmes have been launched by the state government for the rural poor,
comprising small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and rural artisans. The important ongoing
programmes are Integrated rural development, Indira Awaas Yojana, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Prime
Minister Rozgar Yojana, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Stree Shakthi
project etc.. The objectives of such programmes are to support and encourage poverty line families for
taking up self-employment ventures in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry in the primary
sector, weaving and handicrafts in the secondary sector, and service and business activities in the tertiary
sector. Unfortunately, most marginalised households are not aware of the various governments-initiated
poverty alleviation programmes/ schemes, their entitlements & benefits. However, the situation in the
proposed project areas are encouraging due to the wide network of SHGs and cooperative societies.
5.4 Role of SHGs in Poverty Reduction Programmes
Historically Self Help Group (SHGs) and cooperative societies played an important role in improving the
livelihood and living standards of the community, especially the women groups in project villages. The
women members from Indigenous population are actively associated in SHGs.
The SHG movement was not only about empowering women economically but it lead to social
empowerment of the women in the rural areas. The social impact of the SHG has been instrumental in
changing gender relationships in the society. Under the SHG umbrella varieties of programmes such as
savings and credit, income generation through community banking, linking SHGs with banks to take up
individual/community based activities, and discussing the issues related to women empowerment and
development.
In Hospet and Siruguppa taluks 1433 SHGs are functioning of which 22,677 members are from the
women community (
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Table 10). Out of this 5242 from SC and 4606 from ST categories. In Koppal and Gangavathi taluks
alone 1605 SHGs are functioning, of which 27,560 members are from women community. Out of this,
7103 (25.8%) from SC and 4699 (17.1%) from ST communities. Besides 48 young women groups and
391 youth groups also functioning in the district. In the cooperative societies 91 are working on
agricultural co-societies, 133 in milk producer’s cooperative societies and 133 in other societies to get the
services of cooperative societies in order to improve their livelihood. In Manvi 1100 SHGs existing
which consists of 14,325 women members (2546 SC, 2225 ST and 9554 other women category). The
Stree Sakthi programme anchored by the Department of Women and Child Development, apart from
saving and credit attempts to focus attention of the members on gender empowerment as well.
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Table 10: Distribution of SHGs and representation of indigenous population
Taluka
No. of
SHGS
No. of SC
Women In
SHG
No. of ST
Women in
SHG
Other
Women
in SHGS
Total Women
in all
Categories
Young
Women
Groups
Youth
Groups
Hospet 715 2790 2684 6345 11819 NA NA
Koppal 725 2683 1609 NA 4321 29 179
Gangavathi 880 4420 3090 NA 7529 19 212
Siruguppa 780 2452 1922 7484 11858 NA NA
Manvi 1100 2546 2225 9554 19325 NA NA
Among the villages visited (especially in Ramasagara, Anegundi, Siruguppa, Deshnur) it was noticed that
farmers are involved in fishing as their livelihood. In Siruguppa alone 2175 families (full time) and 6760
families (part time) involved in Fisheries. In Manvi taluk 72 families are involved in fishing sector full
time and 121 families involved part time. Livestock also equally important livelihood next to agriculture
in the project villages. Under the tribal sub plan financial support have been provided to inland fisheries
for procuring non-motorised boats, provision of motor cycles for transportation and marketing of fish.
Fish production centres, taluk level nurseries and construction of fish ponds in water logged, saline areas
and alkaline soils are being planned in selected localities. The concept of integrated farming should be
adopted in IWRM for providing increased opportunity for livelihood projects.
5.5 Major Occupations
In Koppal and Gangavathi out of total workers 24.1% are cultivators, 42.8% are agricultural labourers,
29.8% are other workers and 3.2% involved in household level activities (Table 11). It is worthwhile to
note that 21% of cultivators and 60% agricultural labourers are from women category and
correspondingly 79% are cultivators and 40% are agricultural labourers. In Manvi 26.9% are cultivators,
53.9% are agricultural labourers, 17.5% are other workers and 1.7% are household level activities. Over
all there is a decline in the percentage of workers engaged in agricultural activities and this have to be
closely examined to understand the magnitude of the problems.
Similarly, an account of farmers in different categories is given in Table 12 and Figure 3, where
Marginal Farmers are those with landholding below 1 ha; Small Farmers with landholding between 1 and
2 ha; and Medium Farmers with landholding between 2 and 10 ha.
