A-1

VII. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. LIST OF SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Common name Scientific nameadobe popcorn flower Plagiobothrys acanthocarpusAhart’s dwarf rush Juncus leiospermus var. ahartiiAhart’s rush Juncus leiospermus var. ahartiialkali bulrush Scirpus maritimusalkali heath Frankenia salinaalkali mallow Malvella leprosa (= Sida hederacea)alkali milk-vetch Astragalus tener var. teneralkali weed Cressa truxillensisawnless Orcutt grass Tuctoria greeneiBaker’s navarretia Navarretia leucocephala ssp. bakeriball saltbush Atriplex fruticulosabearded allocarya Plagiobothrys hystriculusbearded popcorn flower Plagiobothrys hystriculusbellflower family Campanulaceaebindweed Convolvulus arvensisblack oak Quercus kelloggiiblunt spikerush Eleocharis obtusabog bulrush Scirpus mucronatusBoggs Lake dodder Cuscuta howellianaBoggs Lake hedge-hyssop Gratiola heterosepalaborage family Boraginaceaebractless hedge-hyssop Gratiola ebracteatabrass buttons Cotula coronopifoliabroad-leaved pepper-weed Lepidium latifoliumbrome Bromus spp.Burke’s goldfields Lasthenia burkeiButte County meadowfoam Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californicabuttercup family RanunculaceaeCalifornia buckeye Aesculus californicaCalifornia goldfields Lasthenia californicaCalifornia lilac Ceanothus speciesCalifornia Orcutt grass Orcuttia californicaCalifornia semaphore grass Pleuropogon californicuscarrot family Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae)cattail Typha specieschamise Adenostoma fasciculatumChico grass Tuctoria greeneiClara Hunt’s milk-vetch Astragalus clarianuscoastal dunes milk-vetch Astragalus tener var. titicocklebur Xanthium strumariumColusa grass Neostapfia colusanacommon American hedge-hyssop Gratiola neglectacommon coyote-thistle Eryngium castrensecommon mousetail Myosurus minimuscommon spikeweed Hemizonia pungensConstance’s coyote-thistle Eryngium constanceiContra Costa goldfields Lasthenia conjugenscoyote-thistle Eryngium speciesCrampton’s Orcutt grass Tuctoria mucronataCrampton’s tuctoria Tuctoria mucronata

Common name Scientific name

A-2

dense-flowered owl’s-clover Castilleja densifloraDouglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesiiDouglas’ meadowfoam Limnanthes douglasiiDouglas’ pogogyne Pogogyne douglasiidowningia Downingia speciesdwarf downingia Downingia pusilladwarf peppergrass Lepidium latipes var. latipesdwarf woolly-heads Psilocarphus brevissimusfalse mermaid family LimnanthaceaeFerris’s milk-vetch Astragalus tener var. ferrisiaefew-flowered navarretia Navarretia leucocephala ssp. pauciflorafield bindweed Convolvulus arvensisfield owl’s-clover Castilleja campestris ssp. campestrisfigwort family Scrophulariaceaefilaree Erodium speciesfleshy owl’s-clover Castilleja campestris ssp. succulentafoxtail Alopecurus saccatusfoxtail mousetail Myosurus minimus ssp. alopecuroidesfrankenia Frankenia salinaFremont’s goldfields Lasthenia fremontiiFremont’s tidy-tips Layia fremontiifringed downingia Downingia concolorGairdner’s yampah Perideridia gairdneri ssp. gairdnerigoldfields Lasthenia speciesgoosefoot family Chenopodiaceaegrass family PoaceaeGreat Valley gumplant Grindelia camporumGreene’s legenere Legenere limosaGreene’s Orcutt grass Tuctoria greeneiGreene’s orcuttia Tuctoria greeneiGreene’s popcorn flower Plagiobothrys greeneiGreene’s tuctoria Tuctoria greeneihairy checker-mallow Sidalcea hirsutahairy Orcutt grass Orcuttia pilosahairy orcuttia Orcuttia pilosahard-stemmed tule Scirpus acutus var. occidentalisHoover’s spurge Chamaesyce hooveriHowell’s quillwort Isoetes howellihyssop-leaved bassia Bassia hyssopifoliainch-high dwarf rush Juncus uncialisItalian ryegrass Lolium multiflorumJepson’s button-celery Eryngium aristulatumJepson’s milk-vetch Astragalus rattanii var. jepsonianusjuniper Juniperus speciesKaweah brodiaea Brodiaea insignisLake County stonecrop Parvisedum leiocarpumleafy common madia Madia elegans ssp. densifolialegenere Legenere limosaLemmon’s canary grass Phalaris lemmoniilippia Phyla nodiflora (= Lippia nodiflora)little mousetail Myosurus minimus ssp. apusLoch Lomond button-celery Eryngium constanceiLoch Lomond coyote-thistle Eryngium constanceimadrone Arbutus menziesiimannagrass Glyceria speciesmany-flowered navarretia Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha

Common name Scientific name

A-3

manzanita Arctostaphylos speciesmayweed Anthemis cotulameadowfoam family Limnanthaceaemeadowfoams Limnanthes speciesMediterranean barley Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanummedusahead Taeniatherum caput-medusaemoss class MusciMt. Hamilton stonecrop Parvisedum pentandrummucronate tuctoria Tuctoria mucronatanavarretias Navarretia speciesoak Quercus speciesOregon oak Quercus garryanaOregon woolly-heads Psilocarphus oregonusOrcutt grasses Orcuttia speciesOtay Mesa mint Pogogyne nudiusculaowl’s-clover Castilleja species or Triphysaria speciespale spikerush Eleocharis macrostachyaParish’s brittlescale Atriplex parishiipea family Fabaceaepennyroyal Mentha pulegiumpersistent-fruited saltscale Atriplex persistensphlox family Polemoniaceaepilose Orcutt grass Orcuttia pilosapincushion navarretia Navarretia myersii ssp. myersiipink meadowfoam Limnanthes douglasii ssp. roseaplantain Plantago speciespointed rush Juncus oxymerisponderosa pine Pinus ponderosapopcorn flower Plagiobothrys speciesprostrate navarretia Navarretia prostratapygmy stonecrop Crassula connata (= Tillaea erecta)Red Bluff dwarf rush Juncus leiospermus var. leiospermusrough-fruited popcorn flower Plagiobothrys trachycarpusrush family Juncaceaerushes Juncus speciesRussian thistle Salsola tragusryegrass Lolium speciesSacramento Orcutt grass Orcuttia viscidaSacramento orcuttia Orcuttia viscidaSacramento Valley milk-vetch Astragalus tener var. ferrisiaesaltgrass Distichlis spicataSan Diego button-celery Eryngium aristulatum var. parishiiSan Diego mesa mint Pogogyne abramsiiSan Joaquin Orcutt grass Orcuttia inaequalisSan Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass Orcuttia inaequalisSan Joaquin Valley orcuttia Orcuttia inaequalissemaphore grass Pleuropogon speciessessile mousetail Myosurus sessilisShippee meadowfoam Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californicasilver sagebrush Artemisia canaslender Orcutt grass Orcuttia tenuisslender orcuttia Orcuttia tenuisslender popcorn flower Plagiobothrys tenerslender rattle-weed Astragalus tener var. tenersmall pincushion navarretia Navarretia myersii ssp. deminutasmooth goldfields Lasthenia glaberrima

Common name Scientific name

A-4

snapdragon family ScrophulariaceaeSolano grass Tuctoria mucronataSonoma sunshine Blennosperma bakerispikerush Eleocharis speciesspiny-sepaled button-celery Eryngium spinosepalumspreading navarretia Navarretia fossalisspurge family Euphorbiaceaesticky Orcutt grass Orcuttia viscidastonecrop family CrassulaceaeStony Creek spurge Chamaesyce ocellata ssp. rattaniisucculent owl’s-clover Castilleja campestris ssp. succulentaswamp grass Crypsis schoenoidessweet clover Melilotus indicathistle Cirsium speciesthread-like mousetail Myosurus minimus ssp. filiformisthree-colored monkey flower Mimulus tricolorthyme-leaved spurge Chamaesyce serpyllifoliatoad rush Juncus bufoniusturkey mullein Eremocarpus setigerustwo-horned downingia Downingia bicornutavalley downingia Downingia pulchellavalley oak Quercus lobataVasey’s coyote-thistle Eryngium vaseyivernal pool layia Layia chrysanthemoidesvernal pool popcorn flower Plagiobothrys stipitatus

(= Allocarya stipitata)vernal pool saltbush Atriplex persistensvernal pool smallscale Atriplex persistensvinegar weed Trichostema lanceolatumwater shamrock Marsilea vestitawhiteflower navarretia Navarretia leucocephalawhite meadowfoam Limnanthes albawhite tumbleweed Amaranthus albuswild barley Hordeum specieswinecup clarkia Clarkia purpureawoolly meadowfoam Limnanthes floccosa ssp. floccosayampah Perideridia speciesyellow carpet Blennosperma nanumyellow pine Pinus ponderosayellow star-thistle Centaurea solstitialisyerba golondrina Chamaesyce ocellata ssp. ocellata

ANIMALS alkali fairy shrimp Branchinecta mackinibackswimmers order Hemiptera; family Notonectidaebee flies order Diptera; family Bombyliidaebees order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoideabeetles order Coleopterablack-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionusBlennosperma-specialist bee Andrena blennospermatisbullfrog Rana catesbeianaburrowing bee Andrena and Panurginus speciesburrowing owl Athene cuniculariabutterflies order LepidopteraCalifornia fairy shrimp LinderiellaCalifornia ground squirrel Spermophilus beecheyi

