Key Features

The Long March

The success of the fifth encirclement campaign by the KMT led to the encirclement of the Jiangxi Soviet. By October 1934, they lost over half their land and 60,000 men. In response to this, the Soviet advisor Braun decided to try to break out of the blockhouse line and march to the communist safe haven of Yunan.

Braun’s plan led them on a march from October 1934 to October 1935 of over 6000 miles, starting with 90,000 troops and ending with only 10,000, losing over half their men at the Jiangxi River. Otto Braun was also ousted in the winter, and Mao was his replacement.

As a result of this, Mao, the leader of the march, was hailed as a hero and the march became a legend, used as key communist propaganda. The people were also satisfied with the behavior of the CCP, and many people supported the communists.

War with Japan

Japan’s invades of Manchuria in 1931, but there is no reaction from the Chinese until 1936, when Chiang Kaishek’s generals kidnap him and he agrees to form a united front with the communists against the Chinese.

The Japanese attack the Chinese at the Marco Polo Bridge in 1937, by 1938, there were over 1 million Japanese troops in China and all major ports and industrial centers were under Japanese control.

As a consequence of the war, the communists lost far fewer men than the KMT due to using guerilla tactics instead of enacting conventional warfare. The communists also reclaimed much of the Japanese land after their defeat in 1945.

Civil War

After the War with Japan ended, the united front broke up and the KMT and the communists reengaged in civil war.

The KMT had 3 million men and were backed by aid from the Americans. The communists only had 1 million men, but had the support of the peasants. The guerilla warfare of the communists resulted in massive KMT losses. They capture Beijing and Shanghai in the end of 1948.

Due to their heavy losses, in January 1949, Chiang Kaishek and the KMT retreat with 200,000 troops to Taiwan. The PRC is established in October 1949.

First Five Year Plan

The First Five Year Plan began in 1953 because of an initiative to increase the industrial capability of China. To prepare for the rapid industrialization, Mao called upon Soviet advisors and managed to secure a loan from Russia.

Utilizing this loan and aided by over 10,000 Soviet advisors, 700 new production plants were built, focusing on heavy industry such as coal, steel and chemicals. Most private companies were taken over by the government, and those that were not were taxed heavily, ensuring industry was centrally controlled.

As a result of the emphasis on heavy industry, industrial production rose by 9%, reaching all targets except for oil. However, light industry was neglected, causing a slow growth in consumer goods.

Hundred Flowers Campaign

Mao faced heavy criticism from intellectuals, he launched the Hundred Flowers Campaign to encourage free speech and criticism of the government and himself. To prepare for this he urged CCP officials to prepare for criticism.

As a result of the sudden allowance of free speech, there was a rush to respond and criticize Mao and the CCP. Many intellectuals, artists and writers attacked party officials and policies.

As a result of the severity of public reactions, Mao cracked down on the critics in June 1957 with an anti-rightist campaign. Critics were forced to retract statements and some were fired from their positions. Many intellectuals were sent to thought reform.

Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward began in 1958 as a result of the inefficient utilization of China’s workforce, with high unemployment in towns and cities. To spur growth in industrial and agricultural sectors, Mao developed industry through new factories and the backyard steel program.

Through this new utilization of labor, Mao build thousands of new small factories, and set new higher industrial and agricultural targets. The backyard steel program consisted of building small furnaces in the household, turning out over 11 million tons of steel. Communes were also used to utilize farm labor, average populations were 30,000 and 90% of the population were in communes by 1958.

Although the backyard steel was effective, the steel it made was impure, using up all the coal and steel sources, crippling China’s infrastructure. As a result of the extensive targets, the peasants gave too much rice to the government, over 20 million dying from famine and disease.

Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution was initiated in the 1960s due to the increase in the popularity of the moderates. Mao believed that the people were deviating from true communism and embraced bourgeoisie ideals.

In response to the youth deviating from communism, Mao enacted education reform, shutting down schools for 6 months to rewrite the curriculum, forming the Red Guards. These Red Guards travelled across the country participating in rallies. They attacked the “Four Olds” and anyone with authority. By 1967, over 400,000 died. Ranks in the PLA were abolished and each soldier was given a “Little Red Book”, a compilation of Mao’s quotes.

As a result of the mass chaos caused by the Red Guards, the PLA were sent to restore order in 1967. Schools were reopened, but by that time 120 million people under 45 could not read or write.

Deng’s Modernizations

As the moderates gained power in the late 1970s, Deng was determined to carry out the four modernizations of Zhou. Machines and factories were old and inefficient, and cooperative farms failed to produce sufficient grain.

In response to the inefficient industry, Deng build new factories in a 10 year plan starting from 1979. Workers were paid for bonus output, and people were free to own their own business. It reversed the reforms of the Cultural Revolution, prioritizing academic success and the one child policy was introduced. To improve the production of plots, the size of private plots increased and people were allowed to sell surplus on the market.