Table 11: Distribution of workers classification in subproject areas
Taluk Wise
Details
Cultivators Agricultural Household
Other workers Total workers Total labourers activities
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Hospet 14842 6129 16749 19364 749 398 16053 4881 48393 30772 79165
Koppal 113228 36282 76992 97727 6405 3408 75789 24712 272414 162129 434543
Gangavathi 31051 9261 28219 30731 1475 869 23473 7594 84218 48455 132673
Siruguppa 21203 11854 23324 29986 472 279 7462 2948 52461 45067 97528
Manvi 166086 59795 114057 141916 6019 3538 60550 23432 346712 228681 575393
Source: As per 2011 Census Report Govt. of India
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Table 12: Distribution of farmers in subproject areas
Taluk Wise Marginal
Farmers
Small
Farmers
Medium
farmers Total
Hospet 19302 8999 5690 34072
Koppal 13649 15899 15276 45364
Gangavathi 28002 18421 57417 107848
Siruguppa 17297 11236 13688 42867
Manvi 25484 23135 65081 121866
Source: Agricultural Census 2010-11 Report on Operational Holdings in Karnataka, Directorate of Economics &
Statistics, Bangalore
Figure 3: Distribution of farmers in VNC subproject areas (%)
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Table 13: Distribution of workers classification in selected project areas
Taluk Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household Activities Other Workers Total Workers
Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Hospet 14842 6129 16749 19364 749 398 16053 4881 48393 30772 79165
Koppal 113228 36282 76992 97727 6405 3408 75789 24712 272414 162129 434543
Gangavathi 31051 9261 28219 30731 1475 869 23473 7594 84218 48455 132673
Siruguppa 21203 11854 23324 29986 472 279 7462 2948 52461 45067 97528
Manvi 166086 59795 114057 141916 6019 3538 60550 23432 346712 228681 575393
Source: 2011 Census Report Govt. of India
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5.6 Major Crops
Agriculture is the main activity of the target population in the project villages. People are basically
depending on rainfall, irrigation tanks, wells and streams for irrigation. In Hospet Taluk and nearby
villages farmers are predominantly depending on canal water for agriculture. The farmers in Gangavathi
Taluk are dependent mainly on Tungabhadra canal irrigation, while in Koppal and other taluks are
depending mainly on rainfall, tanks, wells etc. Gangavathi taluk paddy is the prominent crop occupying
43.1% of total sown area due to availability of irrigation facilities. In Hospet taluk and adjoining areas
Sugar cane, Banana, Paddy, Jowar, Bajra etc are grown. Sugar cane is grown in 80% of Shivpura,
Nagenahalli villages. In some parts of Koppal and Raichur districts cotton also grown. The important
pulses crops grown are Bengal gram and tur dal and Groundnut, sunflower, etc. are the non-food crops
grown. In Siruguppa and Deshnur in Bellary district, paddy is the main crop cultivated and they grow
only one crop per season. In Raichur and Manvi taluks the crops grown under rain fed cultivation are
Jowar, cotton, groundnut, chilies, wheat and pulses. The crops grown under irrigation are paddy,
sugarcane, maize, wheat, chilies, cotton, pulses, onions, and plantains
5.7 Drinking Water Supply
Households indicating multiple sources of water use both the sources for drinking and washing purposes
and there is no selective use of different sources. The major problems reported during the visit area: (a)
Unreliable water supply in terms of supply, duration and quantity supplied; (b) Problems of water
pressure and quality; (c) Defunct water supply network in some localities; (d) Lack of access or less
secure access to alternate sources during water shortage periods; (e) Problems of water contamination
(mud mixed water).
Scarcity of water is not an issue in any of the villages visited but the quality is a major problem raised in
few villages. However Raichur and Manvi taluk are having severe drinking water problems. Water
quality is poor mainly because of low rainfall. The extensive canal irrigation and the use of chemicals in
agriculture has not only affected the surface water but ground water as well. Ground water in Raichur
district contains excess fluoride and arsenic contamination is quite severe in Manvi taluk with more than
half of the population being exposed to it.