Common name Scientific name

A-5

California tiger salamander Ambystoma californiensecliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonataColorado fairy shrimp Branchinecta coloradensisConservancy fairy shrimp Branchinecta conservatiocrab spiders order Araneae; family Thomisidaecrane flies order Diptera; family Tipulidaecryptic tadpole shrimp Lepidurus cryptisdelta green ground beetle Elaphrus viridisdragonflies and damselflies order Odonataelk Cervus elaphusflies order Dipteragolden-haired dung fly Scatophaga stercorariaground squirrel Spermophilus specieshoneybee Apis melliferahorned lark Eremophila alpestrislesser nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennisLimnanthes-specialist bees Andrena limnanthis and Panurginus

occidentalislonghorn fairy shrimp Branchinecta longiantennamayflies order Ephemeropteramidges order Diptera; family Chironomidaemidvalley fairy shrimp Branchinecta mesovallensismosquitoes order Diptera; family Culicidaemoths order Lepidopterapocket gopher Thomomys speciespronghorn Antilocapra americanasaldid bugs order Hemiptera; family Saldidaesolitary bees order Hymenoptera; family Andrenidaespringtails order Collembolatrue bugs order Hemipteratule elk Cervus elaphus nannoidesvernal pool fairy shrimp Branchinecta lynchivernal pool tadpole shrimp Lepidurus packardiwasps order Hymenopterawater boatmen order Hemiptera; family Corixidaewaterfowl family Anatidaewater striders order Hemiptera; family Gerridaewestern spadefoot toad Spea hammondii

B-1

APPENDIX B. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Term Definitionachene a dry, single-seeded fruit that does not split open;

the fruit wall is thinner than that of a nutletadaptive management a long-term repeated process of gradually modifying

management techniques based upon the results ofmodeling and research

allele a form of a genealluvial fan the fan-shaped area of sediment deposited where a

mountain stream first enters a valley or plainalluvium sediment deposited by flowing wateranaerobic lacking oxygenannual a plant that lives less than 1 year; the entire life

cycle from seed germination to seed set is completedin a single growing season

anther the pollen-producing portion of a stamenaxil the angle between the base of a leaf and the stembanner the outermost petal in flowers of the pea family; it

often curves upward away from the other petalsbeak a narrow projectionbiennial a plant that lives for 2 years, flowering only in the

second yearbisexual flowers containing functional male and female

reproductive structuresblade the flattened portion of a leafbottleneck a situation occurring when a population is reduced

to only a few individuals, which then reproduce tocreate a larger population over time; although thepopulation may continue to increase in size, itsgenetic diversity remains low

bract a leaf-like structure located in the inflorescencebractlet a tiny bract occurring below an individual flowerbreeding system a plant’s strategy for reproduction; examples are

outcrossing and inbreedingcalyx the set of sepals in a single flowercapsule a type of dry fruit that splits open at maturity caryopsis the fruit of a grass; also known as a grainCategory 1 candidate a species for which sufficient information is on file

with the Fish and Wildlife Service to list it asendangered or threatened, but which is awaitingpublication of a formal listing proposal

Category 2 candidate a species for which listing possibly may beappropriate, but for which insufficient information isavailable to make a determination; this category isno longer used by the Fish and Wildlife Service

compatible use activities and practices that contribute to populationstability

competition the simultaneous demand by two or more organismsor species for an essential common resource that isactually or potentially in limited supply

Term Definition

B-2

colony a group of plants separated by a short distance fromother groups of the same species, but not far enoughapart to qualify as separate occurrences

compound leaf a leaf composed of several to many separatesegments (leaflets), which share a common petiole

conservation easement a contract or deed restriction that specifies the typeof land uses that may occur in the designated area

corolla the set of petals in a single flowercyathium the complex flowering structure found in spurges,

which resembles a single flowerdecumbent a stem laying on the ground, with the tip turned

upwarddeflexed pointing downwarddemographic monitoring a process for determining population trends and

identifying and evaluating the factors responsible forlack of population stability; consists of trendanalysis and factor resolution (see Pavlik 1994)

demography the study of populations with reference to birth anddeath rates, size and density, distribution, migration,and other vital statistics

diploid the number of chromosomes found in thenon-reproductive cells of an organism; designatedby 2n

disk flowers the tiny, tubular flowers at the center of a flowerhead in some members of the Asteraceae

distichous arranged in two opposing rowsecomorph A group of individuals of a species that have a

unique appearance because of where they live,rather than due to genetic differences.

element occurrence the unique number assigned to an occurrence by theCalifornia Natural Diversity Data Base

elytra first pair of wings which, in beetles, are hardenedand act as a protective covering

endemic restricted to a particular areaenhancement manipulating a species or its habitat to increase

population size above current levels or improvehabitat conditions; one example is adding seed to anexisting population

entire not divided (referring to a leaf margin or flowerpart)

entomologists people who study insectsenzyme system a group of related proteins; analysis of these

proteins provides clues as to the genetic relatednessof individuals because the genetic code for eachprotein is carried on a different gene

extant still in existenceextirpated eliminated from a particular areaextrinsic due to external factors; for example, habitat loss due

to urban development is an extrinsic threatexudate aromatic, sticky fluid factor resolution identifying and evaluating the factors responsible for

lack of population stability

Term Definition

B-3

fecundity the number of offspring produced by an animal orthe number of seeds produced by a plant

filament the stalk that supports an antherfinal rule the document published in the Federal Register in

which a species is officially designated as threatenedor endangered

floret a single flower of a grass plant, including thestamens, pistil, lemma and palea

frequency the proportion of samples in which a given speciesoccurs

fruit the plant structure that bears seeds; may be fleshy ordry

genera plural of genusgeneralist (pollinator) an animal, usually an insect, that pollinates flowers

of a wide variety of plant species from manyfamilies

germination sprouting (of a seed)glume the scale-like structures at the base of a grass

spikeletgrain the fruit of a grass; also known as a caryopsishemiparasite a plant that obtains water and nutrients from the

roots of other plants but manufactures its own foodthrough photosynthesis

herbivore an animal (invertebrate or vertebrate) that eats plantshost the source of water and nutrients for a hemiparasitehydrology patterns of water movementin litt. abbreviation for the Latin phrase in litteris, meaning

“in a letter”; also applies to unpublished references,such as internal agency reports

incompatible uses activities or practices that contribute to the declineof a population

indeterminate growth pattern in which the stem continueselongating as long as the plant is alive

inflorescence the entire flowering structure of a plant, oftenconsisting of many separate flowers, their associatedbracts, and the rachis

intergrades plants intermediate in morphology between tworecognized taxa

intrinsic not due to external factors; for example, low levelsof genetic diversity within a species is an intrinsicthreat

introduce/introduction to seed or transplant into a site that is not known tohave been occupied by a particular species but iswithin a vernal pool region, pool type, and set ofecological conditions from which the species wasknown to occur

juvenile leaves the cylindrical leaves of Orcuttieae that formunderwater

keel the innermost, boat-shaped pair of fused petals inflowers of the pea family

lacustrine originating in lakesleaflet one of the distinct segments of a compound leaf

Term Definition

B-4

lemma a scale-like structure that encloses the palea,stamens, and pistil in a grass flower

ligule the flattened, strap-shaped portion of the corolla inray flowers of the aster family; also the appendagecommonly found at the junction of the sheath andblade in grasses

lips two or more groups of fused petals that occur withina single corolla but differ in appearance

List 1B plants considered by the California Native PlantSociety to be “rare, threatened, or endangered inCalifornia and elsewhere” (California Native PlantSociety 2001)

lobes free tips of fused plant parts that are partially fused,such as petals, sepals, or leaf tissue

male-sterile flowers that lack functional anthersmarginal a population believed to be too small for long-term

persistence without enhancementmedian in a set of data, the value for which half of the

observations are smaller and half are greatermetapopulation separate colonies that function as a single population

by exchanging of genetic material at least once ayear

microhabitat localized areas with unique conditions due tosmall-scale variations in physical features of thelandscape

mitigation actions undertaken to compensate for impacts toendangered species populations or wetlands

mitigation bank an area important for conservation in whichdevelopers of unrelated projects may buy a share tocompensate for their impacts to a similar suite ofendangered species or wetlands that will bedestroyed due to project development in anotherarea

molecular taxonomy studying similarities among taxa by comparingproteins, DNA, and other molecules

morphology external form and structurenode the point where a leaf or branch attaches to the stemnomenclature a system of naming rules in the biological sciences,

thus plant species are named according to the rulesof botanical nomenclature

nutlet one of several small, dry, single-seeded fruits with ahard covering that are produced within a singleflower; nutlets have thicker walls than do achenes

obsidian volcanic glassoccurrence an occupied area at least 0.4 kilometers (¼ mile)

away from the next occupied area; see also elementoccurrence, population

order a taxonomic rank below class and above familyorder of magnitude a factor of 10; for example 1,000 is three orders of

magnitude greater than 1outcrossing fertilization of an ovary by pollen from a different

plant

Term Definition

B-5

oviposition egg-layingpalea a papery scale that encloses the stamens and pistil in

a grass flowerpappus the hair-like or scale-like structures attached to an

achene, which assist in dispersal (e.g., the tuftsvisible on dandelions gone to seed)

perennial a plant that lives for many yearspetiole leaf stalkphenology the timing of various stages in the life cycle of a

plantphyllary one of the bracts below the flower head in members

of the Asteraceaepilose covered with long, soft hairspinnately compound divided into distinct segments, which are arranged

feather-like on either side of a rachis (see alsocompound leaf)

pinnately lobed a leaf that has projections (lobes) arranged in afeather-like pattern but is not completely dividedinto distinct segments

pistil the female reproductive structure of a flowerpistillate a flower containing only female reproductive parts

pith the tissue at the core of a plant stempopulation a group of individuals of the same species that

occupy an area small enough to permit interbreedingregularly (herein used interchangeably withoccurrence or to represent a group of individualsthat is not included in the California NaturalDiversity Data Base)

pubescent covered with short hairspupation a nonmobile stage in which larvae transform to

adultsrace a group of plant populations that share distinct

genetic or morphological traitsrachis the central stalk of an inflorescence or compound

leafray flowers tiny flowers with flattened, fused petals that occur

near the margin of a flower head in some membersof the aster family (e.g., the “petals” of a commondaisy)

reintroduce/reintroduction to seed or transplant a species into a specific sitefrom which it has been extirpated

root graft a connection between the water-conducting tissuesin root systems of two plants

rosette a cluster of leaves near the groundscape a leafless flowering stemseasonal wetlands areas that hold or carry water for only a portion of

the year; herein refers to vernal pools and swalessection 6 the section of the Federal Endangered Species Act

through that allows for states to receive Federalfunding for programs to conserve listed species