As a result of the allowance of distribution of surplus, income of farmers tripled between 1977 and 1983. More freedom in the media, such as access to western books, music was enacted.

Effect

Spread of Communism

One effect of the spread of communism in Europe was the Marshall Plan. This plan, enacted in 1948, aimed to aid European countries in post-war reconstruction, rebuilding their economies, infrastructure and removing trade barriers and modernizing industry. It provided both monetary and technical assistance, and aimed to prevent the spread of communism in weak countries.

Brown v. Board of Education

One effect of the Brown v. Board of Education event was the 9-0 unanimous supreme court decision to desegregate schools in 1954. This resulted in over 300,000 black children attending desegregated schools by 1957. However, 2.4 million black children were still attending segregated schools, due to the actions of the KKK and other extremist groups.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

One effect of the Montgomery Bus Boycott was the supreme court ruling of segregation of public transport unconstitutional. It ordered them to be integrated, to be enforced by the December of 1956. This success caused MLK to be increasingly involved in the black rights movement.

Little Rock Nine

The Little Rock Nine in 1957 created massive public uproar and caught the attention of President Eisenhower. He intervened by federalizing the National Guard and placing the 101st airborne in protection of the students. The actions of the President were of importance as it showed the influence of this movement.

Birmingham Campaign

The violent tactics and the mistreatment of the protesters by the police in the Birmingham Campaign were widely publicized and caused massive outrage. In response to this outrage, President Kennedy immediately desegregated business. The success led to an increase in popularity for MLK, as he was one of the leaders.

March on Washington

The March on Washington caused the people to realize how many people, not exclusively black, believed in racial equality. Additionally, the politicians in Washington saw the true amplitude of the supporters, leading to Martin Luther King and other movement leaders to meet Kennedy in the Oval Office.

Freedom Summer / Selma Campaign

The Freedom Summer / Selma Campaign led to the passing of the Voting Rights Act in 1965. This bill would enfranchise black Americans, it ended literacy tests and allowed federal agents to monitor and intervene in the voter registration process. Due to this legislation, over 1 million black Americans had registered to vote by the end of 1968.

Watergate Scandal

The result of the Watergate Scandal was the passing of a legislation called the National Emergencies Act of 1976. This legislation balanced power of their President’s emergency powers, limiting a state of national emergency to a maximum of 2 years.

Five Year Plans

An effect of the Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union is the massive increase of industrial output. Through the Five Year Plan, SU increased the entire world’s industrial output by 14%. This allowed SU to defend their borders against Hitler in WW2 and improving their own national infrastructure.

Collectivization

The liquidation of the Kulaks during collectivization in SU resulted in the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933. Over 25,000 people died per day, and 25% of the population starved to death. In total, 6-10 million people died. Cannibalization was also rife throughout the famine.

Purges

The purges caused a significant weakening of the military to fight the Germans in WWII. By the start of WWII, every admiral, 3 out of 5 marshals, and around half of the officers in the Army were shot. This included Russian war heroes, such as Marshal Tuchachevsky, whom were accused of treason and espionage. This severely hindered the Russian war effort.

WWII

The WWII resulted in the use of the 4th Five Year Plan to reconstruct SU’s infrastructure. It focused on the reconstruction of factories over houses, the production of heavy products over consumer goods. The plan was extremely successful, with production reaching and in some cases outpacing pre-war amounts.

Causation

Red Scare

One cause of the Red Scare in post-war America was the Korean War which lasted from 1950-53. Whereas North Korea established a communist government, South developed a democratic government. The North was supported by the USSR, and the South was supported by America, making it a proxy war between the two world powers. Although no land was gained when the armistice was signed in 53, this increased fear within the American population, establishing the enemy as communists.

The North Koreans were also supported by the PRC in the Korean War, a communist republic established in 1949. The communist revolution in China was also a main factor of the Red Scare. China, a significant landmass with a massive population, gave the rivals of America a massive increase in industrial and agricultural power. China also sent troops to North Korea, pushing the UN force back to the 38th Parallel.

Women’s Movement

One reason for the women’s movement was their experience of employment in WWII. Women in employment increased from 12 million to 18.5 million in 1940, they gained the feeling of freedom and independence. However, they earned ½ of what men earned, and were excluded from high paying jobs. This resulted in a general dissatisfaction, as they believed they were prejudiced.

The sense of discrimination led to the woman’s frustration with their role as housewives. This was spurred by Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, that showed that there was a life beyond the house, and condemned the archetypal “housewife”. This book inspired many women to seek independence.