5.8 Sanitation
Access to safe water and sanitation, good health and literacy are some of the crucial factors other than
income. Health is largely affected by the cleanliness and sanitation of an area which, in turn, is affected
by level of literacy and awareness. Inadequate sanitation facilities leading to the practice of open
defecation in and around canal premises, blocking of roadside/storm drains due to disposal of solid waste
mainly agro wastes and plastics. The coverage of household sanitation ranges from 20% to 60% in the
villages visited and Manvi reported the lowest around 20%. In fact, sanitation is one of the most
neglected aspects in the project villages.
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6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND ACTION
PLAN
This project has an implementation concept and structure which incorporates all physical and non-
physical components, but needs to develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and
implementation strategy for community based activities. Community involvement always depends upon
the level of awareness within the community. It is a formidable task to bring about positive change in
people’s behavior and practice with regard to effective water use, value of water, environmental
conditions and related issues. The active participatory involvement of beneficiaries does indeed slow
down physical implementation, but experience shows that this is only in the beginning.
An active public awareness program will be mounted at Panchayat, canal and community level to ensure
that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives, roles and responsibilities and activities,
and to ensure that the scope and procedures for the public works component are fully understood. A
governance and anti-corruption program will also be established at the community level to minimize
governance risks and protect beneficiaries.
Public agencies affected by the project will benefit from the impetus to reform and a more sustainable
policy and institutional framework for water resource management. No negative impacts are foreseen,
although there may be resistance to some elements of reform due to the differing interests of these groups
in the process and outcome of reform. A strong emphasis on stakeholder consultation and consensus
building will be used to minimize these tensions, for both project design and project implementation.
For vulnerable households, the social impact will be highly positive due to the employment created and
the increase in crop production, with no negative impacts foreseen. As explained above the villages and
in and around Vijayanagar canals have wide network of agricultural, milk and other type of cooperatives.
The experience of these societies can play a pivotal role in shaping the existing WUCS and the new ones
to be established.
The project does not require involuntary resettlement or involve indigenous people. The project will also
bring valuable environmental and social benefits. Immediate benefits include: improved irrigation
distribution; reduced seepage losses from the main canals, reduced over-supply of irrigation water,
reduced water logging, salinization and water losses; Further, longer-term benefits include: a lower water
table, lower risk of salinization, and less stagnant water in the villages with fewer consequent health
problems.
The biggest problem realized during the rapid assessment and consultation process the project needs a
new direction.
In order to address this the functioning and capability of existing community institutions such as WUCS,
WUAs, SHGs, VFGs etc have to be examined and identify the gaps for making these institutions vibrant
for facilitating the implementation.
6.1 Strategy for Enforcing Social Management Framework
Community participation and management plays a prominent role in the effective implementation and is
the primary deciding factor for the success and operational sustainability of IWRM.
Consultation with local farmers/community is a necessary prerequisite to get their cooperation and
endorsement for IWRM projects. Here WUCS, WUAs or other grassroots level institutions play a pivotal
role. In most water resources projects to date, the governments and donor agencies have usually
determined the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation, typically working to
government rules/norms and procedures. How can the community or WUCS can provide any input in a
project which was conceived without appropriate consultation process or dialogue?
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Although the IWRM was conceived as an integrated project, in reality, the role of the community in the
planning and management of the proposed water distribution in villages are rather limited.
The experience, views and perceptions of farmers and other communities have not been adequately
sought or considered other than in a recent review in few selected areas. For the sustainability of systems,
it is considered important that WUCS and WUAs be involved in the identification (and design) of
solutions and play a key role in the operation and maintenance of facilities constructed.
In the inception phase it is paramount importance to analyse the present situation, review of reports and
consultation with various stakeholders and understand the poverty dimensions and training activities
outlined in various documents. Consultation meetings will be organized with WUCS, WUAs and other
grass root level functionaries. This will enable to understand the activities especially for addressing the
poverty reduction and gender dimensions. Work with Agricultural specialist, WID, Communication
specialist and plan appropriate training activities based on the local requirement.
Community organisation for physical implementation of construction activities requires participatory
approaches through WUCS and farmer’s association. This needs to be an integrated process linking with
irrigation, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, drinking water, basic sanitation, infrastructure etc. There is
much more opportunity for involvement with community contracting and monitoring of civil works. The
use and maintenance of shared community installations need to be the responsibility of WUCS or
farmer’s associations. The type of works which can be entrusted to the WUCS needs to be identified in
consultation with them.