Term Definition

B-6

seed bank stored seeds; may be dormant seeds in the soil (seesoil seed bank) or those stored in a facility forconservation purposes

seed set production of mature seedsself-compatible capable of setting seed when pollen reaches pistils

on the same plantself-incompatible requiring fertilization by pollen from a different

plant in order to set seedsepal one of several leaf-like structures beneath the petals

of a flowersheath the narrow, tubular portion of a grass leaf that

surrounds the stemsites necessary for conservation specific sites necessary to prevent the extinction of

species that are not formally listed as endangered orthreatened; equivalent to important habitat for listedspecies

soil seed bank viable seeds that remain dormant in the soilsolitary a structure or organism that occurs individually,

rather than in groups or clusters (e.g., solitaryflowers, solitary bees)

specialist pollinator an animal (usually an insect) that pollinates onlyflowers of a single genus or species

spikelet in grasses, the structure consisting of one or moreflorets, the tiny stems that connect the florets, andthe glumes

spur a tubular projection from a sepal or petalstable remaining at the current level; (for annual plants,

this takes into account not only above-ground plantsbut also seeds present in the soil; see Pavlik 1994, p.329)

stamen the male reproductive structure of a flower,consisting of an anther and a filament

status survey identifying all historical localities of a species,predicting additional likely sites where the speciesmay occur, visiting all of the historical and likelysites, and evaluating population size and threats atthose sites

stigma the part of the pistil that receives pollenstocking rate the number of livestock per acrestomates pores in the surface of a leaf that facilitate gas

exchangestratification exposure to cold, submersion, or other treatment that

is necessary for certain seeds to germinateswale a shallow drainage that carries water seasonally;

differs from a vernal pool in that it has an outlettarsus terminal leg segmentstaxa plural of taxontaxon a term used to denote a taxonomic entity of any

rank; often used to refer to an assorted groupconsisting of species, subspecies, and varieties

terrace a flat-topped soil formation bordering a river orstream

Term Definition

B-7

terrestrial growing on dry land as opposed to waterterrestrial leaves the flat-bladed leaves of Orcuttieae that develop

after water has evaporated from the pools (asopposed to juvenile leaves)

thatch a matted layer of dead vegetation on the soil surfacetranslocation moving a species from one site to another; may

involve enhancement, introduction, orreintroduction

trend analysis the process of determining whether a population isincreasing, declining, or remaining stable

tribe a taxonomic rank below family and above genustube the fused portion of a calyx or corollatubercle a wart-like projectiontuffaceous porous, such as rock formed from cemented

volcanic ashtype locality the site from which the type specimen was collectedtype specimen the individual, preserved plant or animal that the

original author designated to represent a new species vernal pool a depression that retains water seasonally due to a

shallow, impermeable soil layer beneath the surfaceand the absence of a drainage outlet

viscid stickywings the pair of petals inside the banner of a flower in the

pea family; these petals are very narrow at theirbases

> is the symbol for ‘greater than’; < is the symbol for ‘less than’

C-1

APPENDIX C. RECOVERY PRIORITY AND FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICEREFERENCE AND DATES

Species Name RecoveryPriority1

Federal Register Notice, DateListed

Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta(Fleshy owl’s clover)

9 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Chamaesyce hooveri (Hoover’s spurge) 2c 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Eryngium constancei (Loch Lomondbutton-celery)

14 51:45904-45907, December 23, 1986

Lasthenia conjugens (Contra Costagoldfields)

5c 62:34029-34038, June 18, 1997

Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica(Butte County meadowfoam)

2c 57:24192-24199, June 8, 1992

Navarretia leucocephala ssp. pauciflora(few-flowered navarettia)

3 62:34029-34038, June 18, 1997

Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha(many-flowered navarettia)

3 62:34029-34038, June 18, 1997

Neostapfia colusana (Colusa grass) 2c 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Orcuttia inaequalis (San Joaquin ValleyOrcutt grass)

8 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Orcuttia pilosa (hairy Orcutt grass) 2c 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Orcuttia tenuis (slender Orcutt grass) 8 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Orcuttia viscida (Sacramento Orcuttgrass)

5c 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Parvisedum leiocarpum (Lake Countystonecrop)

2c 62:34029-34038, June 18, 1997

Tuctoria greenei (Greene’s tuctoria) 2c 62:14338-14352, March 26, 1997

Tuctoria mucronata (Solano grass) 2 43:44810-44812, September 28,1978

Conservancy fairy shrimp (Branchinectaconservatio)

8 59(180):48136-48152, September 19,1994

Longhorn fairy shrimp (Branchinectalongiantenna)

8 59(180):48136-48152, September 19,1994

Vernal pool fairy shrimp (Branchinectalynchi)

2c 59(180):48136-48152, September 19,1994

Delta green ground beetle (Elaphrusviridis)

8 45:52807-52810, August 8, 1980

Vernal pool tadpole shrimp (Lepiduruspackardi)

2c 59(180):48136-48152, September 19,1994

1 Appendix D describes how we determine recovery priority for each species.

D-1

APPENDIX D. PRIORITIES FOR RECOVERY OF THREATENED ANDENDANGERED SPECIES

Degree of Threat Recovery Potential Taxonomy Priority Conflict

High

High

High

High

Low

Low

Low

Monotypic Genus

Species

Subspecies

Monotypic Genus

Species

Subspecies

1

2

3

4

5

6

1C1

2C2

3C3

4C4

5C5

6C6

Moderate

High

High

High

Low

Low

Low

Monotypic Genus

Species

Subspecies

Monotypic Genus

Species

Subspecies

7

8

9

10

11

12

7C7

8C8

9C9

10C10

11C11

12C12

Low

High

High

High

Low

Low

Low

Monotypic Genus

Species

Subspecies

Monotypic Genus

Species

Subspecies

13

14

15

16

17

18

13C13

14C14

15C15

16C16

17C17

18C18

E-1

APPENDIX E. POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH WESTERNSPADEFOOT TOAD HABITAT

The chemicals of greatest concern for which data on amphibians, fish, or their food supply couldbe found are:

acephateazinphos-methylcarbarylchlorpyrifosdiazinondicofoldisulfotonendosulfanesfenvaleratefenamiphosglyphosatemalathion

mancozebmethamidophosmethoprenenaledparaquatpermethrinphosmet polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pyrethrinsrotenonestrychninetriclopyrtrifluralin

Glossary of Terminology and Units for Contaminants

LC50-lethal concentration to 50 percent of test organismsmg/kg-milligrams per kilogrammg/L-milligrams per literng/L-nanograms per liter:g/L-micrograms per literPAH-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

F-1

APPENDIX F. CONSERVATION TOOLS AND STRATEGIES

Rights and Interests in Land that Can be Acquired

Right or Interest Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesFee simple ownership Full title to land and all

rights associated withland.

Owner has full control ofland. Allows forpermanent protection andpublic access.

Most costly. Ownershipresponsibility includesliability and maintenance.

Conservation easement/ development rights

(Access to monitorspecies populationsshould be added toconservation easement)

A partial interest inproperty transferred to anappropriate nonprofit orgovernmental entityeither by gift or purchase. As ownership changes,the land remains subjectto the easementrestrictions.

Less expensive than feesimple. Landownerretains ownership andproperty is taxed at alower rate. Easementmay allow for somedevelopment. Potentialincome and estate taxbenefits from donation.

Public access may not beguaranteed. Easementmust be enforced. Restricted use may lowerresale value. If theeasement has a “sunset”then permanentprotection is notguaranteed.

Fee simple / leaseback Purchase of full title andleaseback to previousowner or other lessee. May impose land userestrictions.

Allows forcomprehensivepreservation program ofland banking. Incomethrough leaseback. Liability andmanagementresponsibilities assignedto lessee.

Public access is notguaranteed. Land mustbe appropriate forleaseback (e.g.,agricultural).

Lease Short or long-term rentalof land.

Low cost for use of land. Landowner receivesincome and retainscontrol of property.

Does not provide equityand affords only limitedcontrol of property. Temporary.

Undivided Interest Ownership is splitbetween different owners,with each fractionalinterest extending overthe whole parcel. Eachowner has equal rights toentire property.

Prevents one owner fromacting without theconsent of the others.

Several landowners cancomplicate propertymanagement issues,especially payment oftaxes, future sale, landuses, and access.

Deed Restriction Voluntary or imposedrestriction on land useplaced on title bylandowner.

Can prevent impacts to orprotect habitat and/oropen space values as longas landowner retains therestriction.

Is easily removed fromproperty title by propertyowner withoutgovernment. knowledge.Does not guarantee evenshort-term protection.

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Ways that Title Can Be Acquired

Technique Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesFair market value sale* Land is sold at its highest

and best use value.Highest income (cashinflow) to seller.

Most expensive. Greatestcapital gains.

Bargain Sale* Part donation/part sale -property is sold at lessthan fair market value.*

Tax benefits to sellersince difference betweenfair market value and saleprice is considered acharitable contribution. Smaller capital gains tax.

Seller must be willing tosell at less than fairmarket value.