Student Movement

One reason for the student movement was the era of the swinging sixties. It was an era of greater freedom, with new popular media such as Rebel without a Cause by James Dean and songs promoting peace by Bob Dylan and Jimi Hendrix. The contraceptive pill was also introduced, promoting a greater freedom of sexual intercourse for the youth.

With half the population under that age of 18 by 1960, the freedom sought by this massive population resulted in a harsh defiance of the draft for the Vietnam War. The students were horrified by the brutality of the war in Vietnam, and the overuse of weapons to kill civilians. The students protested for peace, the slogan “Make love, not war” is chiefly associated to this era of rebellion.

Stalin in Power

One reason for Stalin winning the leadership struggle was the his proficiency at maintaining a high level of support. Utilizing his position as General Secretary, he placed many of his supporters in key positions of the party body. He also always stayed in the majority in the Politburo, first allying with Kamenev and Zinoviev against Trotsky, then again with the Rightists.

While Stalin appeared close to Lenin by carrying his coffin and making speeches at his funeral, Trotsky missed Lenin’s funeral due to being on holiday, his deficiencies also causing Stalin to emerge victorious. Most of the party members did not support his idea of spreading communism through Comintern, which had failed at several attempts at revolution in European countries in the past 5 years.

Industrialization

One of Stalin’s motivations for industrialization was the USSR was 50-100 years behind western countries in industrial capability. He believed in the Theory of Productive Forces, that before real

communism can be achieved, technological advances must be made. He wanted to overtake western countries to prove that communism was a valid economic principle.

Another reason to catch up with western countries is the growing threat from fascist states such as Nazi Germany. The USSR was surrounded by countries which disliked communism, such as Poland, Finland, thus had to strengthen their military to defend themselves.

Collectivization

One reason for Stalin’s collectivization was that in 1928, Stalin announced that the USSR was 2 million tons short of the grain needed to feed the growing number of industrial workers. This was because land was inefficiently cultivated, farming practices were outdated, and little or no machinery was used.

Stalin also accredited the shortage of grain to the new middle class known as the Kulaks. They owned more land and livestock than the average peasant, and hoarded grain. Stalin believed they were not following true communism, thus wanted to liquidate that class through collectivization.

The Great Purges

One reason for the Great Purges was the murder of Sergei Kirov in 1934. He was a member of the Politburo and Secretary of the Leningrad branch of the Communist Party. Kirov was shot by Leonid Nikolayev, who was captured by the NKVD. Stalin claimed that Kirov’s murder was part of a conspiracy against a party enacted by the Left Opposition.

However, some speculate that the Kirov Murder was part of Stalin’s secret agenda to eliminate his opposition, as Kirov was a potential threat to Stalin’s leadership, being a true Russian, handsome and popular. Stalin wanted to use the purges to eliminate his opposition and expel members of the Party who were disloyal to him.

India Student Notes Questions

(a) Give three statements that could be inferred from Source A about the Amritsar Massacre. (3)

Firstly, the men are not holding weapons, from this we can infer that it was a peaceful protest. Secondly, the guns of the soldiers are pointed towards the unarmed men, from this we can infer that they have an intention to shoot them. Thirdly, one party is dressed in military uniform, and the other is in civilian clothing, from this we can infer that it is a conflict between the people and the government.

(b) Does Source C support the evidence of Source B about Congress and the desire for swaraj? Explain your answer. (7)

Both sources agree that there are many people who want home rule. Source B says that there are organizations promising to achieve freedom for India.Source C supports this in by saying that many Indians want home rule, “many who want swaraj”. Both sources also agree that groups fighting for swaraj are impatient and impulsive. Source B says that they are groups fighting for home rule are motivated and hasty and “full of energy”. Source C supports this as he says that many of the supporters are young and make impulsive decisions and want “instant chang.

While both sources agree that India wants swaraj, they disagree on the means to achieve it. Source B speaks of a violent alternative, a “militant” and “revolutionary spirit”. As opposed to this, Source C says that using violence and aggression will achieve nothing and “Satyagraha must be followed.”

The tone of Source B is encouraging to those with a revolutionary spirit while critical to peacekeepers. As opposed to this, Source C has a tone of assurance, that freedom can be achieved without violence.

(a) Give three statements that could be inferred from Source A about the Simon Commission, 1927. (3)

Firstly, there is a sign saying “Simon go back”, from this we can infer that the Indians had a negative sentiment towards the commission. Secondly, there are many people present in the picture, from this we can infer that this was a protest or a rally against the Simon Commission. Thirdly, this group is purely Indian, from this we can infer that the Indians were the target group for the investigation of the Simon Commission.