The organisation and implementation of this work is best supervised by WUCS with guidance from
supported staff employed by PSC/PIO. This will involve their planning, organisation and arranging
implementation work, promotional initiatives, concurrent monitoring and follow up on completion of
work.
6.2 Role of Information Education and Communication (IEC)
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) play an important role in an integrated programme.
The significance and approach of IEC for WUCS/WUAs, communities and other project partners are that
they be fully informed about the project and be prepared for their respective roles. To ensure this, the role
and responsibilities of project partners/facilitators need to be identified in respect of resources to be
mobilised, action plans to be prepared, the implementation strategy to be used, monitoring required and
operation, maintenance and payments to follow. To support this information requirement, a clear and
suitably detailed implementation methodology and strategy will be developed and incorporated in the
planning and implementation stage. Specific IEC sessions are required for each stage to ensure a
continuity of information flow. This must be flexible and adapt to the willingness, commitment and
interest of people associated with the programme. It is also advisable that project strategies and
requirements be adapted to the circumstances and needs of command area/village, rather than
automatically following a stereo-type IEC approach for all villages.
There is a need to create awareness on the objectives, activities, roles and responsibilities of different
stakeholders and the expected benefits.
6.3 Empowerment
Empowerment means vesting the people with knowledge and skills to make needed changes and having
the ability to act individually and collectively. Empowerment should be the major objective of IEC
activities.
Planning and management for Community Participation training requires suitable resource persons to be
identified. It is advisable to do this under two main categories: (a) training of trainers (mostly government
functionaries, the staff of support organisations and selected social workers from the community) and (b)
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training those directly and indirectly benefiting from the programme including local community
representatives. Training is an integral part of Information Education and Communication (IEC) with
both occurring concurrently.
Additional to appropriate formal training for project partners, it is important to assess the need for and
provide refresher training for all partners. Similarly, post-training evaluation is necessary to determine the
effectiveness of training and as necessary, adapt the training programme. Only with effective training can
CPM and Gender and other project objectives be fully realized within planned time frames.
Table 14: Social management activity schedule
Activities Responsibility Time schedule
Initial community/farmers meeting PIO/PSC First quarter year 1
Social mapping PSC field level
Support staff
First quarter year 1
Appointment of support team PIO/PSC First quarter year 1
Orientation & Training PSC/PIO First quarter year 1
Assessment by support staff on WUCS PSC/PIO First quarter year 1
Review and assess other social development
programmes ongoing
Support staff/WUCS First quarter year 1
Work closely with panchayats and identify potential
livelihood programmes to collaborate
WUCS/Support staff Year 1 -3
Arrange Exposure visits to see similar activities PIO/PSC Year 1-2
Need assessment and develop community action plan Support staff/WUCS Year 1
Prepare O & M plans WUCS Year 1 and 2
Training Need assessment PIO/PSC Year 1 and 2
Organise capacity building and training on regular
intervals
WUCS/Support
staff/PSC
Throughout the
project duration
Prepare training modules and calendar PSC/PIO/ Year 1 and 2
Plan to undertake community contracting PIO/PSC Year 2 and 3
Functionality monitoring of system operation WUCS Year 2 and 3
Benefit monitoring - assessment PSC Year 3 onwards
Compilation of reports, case studies, progress reports Field support
teams/PSC
Throughout the
project
Through the sequence of programme planning and design, the following activities need to be shared with
farmers to provide the basis for participatory implementation of project components and the subsequent
operational management of facilities (and services) by the village community:
introduction of the IWRM modernization programme and it’s integrated approach to the
community;
list the main physical and non-physical components of the programme;
roles and responsibilities of stakeholders;
undertake social mapping with and in the community;
collect social and physical information of general relevance to the programme;
identify WUCS/farmer’s association and the nature of their activities;
specifically identify existing water distribution systems and availability at tail end users;
agreement on the social aspects of the design for water distribution improvements;
establish responsibilities for and costs of operation and maintenance of all facilities;
confirm village community and WUCS acceptance of project components;
prepare a detailed Project/Community Implementation Plan for each village; and
Agree on a timetable of activities starting with establishment of the WUCS
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6.4 Gender Framework and Action Plan
Social and Gender Action Plan is still a relatively new approach in India especially in the water and
infrastructure sector. The implications of this are twofold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented
way undoubtedly presents a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building
along the way. On the other, this presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good
practice standard in the sector.
IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because women are the
ones predominantly involved. If the views and concerns of community women are not expressed and
integrated into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment and the
probability of functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate
changes into the pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus
increasing the sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, the active support (and involvement) of
community men needs to be sought.
Gender mainstreaming is a process for improving the relevance of development agendas and both women
and men can benefit equally. The division of labour and responsibilities (who does what work), social
attitudes, and unequal access to resources all contribute to a situation where policies and programmes
have a different impact on women and men, (for example, education initiatives and poverty reduction
strategies). Furthermore, these differences and inequalities influence how women and men participate in
and respond to new initiatives.
6.4.1 Gender Blindness
Many men and women involved in water decision making, policy making or implementation still
question the relevance of gender. They fail to recognize the differences between men and women with
regard to demands, knowledge, access and control of water resources and capacities. This perspective
obstructs the capacity of some water resources professional to understand and address water issues. The
primary obstacle is a traditional point of view that assumes that communities are homogeneous. In reality,
societies are not a collection of equal people living in a particular region, but rather a heterogeneous
assortment of individuals and groups who command different levels of power, wealth, influence and
ability to express their needs, concerns and rights.
6.4.2 Gender approach in IWRM
There are three elements in an approach to gender and IWRM. Each of these elements supports both
project efficiency and a concern for gender equality: 1) every initiative, programmes and analysis should
take steps to understand the differences and relations among and between women and men in each
specific context (Gender Analysis). This should be done in a participatory fashion and both men and
women should be involved; 2) all initiatives should incorporate women’s and men’s prospective, needs
and interests to reduce gender inequalities; 3) participatory approach that facilitates the equitable
participation of women and men, particularly at decision-making levels should be used. The importance
of involving women as well as men in water resources management is not only to improve women’s
situation, but, also an essential element for effective development, utilization and management of water
resources. There is an increasing urgency in the need to mainstream a gender perspective at the overall
water resource level because of the new emerging international perspectives on water resources.
However, it is not an easy task to mainstream a gender perspective into the framework of commonly
accepted international principles relating to IWRM characterized with the following key points:
Water should be treated as an economic, social and environmental good;
Water policies should focus on the management of water and not just on the provision of water;
Governments should facilitate and enable the sustainable development of water resource
including a regulatory framework;
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Water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate level; and
There should be recognition that women play a central role in the provision, management and
safeguarding water. What needs to be done is each of the principles in terms of the socio
cultural aspects including gender. Equally, understanding the links between gender equality
issues and water resources management to develop awareness, commitment and capacity for
integrating gender perspectives into water resources management.
6.4.3 Targeted Actions
Women and men use and access water, land and ecosystem resources in different ways. When these
differences are properly understood, actions can be targeted towards those who have real influence in the
issues addressed. For example, men and women both contribute to the problem of water security or water
crisis. Major land use changes, and large-scale logging activities and wood use are often linked with
wealthy men or corporations; minor land changes and local logging are usually done by middle class or
poor rural men and women; and wood collection, where trees are seldom chopped, is normally conducted
by poor women worldwide. In order to prove effective, actions designed to curtail deforestation should
take into account these differences.
6.4.4 Cultural Stereotypes
Many gender stereotypes exist around water and its uses. Some of the most common misconceptions are
listed below:
Farmers are male. While the proportion and the role of women change from place to place, 70% of
farmers worldwide are women. Nonetheless, women neither own 70% of the land, nor have access to
70% of agricultural water
Fishers are male. Women and men divide functions in fishing. In many cases, women collect shrimp and
shellfish near the coast, while men catch fish using boats, nets and other devices. In Freshwater fisheries
predominantly men are involved in catching. And women involvement is substantial in drying,
processing, making and repairing nets and fishing.
Men do the work while women care for the family. This misconception neglects the role of men as
fathers who may also contribute domestic labour and have a fundamental task as behaviour models.
Children learn how to use water according to both the mothers’ and the father’s examples, and the
father’s influence grows when boys and girls are older.
Men do all the heavy work, and women help with the lighter tasks. In general, men are physically
stronger than women. Nevertheless, women do the lion share of drudgery work, whilst men take over
these tasks, only when mechanized.
In this project during the implementation, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify
women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually
build-up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day
implementation; (c) Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered
to women.