Charitable Gift A donation by landownerof all interest inproperty.*

Allows for permanentprotection without directpublic expenditure. Taxbenefits to seller sinceproperty’s fair marketvalue is considered acharitable contribution.

Seller must be willing todonate.

Bequest Landowner retainsownership until death.*

Management respon-sibility usually deferreduntil donor’s death.

Date of acquisition isuncertain. Donor doesnot benefit from incometax deductions. Landowner can changewill, will may containland use conditionsunfavorable to openspace/ habitat use.

Donation with reservedlife estate

Landowner donatesduring lifetime but haslifetime use.

Landowner retains usebut receives tax benefitsfrom donation.

Date of acquisition isuncertain.

Land exchange Exchange of developablehigh habitat/open spaceland for land with equaldevelopment potential butless habitat/open spacevalue.

Low-cost technique iftrade parcel is donated. Reduces capital gains taxfor original owner ofprotected land.

Properties must be ofcomparable value. Complicated and timeconsuming.

Eminent domain(government)

The constitutional policepower of government totake private property forpublic purpose uponpayment of justcompensation.

Provides governmentwith a tool to acquiredesired properties if otheracquisition techniques arenot workable.

Can be expensive. Canhave negative politicalconsequences. Can resultin expensive and timeconsuming litigation.

Tax foreclosure(government)

Government acquiresland by tax paymentdefault.

Limited expenditure. If land is not appropriate forpublic open space, it canbe sold or exchanged.

Competitive sealedbidding risk.

Purchase of a Deed ofTrust (1st)

Government acquiresland by defaulted loan(private institution)payment and subsequentforeclosure.

Land can be acquired at adistressed sale price.

Can be complicated andresult in conflict withlocal TaxCollector/Assessor

Agency transfer(government)

Certain governmentagencies may havesurplus propertyinappropriate for theirneeds that could betransferred to a parksagency for park use.

Limited expenditure. Time consuming withpossible conflicts withlocal government.

Technique Explanation Advantages Disadvantages

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Restricted auction(nonprofit)

Government restricts thefuture use of property toopen space, then sells.

Property sold to highestbidder but restrictionlowers price andcompetition.

It may be difficult for anonprofit to convincegovernment that arestriction will serve tobenefit the generalpublic. Can be expensive.

* There are different ways of financing, i.e.: cash, mortgaged, owner financed, lease/option, etc. with somemeans having greater tax benefits than others for the seller and some means more easily financed bygovernment than others. Conservation easements also can be acquired by these means.

Management and Ownership Options Following Purchase by NonprofitOrganization

Technique Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesConveyance to publicagency

Nonprofit organiza-tion acquires and holdsland until public agencyis able to purchase.

A nonprofit organizationcan enter the real estatemarket more easily thangovernment, and canoften facilitate a salewhen the governmentagency would be unable.

Must have a publicagency willing and ableto buy within areasonable time frame. Private fund raising canbe difficult.

Conveyance to anothernonprofit organization

Nonprofit organizationacquires and holds landuntil another nonprofitorganization has beenestablished or is able tofinance acquisition.

Allows immediateacquisition even thoughacquiring group cannot oris not willing to holdproperty.

Requires existence orestablishment of ultimateland holder that has solidsupport, funding and theability to manage land.

Management bynonprofit organization

Nonprofit organizationretains ownership andassumes managementresponsibilities.

Ownership remainswithin the community;local citizens can provideresponsible care andmanagement.

Land must fit criteria ofacquiring organization. Organization mustassume long-termmanagementresponsibilities and costs.

Saleback or leaseback Nonprofit organizationpurchases property, limitsfuture developmentthrough restrictiveeasements or covenants,and resells or leases backpart or all of property. May involve subdivisionof property.

Acquisition is financedby resale or leaseback. Resale at less than fairmarket value (because ofrestrictions) makes landaffordable for buyer. Sale can financepreservation of part ofsite.

Complex negotiations. Aleaseback means thenonprofit organizationretains responsibility forthe land.

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Financing Options for Government

Financing Option Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesGeneral fundappropriation

Appropriation fromprimary governmentfunds.

Avoids interest and debtservice cost.

Budget allocationsunpredictable. Might notprovide sufficient funds,and competes with otherprograms.

Bond act Borrowing moneythrough insurance ofbonds. Usually approvedthrough local or statewidereferendum.

Distributes cost ofacquisition. Does notimpact general funds.

Requires approval ofgeneral public. Can beexpensive - interestcharges are tacked on tocost of project.

Land and WaterConservation Fund

Federal funds provided tolocal governments on a50/50 matching basis foracquisition anddevelopment of land forpublic use.

Cost of acquisition forlocal government islowered by subsidy.

Federal release of thesefunds is uncertain and hasbeen extremely limited todate. Competition isextreme.

State grant/low interestloans

States provide matchinggrants or low interestloans for municipalities toacquire open space.

Encourages localities topreserve open space byleveraging local funds. Donated lands may beused as a match.

Localities must competefor limited funds and beable to match state funds.

Real estate transfer tax Acquisition fundsobtained from a tax onproperty transfers. Percentage and amountexempted varies withlocality.

Growth creates asubstantial fund for openspace acquisition. Enables localcommunities to generatetheir own funds for openspace protection.

Places greater burden onnew residents than onexisting residents. Caninflate real estate values. Effective only in growthsituations.

Land gains tax Capital gains tax on saleor exchange ofundeveloped land held fora short period of time.Tax rate varies dependingon holding period.

Discourages speculativedevelopment. Has aregulatory and revenueimpact.

Can inflate real estatevalues and slow market.

Payment in lieu ofdedication

Local governmentrequires developers topay an impact fee to amunicipal trust fund foropen space acquisition.

New construction paysfor its impact on openspace.

Acquisition funds dependon development. May belack of accountability forfunds. Legality ofmethod depends onrelationship of openspace to newdevelopment.

Special assessmentdistrict

Special tax district forarea benefitted by apublic benefit project.

Users finance acqui-sition and manage-ment.

Increases taxes. Timelyand costly to implement. Requires 2/3 voterapproval in California.

Tax return check off On state income taxforms, a filer mayappropriate a smallamount of taxes owedtoward revenues fornatural lands acquisitions.

Convenient andsuccessful means ofgenerating funds.

Vulnerable tocompetition from otherworthwhile programs.

Financing Option Explanation Advantages Disadvantages

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Other funds/taxes Taxes on cigarettes, sales,gasoline, and naturalresource exploitation;revenue from fees andlicenses for boat, off-roadvehicle, and snowmobileuse, park entry, hunting,etc.

Income from fees andlicenses pays forresources.

Revenues from taxes canbe diverted for other usesunless dedicated to openspace. Fees createpressures for money to bespent on special interestuses.

Sale or transfer of taxdefault property

Sale of tax defaultproperty can provide afund for open spaceacquisition. Also, if sitemeets criteria, it can betransferred to appropriateagency for park use.

Funds for acquisition areacquired with little cost totaxpayers.

Need to assure that saleproceeds are speciallyallocated to open spaceacquisition. Might notprovide a significantincome. Very politicalprocess.

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Financing Options for NonProfit Organizations

Financing Option Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesLoan from institutionalor private lender

Conventional loan frombank or savings and loanor private source, such asa foundation orcorporation.

Less time-consumingprocess than fundraising.

Long-term financialcommitment fornonprofit organization. Higher interest costs thanowner financing. Mortgage lien.

Installment sale Buyer pays for propertyover time.

If seller financed, canlower taxes for seller. Buyer can negotiatebetter sale terms (lowerinterest rates).

Long-term financialcommitment fornonprofit organization. Mortgage lien.

Fundraising No- or low-interest loansare acquired throughprogram relatedinvestments fromfoundations, nonstandardinvestments fromcorporations, orcharitable creditors(community members).

Community fundraisingcreates publicity andsupport.

A long, uncertain, andtime consuming process.

Revolving fund/loansor grants

A public or privateorganization makes grantsto localities or nonprofitorganizations for landacquisition based on aproject’s revenuegenerating potential.

Encourage projects withrevenue generatingpotential.

Projects with lowrevenue- generatingpotential have lowerpriority.

Partial development/saleback or lease

Nonprofit organizationpurchases property, limitsfuture developmentthrough restrictivecovenants, and resells orleases back part or all ofproperty.

Acquisition is financedby resale or leaseback. Sale can financepreservation of part ofsite.

Complex negoti-ations. If leaseback, nonprofitorgani-zation retainsresponsibility for land. Finding buyer forrestricted pro-perty maybe difficult, and landvalue will be low-ered byrestrictions.

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Government Financial Incentives for Conservation

Incentive Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesPreferential assessment Under state laws,

agricultural and forestdistricts can beestablished to assess landas farmland or forestlandrather than at its highestand best use.

Promotes resource conservation andmanagement. Especiallybenefits landowners inareas with developmentpressure. Tax base losscan be partially reclaimed through penalty tax onlandowners whoterminate enrollment.

Voluntary participation. Does not provide long-term protection. Minimum acreage forentry. Strength ofprogram depends onpenalty fromwithdrawals. Localgovernment bears burdenof reduced tax base.

Purchase ofdevelopment rights

Local or state governmentpurchases developmentrights to maintain land infarm use.

Landowner can deriveincome from sellingdevelopment rights andcontinue to own land. Lower property valueshould reduce propertytaxes.

Can be costly,particularly in acommunity with high realestate values.

Land conservationgrants

State programs pay orotherwise enablelandowners to preserveland, enhance wildlife,and provide publicaccess.

Landowners deriverevenues from preservingland without sellinginterests in land.

Provision of publicexpenditures.

Safe Harbors Agreements

Incentive Explanation Advantages Disadvantages

Create incentives byremoving restrictionsunder section 9 ofEndangered SpeciesAct. Allows “take” oflisted species beyondbaseline conditions(i.e., those lands oranimals protected attime of signing ofagreement).