(b) Does Source C support the evidence of Source B about the Round Table Conferences? Explain your answer. (7)

Both sources agree that Gandhi believed he spoke for all of India, and this antagonized other Indian groups. Source B says that Gandhi said he spoke for the whole of India, which included the Muslims and the Untouchables, and it “antagonized” the other parties. Source C agrees that Gandhi said he spoke for “all of India”, and that it “irritated” the other representatives. Both sources also agree that the conference did not produce any results. Source B says that the conference failed, and Source C highlights this with the fact that all groups were dissatisfied with the result, and the Conference petered out.

While both sources agree that they failed, they disagree on the reason why they failed. Source B says that it was the fault of lack of British suggestions. As opposed to this, Source C blames the lack of agreement about separate electorates for minority groups, which created turmoil within the Conference.

The tone of Source B is factual and objective, it gives a balanced argument on the failure of the Round Table Conference. Source C takes a slightly more biased approach, the division between the Indian parties, but also recognizes the failure of the British.

(c) ‘The main reason for opposition to British rule in India in the years 1927-1939 was the Government of India Act, 1935.” Use the sources and your own knowledge to explain whether you agree with this view. (15)

There were other important reasons for the growing opposition to British rule in India, notably seen in Source A, B and C. Opposition was rife before 1935, as seen in Source A, depicting a protest against the British occurring in 1927. The Simon Commission, a group of politicians traveling to India to assess the plausibility of home rule, were met with massive outrage and protests. This was due to the lack of Indian representation in the Commission, showing that the British were unwilling to make compromises with the Indian leaders. As a result of this, there was growing opposition to British rule. Source B and C both discuss the Round Table Conferences, which further provoked opposition against British rule in 1931. Source B states that the British were at fault as they could not come up with any new suggestions. This suggests that they were the reason the conferences had failed, that the leaders were unable to reach a compromise. This would further increase opposition, as Indians believe that the British were at fault. Source C supports this by saying that it was the lack of enthusiasm and political influences on the side of the British that provoked the growing opposition. The arrest of Gandhi on his return from the second round table conferences further divided the nation by showing them that the British were unwilling to work with anyone that was not aligned with their agenda. Another event that displays the opposition to British rule already present before 1935 is the Salt March of 1930. In response to the taxes imposed by the British on Indian salt exports, Gandhi and his supporters marched over 386 km from Ahmedabad to Dandi in protest of these taxes. Over 60,000 congress members were imprisoned, further highlighting to the Indians the unjust

Source D highlights the importance of the Government of India Act of 1935 in increasing opposition towards British rule in India. It angered the Indians as the British government seemed unwilling to give away the dominance they had in Indian politics. The Viceroy would still be appointed by the British government, and retained control of defense and foreign affairs. Both Congress and the Muslim League were unsatisfied with the Government of India Act, further adding to the opposition towards Britain. Congress wanted swaraj and disliked the provisions given to minorities, fearing that Muslims would gain control of some provinces. Muslim League reject the Act because it felt it gave no power to Muslims and that Hindus would not be willing to guarantee the rights of minorities in their provinces.

In conclusion, although Government of India Act of 1935 was played an important role in fuelling the opposition towards British rule in India, there were many other events such as the Simon Commission, Round Table Conferences, the Salt March, the Nehru Report that greatly intensified the hatred towards the British.

(a) Give three statements that could be inferred from Source A about the role of Gandhi.

Firstly, the crowd is very big, from this we can infer that Gandhi was a very popular speaker. Secondly, the crowd is listening to his speech, from this we can infer that he was highly respected. Thirdly, the crowd is largely Indian, from this we can infer that he was leading a race struggle.

(b) Does Source C support the evidence of Source B about Direct Action? Explain your answer. (7)

Both sources agree that violence occurred in Direct Action. Source B says that there were riots and Muslims acted with brutality. Source C states that they were attacked by Hindus. This implies that there was physical violence between the two races. Additionally, both sources agree that many Muslims were killed. Source B implies this when it says that “the ratio should be one to ten”, denoting that there must be many more murders of Muslims than Hindus. Source C clearly highlights this saying that in Calcutta, Hindus killed thousands of Muslims.

While both sources agree that there was violence, they disagree on who instigated the violence. Source B blames the Muslims and says that the Hindus were retaliating, that they were fighting “brutality with brutality”. As opposed to this, Source C claims that they were attacked by thousands of Hindus, implying that the Hindus started the violence.

The tones of both the sources are similar, they both attempt to justify their own violence and defend the actions of their respective religions.

(a) Give three statements that could be inferred from Source A about the ‘Quit India’ campaign. (3)

Firstly, there are many people participating in the demonstration, from this we can infer that the Quit India campaign was very popular. Secondly, the crowd is largely Indian, from this we can infer that it was a race struggle. Thirdly, the crowd is just marching and unarmed, from this we can infer that the campaign was peaceful and well-organized.