The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as
recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups
function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood,
agriculture and a nutrition programme package.
Providing women with full information on the project organization, role and responsibilities
various stakeholders, role of WUCS and other related institutions and its functions;
Encouraging and training women to become leaders or representatives of WUCS;
Discussing with women groups their interests and incorporating their needs in concrete action
plans;
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Raising the awareness of CADA and other government officials and extension engineers
towards incorporating women's and small farmers' views into increasing the efficiency of the
irrigation system;
Evaluating the impact of women's involvement on the efficiency of the system. Due to the vital
importance of involving women in the water sector, a separate act.
Agriculture is the prime subsistence and economic activity in IWRM projects. It accounts for by far the
largest proportion of water used. Especially in rural areas agriculture determines to a large extent in what
way water is managed at community and household level and plays an important role in the division of
water related tasks, means and responsibilities of men, women and children. In many rural societies men
and women take on different tasks from a young age onwards. Analysis of the gender division of labour
found that men dominate land preparation and irrigation activities, whilst women tend to be responsible
for transplanting, weeding and harvesting. However, in several villages visited the role of women has
been changing or limiting due to modern farming methods.
A notable feature here is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though
women are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. Another issue is that
women’s opinions are not be recorded, because they are often not present in meetings or are not confident
to speak up (particularly if their husbands are around). Majority of the farmers expressed that they are
involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and harvesting. It is worthwhile to
note here that in the milk cooperative societies the women play dynamic role in the overall management
of the society. This is mainly due to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their
projects. The women community in Mohammed Nagar expressed that their livelihood opportunities
reduced due to the mechanisation in the farming sector and as a result they need to travel to longer
distances for finding jobs.
Gender disparity is very much prevailing in the project villages. The daily wages for women varies from
Rs.120 to 150 and men to Rs.200 to 250 in the agricultural sector in VNC. The opportunities for women
in agriculture is also reducing due to mechanisation in the sector.
Gender-disaggregated quantitative data are not easily available from local government sources but must
often be collected separately for a program or project, which can be costly and time consuming. In the
project villages there is low female participation in water users’ organizations despite high involvement
of women in irrigated agriculture and decision making. In most cases, low female participation is also in
conflict with official policy statements, which almost always claim that the involvement of all farmers or
water users is the ultimate objective. Because of their high domestic and productive workloads, the
opportunity cost of time to attend meetings and do other work for the organizations is different (and often
higher) for women than for men.
Important in this respect is that it is not as easy for women to transfer some of their responsibilities to
their husbands, as it is for men to leave some of their tasks to their wives. Timing and location of
meetings may also impose a higher cost on women than on men.
The most commonly cited major obstacles to women participating and benefiting from development
activities include (i) the lack of participation by women in planning meetings while project
identification/planning; (ii) poorly conducted needs analyses; (iii) the lack of baseline data on key gender
differences relevant to the specific project; (iv) the failure to address gender issues in project objectives.
6.4.5 Monitoring and Review
Monitoring and review of the programme and its components has to be an integral part of planning and
implementation. The learning from this could be used for preparing future proposals. The main objective
of monitoring and review are to find:
Whether the implementation of various components is progressing as planned;
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Whether they are producing the expected result;
If not, what problems are being encountered in implementation;
What steps can be taken to overcome them; and
Taking adequate measures to implement these steps.
Monitoring has to be done individually and collectively. Concurrent monitoring needs to be carried out
by the respective WUCS with the support of Field support teams. Since the activity plan specifies
responsibility for each individual, he/ she should periodically ask himself/herself how he/she will
discharge responsibilities. Monitoring & reviewing should not be a fault finding exercise. Based on
monitoring & review, activity plan can be modified to the extent needed. In addition to monitoring and
review, the programme has to be evaluated on sample survey basis at least once a year. The evaluation
will deal with not only the immediate objectives, but also with intermediate and ultimate objectives. It
will also evaluate the inputs, and processing of inputs.
6.4.6 Monitoring Indicators
While undertaking monitoring both qualitative and quantitative indicators should be used together. In
recent thinking, qualitative methods have assumed greater importance, as they focus on empowerment
and participation.
Qualitative Indicators
Level of participation of both male and females in local water resource management institutions
in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils
Level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures by both males and
females.