Private landowners andnon-Federal propertyowners encouraged to restore, enhance andmaintain habitats forlisted species in returnfor assurances thatadditional land-userestrictions as a result ofvoluntary conservationactions will not beimposed.

Could garner non-Federal landowner’ssupport for speciesconservation on non-Federal lands. Byreducing fear of futureadditional property use restrictions underEndangered SpeciesAct, landowners mayenhance their lands forlisted species. Couldreduce habitatfragmentation andincrease populationnumbers of listedspecies.

Could adversely affectpopulations by servingas biological sink forspecies attracted toenhanced habitat, only tohave habitat later lost todevelopment. May notbe adequate incentivesother than publicrelations value, and maynot offer value overtraditional HabitatConservation Plans. Opportunities may befew in states with strongcoastal protectionregulations.

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Regulatory Techniques - Growth Control

Technique Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesPhased growth Permits a limited amount

of growth each year.Effective as acomprehensive planningstrategy.

There must be anequitable system toapprove development. Future developmentpressures difficult topredict.

Moratorium Legal postponement ordelay of landdevelopment.

Useful as an interimmeasure during theformulation of a masterdevelopment plan.

Provides only atemporary solution andcan create a rush on landdevelopment prior totaking effect.

Transfer ofdevelopment rights

An owner of publicly-designated land can selldevelopment rights toother landowners whoseproperty can supportincreased density.

Cost of preservationabsorbed by propertyowner who purchasesdevelopment rights.

Difficult to implement. Preservation andreceiving areas must beidentified.

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Regulatory Techniques - Zoning and Subdivision Provisions

Technique Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesLarge lot zoning Large minimum lot sizes

restrict the density of thedevelopment.

An established land usecontrol used as part of acomprehensive plan.

Since zoning is subject tochange, not effective forpermanent preservation. Can increase real estatevalues and infrastructurecosts can foster urbansprawl.

Performance zoning A zone is defined by a listof permitted impacts(based on naturalresource data and designguide-lines) as opposed topermitted uses.

Directs development toappropriate places basedon a compre-hensive,environ-mentally-basedplan. Can beimplemented throughcluster development.

Difficulties inimplementation sinceenvironmental impactscan be hard to measureand criteria are hard toestablish. Plan can beexpensive to prepare.

Carrying capacityzoning

Based on the ability of anarea to accommodategrowth and developmentwithin the limits definedby existing infrastructureand natural resourcecapabilities. Often calledCurrent PlanningCapacity.

Zoning is based on anarea’s physical capacityto accommodate devel-opment. Can beimplemented throughcluster development.

Requires acomprehensiveenvironmental inventoryfor implementation. Determining carryingcapacity can be a difficultprocess, subject todiffering opinions,quality-of-lifeassumptions, andchanging technologies.

ClusterZoning/planned unitdevelopment (PUD)

Maintains regularzoning’s ratio of housingunits to acreage butpermits clustereddevelopment throughundersized lots, thusallowing for open spacepreservation. A PUDprovision allowsclustering for a large,mixed-used development.

Flexibility in sitingallows preservation ofopen space areas withindevelopment site. Canreduce construction andinfrastructure costs.

Open space oftenpreserved in smallseparate pieces, notnecessarily linked to acomprehensive openspace system. Mayincrease processing timefor developmentapproval. Lack ofinfrastructure can inhibittechnique.

Preservation overlayzoning

At discretion ofmunicipality, overlayzones with developmentrestrictions can beestablished to protectagricultural and naturalareas, scenic views, andhistoric neighbor-hoods.

Special zones haveregulations specific to theneeds of a unique areaand may be subject tomandatory clustering,performance standards,special permits, and siteplan and architecturalreview.

Language in specialdistrict ordinance must bespecific enough to avoidvarying interpretations.

Technique Explanation Advantages Disadvantages

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Exaction As a condition ofobtaining subdivisionapproval, localgovernment requiresdevelopers to pay a fee ordedicate land to amunicipal trust fund foropen space. Also, statescan require open spaceset-asides as part ofenvironmental review.

New construction paysfor its impact on openspace.

Acquisition fundsdependent on residentialdevelopment. Commercial developmentoften not subject to exaction fees. Difficultto calculate developer’sfair share of costs. Newcase law restrictions.

Conservation densitysubdivisions

Permit developers anoption of building roadsto less expensive specifi-cations in exchange forpermanent restrictions innumber of units built. Roads can be public orprivate.

Increases open space andreduces traffic. Discourages higherdensities to pay for thehigher cost of roadbuilding.

Requires enforcement ofeasements. Private roadslimit public access andrequire homeownerassociation maintenance.

Regulatory Technique - Conservation/Mitigation Banks

Technique Explanation Advantages Disadvantages

Conservation/mitigation banks

Wildlife habitat areas arerestored and permanently protectedby selling credits tooffset developmentimpacts elsewhere.

Could advanceregional habitatconservation by allowingmitigation credits at sitesrecognized to be highpriority for regionalconservation inexchange for areas ofminimal habitat value.

If not carefullyconsideredand developmentprojects are notconsistent with allFederal and state laws,could facilitate habitatloss. Environmentallycontroversial.

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APPENDIX G. INFORMATION AND EDUCATION MATERIALS

Page

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-2

Plan Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-3

Key Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-5

Target Audiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7

Information and Education Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-8

Materials and Forums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-10

Strategies for Reaching Audiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-12

Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-13 Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-19

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

Public awareness of the plight of California’s vernal pool ecosystems is a significantcomponent of its recovery. Increased awareness can lead to greater acceptance andcompliance with management measures. Increased awareness may also inspire advocatesand volunteers to assist with monitoring and habitat restoration. This Information andEducation Plan describes current interpretation activities along with actions and ideas forfuture work. Key messages, target audiences, strategies, costs, and volunteer managementare among some of the elements addressed.

This plan provides direction for an expanded and continuing effort to reach all those whohave a stake in the recovery of vernal pool ecosystems. At the broadest level, this effortextends to the public-at-large as concern for endangered species increases. Attention willalso be focused upon groups and individuals who have a particular interest in vernal poolrecovery.

Activities and demographics vary greatly throughout communities containing vernal poolhabitat. Therefore, this plan has been written as a programmatic document; to be used foroverall guidance and to generate ideas for regional plans. Ideally, interpretive strategiesshould be written for specific locations or land ownerships. At a minimum, individualizedplans should be developed for the vernal pool regions described in this draft recoveryplan.

While several of the described actions may already be in motion, it is recommended thatthe remaining actions be initiated as soon as possible. These actions are an integral partof recovery, and funding for implementation must be supported accordingly. Althoughbudget constraints may prevent development of a complete program, some recommendedactions can still be pursued even where budgets are limited.

The Draft Vernal Pool Ecosystem Recovery Plan calls for the development andimplementation of public information and education programs. This Information andEducation Plan provides guidance regarding the information and education activitiesdescribed therein. Specific activities outlined in the recovery plan include: (1)development of a participation plan and submission to the recovery implementationteam for review; (2) development of a participation and outreach programs for privatelandowners; (3) establishment of a mechanism (e.g., funding, etc.) to initiate aneffective participation and outreach program for private landowners; (4) compilationand review of existing outreach material targeted for private landowners; (5) ifnecessary, revision of existing outreach materials, or development of new outreachmaterials for private landowners; (6) distribution of outreach materials to privatelandowners through existing outreach mechanisms (i.e. newsletters, the Internet,

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annual meetings of organizations, public meetings); (7) identification of privatelandowners interested in pursuing recovery and conservation efforts on their landsand prioritization of a list of potential participants; (8) work with private landownersto develop Safe Harbor Agreements, Candidate Conservation Agreements,Memoranda of Understanding, habitat conservation banks, or other appropriate toolsfor conserving listed species or species of concern on their lands; (9) development ofspecialized programs to facilitate cooperation and information dispersal/exchange totarget audiences (e.g., California Farm Bureau, California Cattlemen’s Association,University of California Cooperative Extension, Resource Conservation Districts,County and City Planners, California Builders Association, professional societies,etc.); (10) development and implementation of cooperative programs and partnershipswith Federal, State, and local agencies to ensure they utilize their authorities to thefullest extent possible to promote the recovery of listed species and the long-termconservation of the species of concern addressed in this draft recovery plan.

PLAN GOALS

The primary goal of this Information and Education Plan is:

• To enhance compliance with management efforts to protect and enhancevernal pool species and their habitat.

Secondary goals are:

• To stimulate public interest, understanding, and support of research andmanagement actions which in turn will increase compliance levels.

• To provide land managers, private landowners, and recreational interestgroups with guidance to implement a vernal pool recovery program.

• To stimulate public concern and understanding of unique vernal poolecosystems that support numerous and diverse species, including specialstatus species.

• To develop internal and external support necessary for funding vernal poolmanagement programs.

These goals will be accomplished through the information and education programdescribed in subsequent sections.

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EFFECTIVE OUTREACH TOOLS

Partnerships Partnerships can include working groups and cost share programs. Cooperationbetween resource and land management agencies, researchers, interest groups, andprivate individuals increase effectiveness of outreach efforts and bring moreresources - both expertise and money - to the table.

Multi-Disciplinary OutreachEffective management of vernal pool habitat requires cooperation between differentand often divergent interests working together using a positive, unified approach. Vernal pool habitat management needs to incorporate input from biologists, landmanagers, interpretation specialists, and various interest and user groups to reachrecovery goals.

Dedicated ConservationistsThe exceptional commitment of professional and volunteer conservationists has been,and should continue to be, an important factor in vernal pool ecosystem recovery.

Communications Techniques The key to increased public understanding and awareness is using a variety ofcommunication techniques and methods of distribution, including a variety oftechniques such as videos, brochures, posters, on-site programs, slide presentations,and news releases.