(b) Does Source C support the evidence of Source B about ‘Quit India’? Explain your answer. (7)

Both sources agree that the ‘Quit India’ campaign caused nationwide violence. Source B says that Gandhi’s campaign brought death and destruction. This is supported by Source

C as it says the consequences of his campaign would be death and destruction. Both sources agree that Britain was sufficiently prepared for Gandhi’s ‘Quit India’ campaign. Source B states that Congress was outflanked and outmaneuvered by the British. Source C supports this by saying that they were “ready for Quit India”, that they were prepared for hits campaign.

However, the two sources disagree on the situation in India. Source B suggests that the British were in full control of India, and firmly suppressed Gandhi’s actions. As opposed to this Source C states that the British were already under pressure from the invading Japanese, and the government was desperate to keep control of India.

The tone of Source B is objective towards the motives of Gandhi and the failure of the campaign. As opposed to this, Source C, written by a MP, criticizes Gandhi’s worsening of the situation.

(c) ‘The main reason for Britain giving independence to India in 1947 was the consequences of the Second World War.’ Use the sources and your own knowledge to explain whether you agree with this view. (15)

The Second World War had significantly detrimental effects on the power of the British government and economy, and its ability to sustain its rule over India. As Source D states, huge economic problems created by the war clearly had its effects. Britain had spent 1 billion GBP on India over the course of WWII, and had accumulated 3 billion GBP in debts. These economic problems meant it was difficult to justify sustaining Britain’s large empire. Furthermore, India no longer imported huge amounts of British goods, and it was less worth investing.

However, there were many other reasons that caused Britain to give independence to India in 1947, as stated in Sources A, B, C and D. Demonstrations such as those in Source A during Gandhi’s ‘Quit India Campaign’ quickly turned violent as seen in Source B, C and D. The violence that swept across India killed 1000 and injured 3000. 35,000 British troops had to be diverted in the middle of WWII to support the police to control the riots caused by the campaign. These campaign pressured the government and caused Britain to contemplate whether it was worth maintaining India as an empire. Source B, C and D also elaborate on the divisions created by the inter-religion conflict between the Hindus and the Muslims. Events such as Direct Action, due to Nehru declaring that he was no longer bound by the Cabinet Mission when they won the elections, resulted in almost 5000 dead, 20,000 injured and 100,000 homeless. Source D also states the Labor government as a factor. The Labor party had close links with Congress, thus created more chance for independence.

Although the divisions between the Hindus and Muslims and the increasing violence was a factor in India’s independence, it was World War II that economically exhausted India

to the point that they could not further retain it as a colony, and had no other option but to grant its independence.

China Student Notes Questions

(a) What does this source tell us about the conditions in the Kuomintang army? (3)

Firstly, this source tells me that soldiers were forcibly recruited. Secondly, it tells me that there wasn’t much food available and everyone was hungry. Thirdly, they were abused and not many survived to go to war.

(b) Describe the key features of the First Five Year Plan or the Hundred Flowers Campaign. (7)

The First Five Year Plan began in 1953 because of an initiative to increase the industrial capability of China. To prepare for the rapid industrialization, Mao called upon Soviet advisors and managed to secure a loan from Russia.

Utilizing this loan and aided by over 10,000 Soviet advisors, 700 new production plants were built, focusing on heavy industry such as coal, steel and chemicals. Most private companies were taken over by the government, and those that were not were taxed heavily, ensuring industry was centrally controlled.

As a result of the emphasis on heavy industry, industrial production rose by 9%, reaching all targets except for oil. However, light industry was neglected, causing a slow growth in consumer goods.

(c) In what ways did the policies of Mao bring change to China in the years 1952-69? (15) You may use the following information to help you with your answer.

The first Five Year Plan The Hundred Flowers Campaign The Great Leap Forward The Cultural Revolution

Mao’s policies changed the social, political, industrial and agricultural landscape of China from the years 1952-69. (15)

Mao rapidly industrialized China with the introduction of the first Five Year Plan in 1953. Before the first Five Year Plan, China was in a recession due to WWII and the civil war. Through loans and advisors Mao was able to secure from the USSR, 700 new production plants were built. Production was focused on heavy industry such as coal, oil and metals. The Five Year Plan increased economic growth in the government controlled industrial sector tremendously, output increasing by over 9%.

As a result of the success of the first Five Year Plan, Mao planned a more radical version of it, the Great Leap Forward. It also aimed to industrialize and improve agriculture in China. Before the Great Leap Forward, China’s manpower was not efficiently utilized and developments industry had slowed. Mao also wanted to overtake western economies in 15 years. Industrialization was achieved through the backyard steel program, turning out over 11 million tons of steel. Many small factories were also built. However, in the end, the steel was impure and ironically crippled the infrastructure of China as it had used up a lot of the coal. Furthermore, small factories were inefficient. More efficient agriculture was achieved through communes, which had a population of 30,000 people. In the end, because of natural disasters and peasants giving too much rice to the government, over 20 million died from starvation. In retrospect, the Great Leap Forward failed.