Level of understanding and implementation of measures to safeguard the levels of local water
quality
Level of income generated from activities for both male and female controlled crop
The percentage of marginalized groups and in particular women who actively engage in local
water management institutions
Numbers of planning meetings held with local stakeholders and topics discussed.
Attendance by local stakeholders at identification and planning meetings by sex, socioeconomic
grouping, age and ethnicity.
Levels of contribution/participation by local stakeholders at identification and planning
meetings.
Do women/men benefit from the programme in the same way?
To what extent did women actively participate in the meeting?
To what extent did women contribute to the meeting outcomes?
Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered? Why?
Do women perceive that they now have greater self-respect? Why? How does this relate to
men's perceptions?
Do women/men perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy? Why?
Have gender relations of women/men in the target group changed as a result of the programme?
Have gender gaps been reduced?
Are changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household, and what is
the perceived impact of this?
Do women make decisions independently of men in their household? What sort of decisions are
made independently?
How often O & M activities are being carried out? Who support the activities?
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Quantitative Indicators
Age and sex wise distribution of farmers
Age and sex wise distribution of WUCS members
Number of planning meetings (or Gram Sabha) held with local stakeholders.
Number of WUCS meetings held
No. of meetings attended by women members
Number of WUCS members
Number of women as shareholders
Number of women in WUCS
Women working in agriculture
Number of Farm units
Women as Farm Leaders
Women, leading farm for husband
Number of coordination meetings held with Panchayats and other stakeholders in year 2015
Number of people attended meetings by departments/stakeholders
Number of women attended meetings
Number of WUCS Federation/ Council and Committee members
Number of women WUCS Council and Committee members
Number of grievances from water users in 2015
Number of grievances from women water users in 2015
Number of women associated with local cooperatives
Number of women members of Milk Cooperatives
No. of livelihood units such as -Areca nut plate and allied products
No. of male and female unemployed
No. of people below poverty line
No. of women below poverty line
number of female Panchayat members
women holding senior legislative and managerial positions in the locality
No. of women involved in agricultural activities
No. of women involved in marketing agricultural products
No. of men involved in agricultural activities
No. of men involved in marketing agricultural products
Daily Wages of women
Daily wages of Men
Daily Working hours by women other than household jobs
Daily Working hours of men
No. of hours spent by women in household job
No. of hours spent by men in household job
Amount used from MNREGA funds for O & M during 2015.
6.4.7 Social Benefits
The project interventions will lead to increased agricultural opportunities and diversification of crops to
improve income and livelihood standards, benefiting both men and women across the project areas. The
programme is expected to mainstream gender within the irrigation management by strengthening
landless, tail end farmers and the socially disadvantaged communities. This will fulfil strategic
requirements of the socially excluded and women in the context of water management, besides meeting
their daily water needs for domestic use, livestock and hygiene purpose. On the whole the project will
provide a platform for promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and
irrigation management.
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6.4.8 Gender Action Plan for VNC
A generic Gender Action Plan for Tranche-2 subprojects has been prepared and provided in Table 15.
Table 15: Gender Action Plan (GAP) for VNC
Objectives Activities Responsibility Time
frame
Improve the knowledge of
relevant Govt. departments
on GESI approaches in
agriculture, irrigation and
water resources
management
Training workshops propose to be conducted
for women/men staff of key departments
focusing on Gender concepts and in the design
and implementation of water resources
management, irrigation and agricultural
programmes for vulnerable groups
PIO/PSC May-
June
2017
Build awareness of
women’s equal rights and
participation in water
resources management and
livelihood programmes
1. At least 30% of WUCS management board