OUTREACH NEEDS

Targeted Audiences Key audiences and their primary interests should be determined for specific programobjectives. Different groups of people will view vernal pool habitat management indifferent ways. The ranges of vernal pool species includes a large geographic areathat incorporates both small towns and large cities with diverse political views,economic bases, ethnic and socioeconomic groups, literacy levels, environmentalvalues, attitudes about government regulations, etc. Communications intended fordifferent groups and geographic areas need to be designed to address their differentperspectives.

Information Little information is available on how the various target audiences feel about vernalpool habitat management. Experiences of agency personnel indicate that publicsentiment varies considerably. An increased understanding will help managersdesign effective interpretive signs and programs.

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Decreased Use of JargonMany communications products to date contain a large amount of technical jargon. This not only fails to communicate with readers or viewers, but may even make themantagonistic.

Increased Personalized Communication The most effective communications, particularly with those directly impacted, arethose delivered via a “one-on-one” approach . Although many outreach strategiessuch as brochures and videos are cost effective and reach wide audiences, they maynot sufficiently capture attention or promote understanding.

Improved Internal CommunicationsMany people within resource management agencies are not getting information aboutthe vernal pool program and the role they can or should play. Improveddissemination of information and coordination between all levels of staff is needed.

Coordination When agencies, groups, and individuals work independently, work is not done in anefficient, cost effective, or cohesive manner. Working as a team can alleviateinconsistent messages and prevent redundancy in work.

KEY MESSAGES

Different audiences have different questions, concerns, and values that need to beaddressed to effectively meet the goals of this plan. Knowing the audience(s) willenable the design of a practical outreach strategy and product specifically tailored totheir issues. The following key messages address some of the most frequently askedquestions. Although many of the following key messages apply to all targetaudiences, several may be site- or zone-specific. Individual plans should choose keymessages appropriate to their audience(s). Sentences within parentheses reflectconsiderations to tailor messages to individual plans or outreach materials.

Primary Message

Vernal pool ecosystem recovery can be achieved with minimal disruption oflandowner interests through cooperation in the voluntary Vernal Pool EcosystemRecovery Plan.

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Secondary Messages

1. All species, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, are a criticalcomponent of the earth’s biodiversity. Maintaining native species diversityis key to sustaining healthy ecosystems capable of adapting to constantchange.

2. Vernal pool species and other endangered species are like the miner’s canary --they are a barometer of the health of the ecosystem.

3. The vernal pool ecosystem includes unique and increasingly rare habitats. Severalspecies are found in this system and no other.

4. All wildlife have distinct habitat needs. Specialized species, like vernal pool

species, have specific adaptations, and therefore live only in vernal pools.

5. Habitat destruction is the main cause of vernal pool ecosystem decline. Habitathas been lost from urbanization and agricultural conversion, and introduction ofnonnative plant species. Loss of vernal pool habitat also affects other plants andanimals linked to this unique landform, such as California red-legged frog andCalifornia tiger salamander. Managing for vernal pool species requirescontrolling invasive species and maintaining hydrologic function. Appropriatelevels of livestock grazing can play an important role in achieving thesemanagement goals

6. Guidelines for using vernal pool habitat in a way that protects species it supportsshould be specific. Recreationists need to understand that by their very presence,wildlife may be disturbed.

7. Specific sites and types of recreation affect vernal pool species in different ways. Develop key messages targeted to a specific audience explaining how their activityimpacts vernal pool species and how modifying their activity can reduce oreliminate these impacts.

8. Your cooperation will help preserve vernal pool ecosystems. You can help by fillin the blank…(e.g., respecting restricted areas; leaving your pets at home orkeeping them on a leash; keeping kites, fires and camping sites well away fromnesting areas; observing birds at a distance; and keep beaches litter free).

9. Information for off-road vehicle users will focus on off-road vehicle-relatedimpacts, ways to coexist (primarily through land allocation initiatives).

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10. Get Involved. Your participation can help lead to vernal pool ecosystem recovery,thus decreasing the need for further restrictions. Contact your state and federalwildlife agencies for further information.

TARGET AUDIENCES

Audiences who have a stake in vernal pool ecosystem conservation and who should be thetarget of outreach efforts are described below. Each of these target groups influences orhas the potential to influence vernal pool management in a significant way. Audiencesinclude those who will be affected by vernal pool management actions.

Regional and site-specific planning teams need to first evaluate audiences particular totheir location. Strategies and key messages can then be tailored to these audiences.

Public at LargeIn general, this alludes to a national constituency, although on a practical level it primarilyincludes people who live within the Central Valley. Coordination of recovery efforts forvernal pool ecosystems in California and Oregon may bring attention of vernal poolecosystem issues to a national audience. However, the activities in this plan are targetedtoward the Central Valley.

General Interest GroupsParticular groups which may prove most receptive to information and education effortsinclude: civic organizations, scouts and other service organizations; environmentaleducation and outdoor learning centers; and conservation groups.

Local CommunitiesLocal communities have a strong and direct interest in local vernal pool recovery efforts. There are often many different voices speaking on behalf of the community, includingthose focused on the local economy, those concerned with the quality of the environment,and those who support less tangible values such as individual freedom and communityself-rule. While these interests can be found among the public-at-large, they are generallyfelt and expressed much more cogently in the vicinity of the "action." The localcommunity thus comprises not one audience, but a conglomeration of different audiencesrelated by proximity. However, regional or individual outreach programs may want todevelop specific messages targeting user groups within a given community or surroundingarea.

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SchoolsSchool age children may help reach out to other household members with their knowledgeand enthusiasm. Provide buttons, posters, pencils, litter bags and other materials.

Public Officials and Land ManagersThrough their role as public servants these individuals often represent the myriad interestsof the preceding audiences. However, most are required to bring in the added perspectiveof stewardship responsibilities, including land use decisions. They may also be interestedin related issues, such as predator control and habitat restoration.

Private LandownerThe support of these individuals is essential for the successful recovery plan. Manylandowners have cooperated by allowing research and management to proceed on theirlands. Others need to be educated and supported in maintaining vernal pools on theirproperty. Reaching this audience is extremely critical, but can be a time-consumingprocess.

Conservation/Environmental GroupsThese groups will generally be strong advocates of vernal pool ecosystem recovery. Theyconstitute an audience in their own right, but they can also be a conduit of information andeducation to more general audiences.

INFORMATION AND EDUCATION GUIDELINES

The following guidelines should be considered in developing regional or site specificinformation and education. Evaluation is fundamental to the success of all plans. Be sureto incorporate routine assessment.

Biological

• Ensure the biological requirements of vernal pool species, as identified in therecovery plan, are the focus of outreach activities.

• Emphasize the importance of the entire vernal pool ecosystem.

• Incorporate and highlight with current and national issues such as biodiversity,neotropical migrants, human population growth, international conservation,Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network and Watchable Wildlife.

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Logistical

• Incorporate evaluation. Develop questions to assess effectiveness of program andindividual materials.

• Use a team approach. Establish a regional working group if one is not inexistence. Utilize this combined expertise and additional resources for an effectiveand coordinated method.

• Communicate consistently to all land management agencies and the public. Education is a process, not a single event. Target audiences, issues, managementactivities, and vernal pool ecosystem recovery actions are constantly changing.

• Land management agencies should include staff in all outreach efforts.

Specific Tips (Messages)

• Discuss negative aspects, concerns, and failures as well as successes. Be honestwith people.

• Reward and acknowledgment of effort is important to consider when developingmessages. Be sure to provide the reasoning behind compliance and providealternatives.

Specific Tips (Methods)

• Communicate alternatives to restrictions imposed by vernal pool ecosystemmanagement.

• Communicate with local people “face to face” to the extent possible.

• Communicate in a way that is understandable to target audiences.

• Incorporate other languages if needed.

• Avoid jargon and don’t put too many messages in one medium.

• Identify your target audience and be sure your methods and messages are targeted forthat audience.

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• Involve local people in the process of communicating vernal pool ecosysteminformation. Invite participation in a regional working group.

MATERIALS AND FORUMS

Direct ContactLand managers have found one-on-one interaction with beach-users to be the mosteffective and well received of any outreach method. On-site interpreters can provideexplanation to sometimes confusing restrictions. They also provide valuable feedback tothe program and provide answers to questions from the public.

BrochuresBrochures can furnish basic facts about vernal pool species and habitat and the need forit’s protection. They lend themselves to modification for more specific audiences, such asowners of land containing vernal pool habitat.

Brochures are well suited to on-site audiences. Brochures can also be distributed throughcommercial outlets, incorporated into presentations and interpretive programs, or mailed.

Fact Sheets/Flyers/Trading CardsOne-page fact sheets (or multi-page pamphlets) involve minimal production effort andcost. They consist primarily of typed information in a format that can be easily copied. Along with standard information, fact sheets and flyers can address points of concern forparticular audiences and locales. They can also be used as summaries updating vernalpool ecosystem recovery efforts. Fact sheets can be handed out at distribution points thatserve user groups, used in meetings, or mailed.

Restaurant Placemats and Table TentsWhile waiting for their meal at a restaurant, many people will read materials placed ontabletops. Advertisers take advantage of this vulnerability by placing ads on tri-fold“table-tents” and placemats. Information could be condensed from brochures onto theseformats. This forum would be especially useful for tourists and communities near vernalpool ecosystems.

PostersAttractive posters illustrating vernal pool ecosystems have been developed. Use of theseposters in displays is eye-catching. New posters could be developed to complementvideos or other materials.

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MapsColored maps showing vernal pool species and their habitat can be useful in meetings andpublications. Large maps that can be reduced could serve both purposes. Maps may bemost useful in conjunction with fact sheets and signs.

CurriculumCurriculum could be developed for different age groups. Supplemental teacher packetsand hand-outs could focus on biodiversity using the vernal pool ecosystem as a case study.