In addition, Mao also introduced social policies such as the Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1957. This was a campaign aimed to promote free speech and constructive criticism. Before this, there was little or no criticism of the CCP, but when Mao toured China in the 50s, and felt the lack of opposition, he believed free speech could be encouraged. When it was announced, people rushed to respond and criticize Mao and the CCP. This led to the crackdown of CCP critics such as intellectuals with an anti-rightist campaign. Many of them were sent to thought reform. As a result of this, it was proven that free speech could not play a part in communist society, and the Hundred Flowers Campaign ended not in free discussion, but a fear to criticize.

Another social policy was the Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution and the Hundred Flowers Campaign are linked as they both ended in a suppression of free speech and democracy. The Cultural Revolution aimed to suppress the moderates and the anti-Mao sentiment that grew as a result of the Great Leap Forward. To do this, Mao formed the Red Guards and shut down the schools in 1966. The Red Guards attacked everything anti-communist, and formed massive rallies across the country. In the end, by 1967, over 400,000 people had been killed by the Red Guards and it took help from the PLA to restore order. The Cultural Revolution led to many of Mao’s opponents being killed, and led to fear of being accused of being a rightist.

In conclusion, Mao’s policies brought about rapid industrialization, but failed in the agricultural sector, causing the starvation of millions. They also suppressed his political opponents, and created a cult of personality around Mao.

(a) What does Source A tell us about the ‘One Child’ policy? (3)

Firstly, this source tells me that people were encouraged by financial benefits to only give birth to one child. Secondly, this source tells me that having people were punished for

having too many children. Thirdly, this source tells me that one child families were given priority over other citizens.

(b) Describe the key features of the ‘Gang of Four’. (7)

The Gang of Four were a group led by Mao’s wife Jiang Qing that supported the continuation of Mao’s views and opposed the moderates such as Deng Xiaoping and Zhou Enlai. The Gang of Four blamed the riots that occurred after Zhou’s death on Deng, and had him removed from the party and replaced him with Hua Guofeng.

Hua Guofeng’s inexperience allowed the Gang of Four to control the government. But the Politburo outmaneuvered them, and gave Hua Guofeng the role of Party Chairman. He arrested the Gang of Four in 1976 when he believed they were plotting against them.

As a result of their arrest, the Gang of Four were criticized and attacked by the media. Jiang Qing was portrayed as a cruel, scheming pornographer, and they were sentenced in 1980 to long terms in prison.

(c) In what ways did Deng’s leadership bring change to China in the late 1970s and 1980s? You may use the following information to help you with your answer.

Industry Agriculture ‘One child’ policy Westernization

Deng followed through with Zhou’s four modernizations which changed China in many ways.

Deng rapidly modernized the industry of China. Before his modernization policy, machines and factories were old and inefficient. Modernization occurred through a 10 year plan starting from 1979, where new factories were built, workers were paid for bonus output, people were free to own businesses, and there was much less central control. This allowed more consumer goods to be produced, increasing national expenditure and economic growth. Deng also set up SEZs to encourage foreign investment, fueling China’s growth.

This increase in connection to foreigners was supported by further westernization in the media. There was more freedom, such as access to western books and TV. He also believe that faster growth would come as a result of western expertise, so he sent students abroad to study engineering and technology. This increase in western involvement spurred economic recovery, as many joint ventures were formed between Chinese and western firms.

Although the economy was recovering relatively quickly, it was difficult to support China’s rapidly increasing population. As a result of this, the ‘One Child’ policy was introduced. There were incentives to only have one child, and punishments to have more than two. They were given priority to housing and education. The birth rate decreased and it lowered the poverty in China.

The ‘One Child’ policy was unpopular in rural areas and farms, where a large family was optimum as there would be more workers. This was because the system was ineffective, and cooperatives were not producing enough grain and forcing China to import 13.7 million tons of grain to feed its population. Deng increased the size of private plots and allowed peasants to sell surplus on the market. By 1983, there were 44,000 markets in China, and the income of workers had tripled.

In conclusion, Deng’s modernizations increased the rate of China’s economic recovery and reduced poverty by making industries more effective to feed China’s large population.

2011 Past Paper

(a) Study these events which occurred in Russia in the years 1928-41.

The beginning of Stakhanovites The German invasion of Russia The beginning of the Second Five-Year Plan The murder of Kirov The end of the New Economic Policy

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

The end of the New Economic Policy The beginning of the Second Five-Year Plan The beginning of the Stakhanovites The murder of Kirov The German invasion of Russia

(b) Choose either The German invasion of Russia or The Second Five-Year Plan. Describe one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

One effect of the German invasion of Russia was the post war construction plan known as the 4th Five Year Plan. This plan emphasized factories over homes to spur maximum economic recovery. It also focused on heavy industry over consumer goods, to allow reconstruction of damaged cities. It was very successful, with output in the 1950s as high or even higher than pre-war levels.