members are women
2. Sensitization workshop focusing on gender
equality and social inclusion approaches
and women’s role and participation in
water resources management alternate
livelihood activities carried out by WUCS
members
3. Training on social leadership development,
decision making and promotion of
women’s participation in WUCS for
women directors
PIO/PSC Year
1-2
Year
2-3
Year 3
Develop and implement
training modules for
increased women’s
participation in irrigation
management and value
added livelihood activities
20 training programmes focused on PIM
conducted in Tranche 1 areas resulting in the
increased access to water for cropping and
domestic use especially by tail end, small and
marginal and women farmers/households
50 women’s and men groups/cooperatives
strengthened and training and marketing
support provided to micro enterprises and
livelihood clusters
PIO/PSC Year
2-4
Year
2-4
Develop the capacities of
WRD staff including
women in IWRM
6 certified training programme focused on
IWRM conducted for 240 WRD staff (40%
women staff)
PIO/PSC Year 2
Monitor progress of gender
and socially inclusive
focused activities in water
resources management
Project management information system with
gender indicators
PIO/PSC Year
1-4
Assess the impact of the
programme
Sex disaggregated data collected, analysed and
key findings disseminated to address
implementation of GAPs
PIO/PSC Year
4-5
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7 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Anegundi
45 Men & 2 Women Partisipated in the discussion at Anegundi
Shivapur
29 Men and 1 Women Participated in the discussion at Shivapur
Siruguppa
13 Men Participated in the discussion at Siruguppa
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Gangavathi
24 Men and 1 Women Participated in the discussion at Gangavathi
Mohammadnagar
34 Men & 9 Women Participated in the discussion at Mohammadnagar
Nagenahalli
21 Men & 28 Women Participated in the discussion at Nagenahalli
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Hosuru
10 Men & 3 Women Participated in the discussion at Hosuru
Bichal
23 Men participated in the discussion at Bichal
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8 ANNEXURES
SCHEDULE OF VISITS
Date Places Visited
23.05.2016
KNNL
Executive Engineer, Munirabad
KNNL
Chief Engineer, Munirabad
KNNL
Superintending Engineer, Munirabad
CADA
Administrator, Munirabad
CADA
Assistant Registrar of Co-operative Societies
Discussion with Farmers’ Association
24.05.2016
Emminur
Belagodhal
Kampli
Ramasagar
Kamalapur
25.05.2016 Anegundi
26.05.2016
Shivapur
Upper Gangavathi
Lower Gangavathi
27.05.2016
Siruguppa – KNNL office
Deshnur
Kenchangudda
Mohammad Nagar
28.05.2016
Nagenahalli
Narasapura
Hosuru
19.07.2016
to
23.07.2016
Manvi-Bichal – meeting with Junior Engineer
Bichal Panchayat farmers meeting
Visiting Canals and Anicut
Meeting with EE Incharge, KNNL
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INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED DURING VISITS
No Individual
Contacted Name Designation
1 KNNL Mallikarjun CE Munirabad
Bhoja Naik SE Munirabad
Nagabhushan EE Munirabad
Jankar AEE Munirabad
Yallappa AE Munirabad
Vishwanath AE Gangavathi
B H M Manjunath AEE Gangavathi
Vijay Prasad K R JE Siruguppa
D Nagendra Prasad FDA Siruguppa
2 CADA Rajappa Administrator
Tippeswamy
Assistant Registrar of Co-operative
Societies.
3 Panchayat /
Municipality
Lalitha Rani X ZP Member & Chairman
State Handi Craft Nigam
S Muddukumar X Municipal Councilor Siruguppa
K Suresh Babu Vice President Shivapur
Usman Sab GP Member Shivapur
Renukamma Kattigi GP President Bandi Harlapura
Dharmanna GP President
Hausain Basha GP Member Halebandi Harlapur
B Ramanna GP Member Halebandi Harlapur
Emunurappa GP Member Halebandi Harlapur
Y Ramesh TP Member Halebandi Harlapur
Devanna Mekali TP X President Halebandi Harlapur
Raghavendra GP Bill Collector Anegundi
H Manjunath Gowda GP Member Anegundi
Anjana Devi GP Member Anegundi
B Chandra Shekar X GP Member Nagenahalli
D Channappa GP President, Nagenahalli
Mathramma GP President, Mohammadnagar
ZP Member, Gangavathi
4 WUCS/Farmers
Association Kashim Sab WUCS President Emminur
Adivega Swamy WUCS Secretary Emminur
Kumarappa WUCS Directory Emminur
P Mallikarjun WUCS President Siruguppa
K Ramarao WUCS Director Shivapur
Kashyya Swamy WUCS Secretary Bandi Harlapur
Alam Hussain WUCS Director Bandi Harlapur
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No Individual
Contacted Name Designation
Elluru Ramakrishna WUCS President Anegundi
K Mehaboob Hussain WUCS Director Anegundi
K S Sudarshan Varma WUCS Director Anegundi
J Pampapathi Society Member
Jyothi Swa Sahaya Sangha
T M Manjulla Anganavadi Teacher