Newsletters/PostcardsNewsletters are useful during important decision-making processes, especially those thatactively consider public input. A standard newsletter format that can be modified forparticular purposes could expedite public information and involvement. Postcards canalso be used as a modified version of a newsletter. Planning and conflict mediationprocesses may benefit from information exchange through newsletters. Recovery status iswell-suited to a newsletter format.

Interpretive Exhibits and Portable DisplaysAn interpretive exhibit can convey a variety of information about vernal pool ecosystemrecovery efforts. A standard exhibit could be designed for both indoor and outdoordisplay. This display could be permanent or portable for use in schools and at conferencesand meetings. A more elaborate exhibit could incorporate slide-tape or video displays. Ideally, this type of exhibit could be built into interpretive facilities.

SignsHigh-quality interpretive signs explaining seasonal aspects of vernal pool habitat can beused in high traffic areas.

Media ReleasesPublic notices and news articles informing the public of vernal pool issues, planningefforts, habitat restoration projects, recovery successes, etc. are issued as an ongoingeffort. Unofficial stories and features can also be used to solicit interest. The use of pressreleases in connection with conservation planning will be a significant aspect of recoveryefforts in the future.

Radio MessagesPublic service messages on commercial and public radio stations could also promoteprotection of vernal pool habitat and elicit general support for such protection among avariety of general audiences.

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Web Sites/CD-ROMAccess to the Internet is an effective means of communication that can reach a variety ofaudiences at relatively low cost. Updates and other site maintenance require aninvestment of time. A master web site could be developed and operated by the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service with links to other agency vernal pool homepages. These localhomepages can also be area- and site-specific. A CD-ROM could include portions of avideo program, ideally with interactive elements.

Video ProgramsVideo programs can allow the distribution of accurate information in a popular form. These videos can be used in a variety of settings, including interpretive facilities, publicmeetings, classrooms, and for television broadcast. Regional- or site-specific videosaddressing vernal pool ecosystem needs and variable local audiences which have aninterest in vernal pool conservation are recommended.

Slide-Tape ProgramIn situations where video display terminals are not available, a slide-tape program couldbe used, both as part of exhibits and during presentations. The slide-tape program couldpotentially be customized for certain audiences. Slide programs with a script instead of atape back-up could provide a cheaper alternative.

Speaking EngagementsArticulate and persuasive speakers could be engaged to address various groups, either inconjunction with audio-visual programs or on their own. Presentations to general interestand advocacy groups could introduce a forum for constructive dialogue and education. Participation in Fourth of July festivities or other summer activities could provideoutreach opportunities.

Private MeetingsMeetings held during the course of consultations and negotiations regarding habitatprotection can provide a forum for education as well as information exchange about vernalpool species and their habitat.

Public MeetingsPublic meetings may occur during the course of conservation planning processes,education, and through environmental review. These meetings could be used to airvarious concerns about land use conflicts and to gather support for habitat protection. Ultimately, strategies to protect vernal pool species and habitat with the least possibleimpact on other interests may develop from the discussions in these meetings.

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STRATEGIES FOR REACHING AUDIENCES

This Information and Education Plan is designed to use two means to disseminateinformation and gain support. The first strategy is to reach general target audiencesthrough a variety of methods. The second strategy is to reach affected parties throughofficial planning and consultation processes. To this end, actions developed for this planconsider the following:

• A variety of activities will be directed toward stimulating the interest and supportof the general public, including specific target audiences, for the vernal poolecosystem’s protection and recovery; and

• Planning, consultation, and negotiation processes will be used to elicit thecooperation of affected parties such as, landowners, growers, ranchers, developers,and managers. Particular emphasis will be placed on public information as acomponent of the consultation process.

Materials and programs that can effectively increase understanding of vernal pool issuesamong local communities are an immediate priority. These materials will be developedand distributed by land managers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and regionalworking groups as funds allow. Materials such as annual updates of recovery activities,information packets focusing on vernal pool habitat protection, and teaching packets willbe developed for specific audiences.

Distribution of materials and programs will "fan out" from key areas of concern. Inaddition, major media contacts and visitor centers will be identified for initial contacts. Inthis way, the vernal pool information and education program will reach both the key targetaudiences and the broadest possible segment of the general public in as short a time aspossible.

As an adjunct effort, a fairly standardized public involvement process will be followedduring the course of planning and consultation processes for vernal pool species, in orderto expedite education of the involved parties.

Whenever possible, information and education activities for vernal pool habitat will alsobe used as an opportunity to stimulate public concern for broader or less-prominentendangered species issues. Using "spin-off" techniques to raise awareness of otherendangered species issues during vernal pool ecosystem recovery activities could provebeneficial in gathering broad-based support.

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ACTIONS

The following actions should be undertaken to achieve the goals of this Information andEducation Plan. The list is in general order of priority. For each action, the targetaudience(s) and a brief description are provided.

INITIAL ACTIVITIES (First year)In the short term, these activities lay the groundwork for future outreach efforts, or arealready underway and need to be completed (varies regionally).

Action 1. Develop regional vernal pool ecosystem information and educationworking groups.

Audience: Biological resource and land management agencies,conservation/environmental groups, other interested parties.

Description: Establish a working group dedicated to the implementation of aninformation and education program for each region described in the recovery plan. These groups will coordinate and customize outreach efforts to their local needs. Regional resources will then be combined to accomplish tasks, develop a regionalcommunication strategy, and apply for grant opportunities.

Each working group will coordinate vernal pool outreach efforts by maintainingcurrent information on the programs of other working groups. In review, they willseek to identify areas of overlap; and possibly combine efforts to effectively reacha broader, even national audience. This could prove particularly true for activitiessuch as widely-circulated articles, public service announcements, curriculum,exhibits, and press releases.

To the maximum extent feasible, the working group will draw other agencies andindividuals into this effort to inform and educate the public. They will assist anyagency or individual involved or interested in vernal pool ecosystem recovery todesign a program that draws from or augments strategies in this plan. Especiallyencouraged is coordination with individuals representing law enforcement,recreation, interpretation, management, and other disciplines.

Action 2. Develop a master mailing/contact list for each region.

Audience: All

Description: Include the following for each region:

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• Affected landowners• Media contacts• Chambers of Commerce and similar groups• Local farming and ranching organizations• Local building development organizations• Affected businesses• Special interest groups• Conservation groups• Local government elected officials• Federal, state, county and city land management agencies, planning agencies, and

others with land management responsibilities• Civic groups• Schools• Other interested individuals or groups

Initiate development of the mailing list by defining target areas and providing fieldpersonnel, refuge managers, outdoor recreation planners, and others with this planand/or other instructions for compiling their contacts. Consolidate the lists into asortable, automated data base. Update/expand the list on a continual or periodicbasis.

Action 3. Implement a media relations campaign.

Audience: Public at large, landowners, local communities.

Description: Use various opportunities for exposure of vernal pool issues andsuccessful partnerships. Development of many of these action items will alsoprovide a chance for media exposure or assistance in disseminating information totarget audiences through television, radio, newspaper, and magazines. Newsreleases on specific stories or a general information package can be developed togenerate media interest. Consider public service announcements and paidprogramming (commercials or ads) if needed.

Action 4. Develop customized materials for key target audiences.

Audience: The highest priorities, in order, are:

• Landowners and managers• Affected communities• Agency personnel

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Description: Materials will summarize reasons for implementation ofmanagement measures and how users can help in vernal pool ecosystem recovery. General flyers could be developed with inserts available for explanations of sitespecific circumstances (e.g. maps or messages to particular user groups). Asfunding allows, develop customized fact sheets or pamphlets (using a standardquestion and answer format), brochures, slide tape programs, and/or videos forspecial audiences.

Active involvement of these groups in information development will assureresponsiveness to questions and concerns about what effect vernal pool ecosystemrecovery efforts will have on their pursuits. Solicit ideas from the various usergroups about how protection of the vernal pool ecosystem can be achieved whilestill allowing individuals to pursue their interests. Incorporate feedback in aquestion/answer or discussion format to address specific concerns of each usergroup in the most direct way possible. Develop annual updates regarding the progress made in vernal pool ecosystemrecovery and future needs in terms of both research and management. Distributethese to landowners and land management agencies, either during consultation andnegotiation procedures or via the mailing list, as appropriate. Use these updates toinvite feedback about their current concerns and any support they may want tooffer.

Develop customized brochures, flyers, signs, posters, and other materials. Augment this effort with customized presentations and video showings. Postinterpretive signs where appropriate.

When appropriate, bring into play the bigger picture of endangered species. Pursue these efforts within environmental education and interpretive settingswhere it is likely that the vernal pool ecosystem will be one among a variety oftopics.

Action 5. Develop customized regional displays.

Audience: All

Description: Develop a standard display that can be exhibited in visitor centers,on kiosks, on portable stands for use in meetings, classrooms, etc. When possible,erect kiosks with the display in high traffic areas. When feasible, incorporate avideo display or slide-tape program into the exhibit.

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Action 6. Establish coordinated clearinghouse for vernal pool ecosystem outreachmaterials.

Audience: Agency personnel, local governments, conservation/environmentalgroups.

Description: Provide repository of existing materials for use as templates or to becopied to prevent “reinventing the wheel.” Announce the availability of newmaterials to interested individuals and agencies identified on the mailing list.

ONGOING OR PERIODIC ACTIVITIES (After first year)Activities which occur on a continuing basis or at different times throughout the year needto be pursued in as timely a manner as possible over the foreseeable future.

Action 7. Continue or expand initial efforts to distribute customized materials to keytarget audiences.

Audience: All

Description: Expand distribution to include various groups on the mailing list,update lists as appropriate, and distribute outreach materials at local town and landuse planning meetings.

Distribute outreach materials to local and visitor audiences.

Action 8. Follow a standardized public outreach process during recovery planrelease, agency planning and large section 7 consultations.