(c) Why did Stalin become leader of the Soviet Union? Explain your answer. (8)

One reason that Stalin became leader of the Soviet Union was that his proficiency of always having the most supporters. Stalin utilized his role of General Secretary to place many of his supporters in key positions in the party, further empowering his agenda. He also first allied with the Rightists to oust Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev, and then betraying them to maintain a high level of support in the Politburo.

While Stalin was at Lenin’s funeral carrying his coffin, Trotsky was on holiday, Stalin having given him the wrong date, which shows Trotsky’s deficiencies.

Another reason for Stalin becoming leader of the Soviet Union is Trotsky’s weaknesses. He was seen as arrogant to the other Politburo members which made him a clear target to oust. Additionally, many disliked his policy of permanent revolution and the spreading of Communism through the Comintern, which had failed previously.

(d) Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was an opposition to Stalin’s policy of collectivization in the years 1929-41. (10)

Stalin faced strong opposition from the general peasant population on the matter of collectivization. Many peasants were opposed to this because their private plots were taken away and pooled into a Kolkhoz, which included 50-100 families. The peasants generally disliked this idea of sharing their land. Collectivization also forced peasants to cultivate unfamiliar crops, and not be able to produce a sufficient yield. Instead of selling the grain on the market, it was collected by the government, and the peasants received low wages. This angered the peasants as before collectivization, they could sell their crops through the NEP and have much better welfare.

One group of peasants were especially strongly struck by the change to government wages, the Kulaks. These people were a class of richer peasants who hoarded grain in opposition to collectivization. They had much more land, livestock and equipment than other normal farmers, thus would have most to lose if all their properties were pooled together into a Kolkhoz. Additionally, Stalin sent the NKVD to confiscate their grain, which meant that they were collected with brutality, which led to further opposition against collectivization.

(a) Study these events which occurred in the USA in the years 1960-72.

The Watergate break-in King’s ‘I have a dream speech’ The Kent State University deaths The Voting Rights Act The Freedom Riders

Write these events in chronological sequence. (3)

The Freedom Riders King’s ‘I have a dream speech’ The Voting Rights Act The Kent State University deaths The Watergate break-in

(b) Choose either The Watergate break-in or the Voting Rights Act. Describe one effect on the USA of the event you have chosen. (4)

One effect of the Watergate break-in was the National Emergencies Act of 1976. This act limited the length of national emergencies in peacetime to 2 years. It also gave power to the Congress to check and balance the power of the president during emergencies.

(c) Why did the women’s movement develop in the USA in the 1960s and early 1970s? Explain your answer. (8)

One reason for the development of the women’s movement was the general dissatisfaction of being dependent on a male. This was spurred by their experiences in work in WWII, when the males were at war, women employment increased from 12 million to 18 million, over 50% increase. This experience in employment gave them a sense of independence and freedom that culminated into the women’s movement. However, they were only paid ½ of what men earned and were excluded from high ranking jobs. This meant they felt prejudiced and wanted more freedom.

The sense of discrimination and dissatisfaction at their roles as housewives led to the release of books such as Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystque, which was another reason for the women’s movement. These books which were popular in households criticized the stereotypical role of a housewife. It portrayed that there was a life outside the house and encouraged women to seek greater freedom.

(d) Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was progress in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. (10)

One factor that spurred the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s was the Brown v Topeka Case of 1954. This landmark Supreme Court ruling desegregated all schools after a family sued the Topeka board of education with the help of the NAACP. By 1957, 300,000 black children were already attending desegregated schools. However, 2.4 million black children were still enrolled in segregated schools due to work of extremist groups such as the KKK.

Another event that spurred the campaign was the Little Rock Nine in 1957, which proved that it was possible to enroll into a segregated school. This event was notably important as despite the attempts of Orval Faubus, the governor of Arkansas, to send the national guard to stop the students from going to the school, President Eisenhower federalized the

guard and placed the 101st airborne in the student’s protection. The attention of the President showed how important the Civil Rights campaign was.

While the two events above were attempts to desegregate education, in 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott was an event which desegregated transport. Led by Martin Luther King and the SCLC, the black citizens of Montgomery boycotted the buses, amassing massive financial deficit for the bus businesses until in 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregation of public transport to be unconstitutional. The organization of a carpool to help blacks during the boycott displayed how the community could work together. Additionally, MLK gained fame due to the success of this event.

These events spurred the Civil Rights Movement due to their work in the desegregation of transport and education.