Audience: All

Description: Continue to use the following planning guidelines for publicoutreach to gather comments and understanding of the process and decision:

• Update the project-specific mailing/contact list, using the master mailing list as thebasic source. Include government officials, agency and organizationrepresentatives, affected landowners, media contacts, and interested individuals.

• Issue press releases informing the general public about the progress of the recoveryeffort.

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• Distribute a periodic fact sheet/pamphlet/newsletters to all interested parties. Usemaps when appropriate.

• Actively solicit public input via newsletters, public scoping meetings, andmeetings with involved parties.

• Distribute available educational materials to involved groups. Give presentationsupon request.

Action 9. Conduct “by invitation” tours.

Audience: All

Description: There is no better way to communicate why vernal pool ecosystemrecovery is significant than to have people accompany a knowledgeable,enthusiastic expert into the field. A significant effort should be made to get keypeople on the tours. Groups to include are: chambers of commerce, agencyemployees, community leaders, legislators, media, school groups, andconservation organization leaders.

Action 10. Enlist corporate support for vernal pool ecosystem protection.

Audience: All

Description: Large landowners or developers can be approached for providingsupport in specific situations. If this strategy is pursued, a prospectus-typebrochure should be prepared explaining the public service aspects and themarketing advantages that could be gained by promoting an image ofenvironmental responsibility. Corporate support could range from underwritingrecovery projects to making a simple statement of support in their advertisementsor on their packaging (the milk carton route). Regional working groups shouldresearch and solicit grant opportunities as an avenue to corporate support.

Action 11. Develop educational curriculum, presentations and speakers bureau.

Audience: Schools, environmental educators, interpreters, youth clubs, civic groups.

Description: Develop curriculum with lesson plans and activities targeted tograde levels. Utilize materials from other activities, such as brochures, posters,fact sheets, maps, videos, or a slide-tape program.

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Modify the above teaching package into a standardized presentation for civic andschool groups, and other general interest organizations. Inform key groups of theavailability of such a program through the mailing list or through notices inbrochures.

Action 12. Produce videos.

Audience: All

Description: Produce video for target audiences. Ideally, several videos couldbe produced; each targeted to a different audience. Otherwise, produce a 15-minute video to use primarily in educational and planning settings; and a 30-second public service announcement to use in informational and commercialcontexts. Announce availability of the videos to field office staff and through the mailinglist. Provide press releases to distribute them to the media, commercial outlets,and for public and private functions. Also, distribute copies of the videos to keyvisitor contact points, including Federal and state facilities. In particular,distribute the educational video to individuals whose property contains vernalpool habitat.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Assistance to agencies who manage vernal pool habitat is an ongoing activity that occursprimarily under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. In particular, the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service works closely with state and local agencies to implement vernal poolprotection and recovery plans, and other management actions to protect vernal poolhabitat.

State agencies also play a role in vernal pool management in their oversight of statewildlife regulations. Although these Federal and state agencies provide oversight andsupport to vernal pool ecosystem management, ultimately responsibility lies withindividual land managers. Local land managers need to ensure that vernal poolecosystem information and education efforts are appropriately and adequatelyimplemented to support protection of vernal pool habitat at sites under their jurisdiction.

Vernal pools extend across multiple counties in California and Oregon, making acoordinated outreach effort difficult and complicated. Regional working groups willideally reduce some of this complication. However, there needs to be a means for

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connection between these groups. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is best suited toplay a leadership role in providing advice and coordination and can also be valuableclearinghouse for existing materials. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service should assurethat long-term funding is allocated to support a staff position to coordinate outreachefforts as part of other recovery plan implementation duties. Partnerships will be the keyto employing an effective information and education program aimed at recovering thevernal pool ecosystem.

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APPENDIX H. GUIDANCE TO MINIMIZE THE POTENTIAL TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE ANDOTHER PATHOGENS BETWEEN AQUATIC SYSTEMS

In order to minimize the potential transmission of disease and other pathogens, the following guidance has beendeveloped for disinfecting equipment and clothing after surveying a wetland and before entering a new wetland,unless the two wetlands are hydrologically connected to one another. These recommendations are adapted fromthe Declining Amphibian Population Task Force’s Code which can be found in their entirety at:http://www.mpm.edu/collect/vertzo/herp/daptf/fcode.html.

a. All dirt and debris, including mud, snails, plant material (including fruits and seeds), and algae, shouldbe removed from nets, traps, boots, vehicle tires and all other surfaces that have come into contact withwater. Cleaned items should be rinsed with clean water before leaving each study site.

b. Boots, nets, traps, etc., should then be scrubbed with either a 70 percent ethanol solution, a bleachsolution (0.5 to 1.0 cup of bleach to 1.0 gallon of water), QUAT 128 (quaternary ammonium, use 1:60dilution), or a 6 percent sodium hypochlorite 3 solution and rinsed clean with water between study sites.Cleaning equipment in the immediate vicinity of a pond or wetland should be avoided. Care should be takenso that all traces of the disinfectant are removed before entering the next aquatic habitat.

c. When working at sites with known or suspected disease problems, disposable gloves should be worn andchanged between handling each animal.

d. Used cleaning materials (liquids, etc.) should be disposed of safely, and if necessary, taken back to thelab for proper disposal. Used disposable gloves should be retained for safe disposal in sealed bags.

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Appendix I. Threats to the listed Vernal Pool Species and Steps Within The Recovery Plan for Threat Reduction orElimination.

SPECIES LISTINGFACTOR1

THREAT TASK NUMBERS RECOVERY CRITERIA2

All listed vernal pool species A Habitat loss (due to urbandevelopment, agriculturalconversion, mining)

1.4, 5.1, 5.2 1A, 1B, 1D, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

All listed vernal pool species A Habitat degradation (erosion,siltation, soil disruption)

1.4, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.1.5, 4.2.4, 5.1,5.2

1E, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C,5D

All listed vernal pool species A Altered hydrology 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.1.5, 4.2.4, 5.1, 5.2 1E, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C,5D

All listed vernal pool species A Inappropriate fire regime 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.2.2, 4.2.4, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

All listed vernal pool species A, C Inappropriate livestock grazingregime

2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

All listed vernal pool species A, E Habitat fragmentation 1.4, 4.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.1.5, 4.2.1, 5.1, 5.2 1A, 1B, 1D, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

All listed vernal pool species A, E Trash dumping 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.2.4, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

All listed vernal pool species A, E Recreational use (off-road vehicles,bicycling)

2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.2.4, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

All listed vernal pool species A, E Vandalism 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.2.4, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

Delta green ground beetle B Overcollection 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.2.4, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 3B

All listed vernal poolcrustaceans

C Predation by nonnative aquaticspecies

2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.2.4, 4.3.4, 5.1, 5.2 1E, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C,5D

Neostapfia colusanaOrcuttia inaequalisTuctoria mucronata

C Herbivory by grasshoppers 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.2.4, 4.3.6, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

Vernal pool tadpole shrimppossibly others

C Disease 4.1.4, 4.1.5 3B

All listed vernal pool species D Lack of adequate protection fromState and Federal legislation

beyond scope of recovery plan N/A

All listed vernal pool species D Need for management planning 1.4, 2.3 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B

SPECIES LISTINGFACTOR1

THREAT TASK NUMBERS RECOVERY CRITERIA2

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All listed vernal pool species E Loss of genetic diversity 4.1.1 3B, 4B

All listed vernal pool species E Contaminants 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.2.4, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 5.1,5.2

2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

Castilleja campestris ssp.succulentaChamaesyce hooveriEryngium constanceiLasthenia conjugensLimnanthes floccosa ssp.californicaNavarretia leucocephala ssp.paucifloraNavarretia leucocephala ssp.plieanthaParvisedum leiocarpum

E Loss of pollinators 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.2.4, 4.3.5, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

All listed vernal pool species E Inadequate monitoring/surveyinformation

1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5.4, 2.5.5,2.5.6, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1.3, 4.2.4, 5.1,5.2

1D, 1E, 2C, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C,5D

All listed vernal pool species E Stochastic events 2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.5.3, 2.5.4, 2.5.5, 2.5.6, 4.1.6 1A, 1B, 1C, 2D, 3A, 4C

All listed vernal pool plants E Competition from invasive plants 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1.4, 4.2.4, 4.3.7, 5.1, 5.2 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D

1. Listing factors are: (A) the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.

2. Recovery criteria are: 1A: Suitable vernal pool habitat within each prioritized core area for the species is protected.1B: Species occurrences distributed across the species geographic and genetic range are protected.1C: Reintroductions and introductions must be carried out and meet success criteria.1D: Additional occurrences that are determined essential to recovery are protected.1E: Habitat protection results in protection of hydrology essential to vernal pool ecosystem function, and monitoring indicates that hydrology that

contributes to population viability has been maintained.

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2A: Habitat management and monitoring plans that ensure maintenance of vernal pool ecosystem function and population viability have been developedand implemented for all habitat protected.

2B: Mechanisms are in place to provide for long-term management and monitoring.2C: Monitoring indicates ecosystem function has been maintained in the areas protected.2D: Seed banking actions have been completed.3A: Status surveys, status reviews, and population monitoring show populations within each vernal pool region where the species occur are viable.3B: Status surveys, status reviews, and habitat monitoring show that threats have been ameliorated or eliminated. 4A: Research actions on species biology and ecology, habitat management and restoration, and methods to eliminate or ameliorate threats have been

completed and incorporated into management plans.4B: Research on genetic structure has been completed and results incorporated into management plans.5A: Recovery Implementation Team is established and functioning to oversee rangewide recovery efforts.5B: Vernal Pool Region working groups are established and functioning to oversee regional recovery efforts.5C: Participation plans for each Vernal Pool Region have been completed and implemented.5D: Vernal Pool Region working groups have developed and implemented outreach and incentive programs that develop partnerships.