(a) Give three statements that could be inferred from Source A about British rule in India after the First World War. (3)

Firstly, we can infer that the man was forced to crawl, this is because the men are pointing guns at him. Secondly, we can infer that soldiers are forcing people to crawl, this is because the men are in uniform. Thirdly, we can infer that the Indians were treated with disrespect, this is because they were humiliated by being made to crawl.

(b) Does Source C support the evidence of Source B about the Amritsar Massacre? (7)

Both sources agree that the troops fired on the civilians in the Amritsar Massacre. Source B states that Dyer ordered his troops to fire. Source C supports this statement, saying that the troops fired upon the crowd.

Although they agree that shots were fired, the sources disagree on whether the action was provoked. Source B states that the shooting was provoked by the Indians, who were “declaring war”. Source C states that the meeting was peaceful and the action was not provoked, stated when it says “not even a stone had been thrown”. Additionally, the sources disagree on whether the crowd was aggressive. Source B states that they were an army, which implies they were armed. As opposed to this, Source C states that they were unarmed.

The tone of the two sources differ. Source B has a defensive tone, as if to justify the shooting. Source C has a critical tone, trying to emphasize on the innocence of the crowd and the brutality of the killing.

(c) ‘The main reason for increased opposition to British rule in India in the years 1919-29 was the Amritsar Massacre’. Use the sources and your own knowledge, to explain whether you agree with this view. (15)

The Amritsar Massacre played a large part in fueling the opposition towards British rule in India, as shown in Source C. The killing of almost 400 defenseless Indian provoked anger throughout the country which was already ridden in post-WWI riots. Additionally, the Indians thought that Amritsar was a suppression of their right to protest, and that the brutality that the British acted with was unjustifiable. Although Source B also speaks of the Amritsar Massacre, it is to some extent invalid as it is a defense from Dyer for his brutal actions, and thus is biased. To even further emphasize the anger already created by the Amritsar Massacre, the British instituted the crawling order on a street in Amritsar after the murder of a British woman, as seen in Source A. This humiliated many Indians, and they felt that the British saw them as inferior, those further sparking outrage.

However, there were many other events that caused the opposition towards British rule in India. Many Indians were angry after WWI that they were not given home rule, and the ensuing riots led to the Rowlatt Acts, which is mentioned in Source D. This act gave the government increase power, to be able to detain civilians for over 2 years without trial. This act proved that Britain had no intention of relinquishing control of India. After this act, hartals and strikes swept through India, a demonstration of the outrage the Indians had towards British rule. As a result of the dissatisfaction from the Rowlatt Acts, the British had to draft another piece of legislation, the Government of India Act of 1919. This established diarchy and allowed 3% of the population to vote. Local councils were responsible with most things, such as healthcare and education, and the British retained power of defense, foreign relations and taxation. However, the failure of this Act, as insufficient funding meant most local councils could not operate, and the lack of home rule, further angered the Indian population. Another incident that added to the frustration of the Indian population was the Simon Commission. This was Britain’s response to assess the plausibility of home rule in India. However, there was no Indian representation in the commission, which angered Indians as they felt it was biased.

Although the Amritsar Massacre did indeed cause great outrage through the deaths of many innocent Indians, there was already a growing opposition towards the British rule as described in Source B as a result of the Rowlatt Acts. This opposition was further fueled by the Government of India Act and the Simon Commission.

(a) What does this Source tell us about the first Five-Year Plan? (3)

Firstly, this source tells us that the Five-Year Plan was a great success. Secondly, this source tells us that the cities were rapidly developed and population was rapidly expanding, as a city of 700,000 people was “four times bigger than it had been in 1949”. Thirdly, this source tells us that the community was working together in giant projects.

(b) Describe the key features of either the changes in industry and agriculture under Deng Xiaoping or the treatment of the Gang of Four. (7)

One key feature of Deng’s Modernizations was his motives for agricultural modernization. Collectives were not producing effectively as they were too large to manage and equipment was not sufficient. China had to import 13.7 million tons of grain to feed its growing population. People also did not have the incentive to work, as everyone’s wages were equal.

This led to a key change, which was the allowance for farmers to be able to sell produce in the market. By 1983, 44,000 markets had appeared all over China, and the income of farmers tripled from 1979 to 1983.

The lack of incentive also affected the industrial sector. Another key feature was Deng’s use of the 10 year plan, which included giving workers bonuses for increased output. This increased workplace productivity. He also set up SEZs to facilitate foreign investments and joint ventures, which spurred the Chinese economic recovery.

(c) In what ways did support for Mao and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) change in the years 1934-70? You may use the following information to help you with your answer and any other information of your own.

The Long March, 1934-35 The Civil War, 1945-49 The Great Leap Forward, 1958-62 The Cultural Revolution, 1966-70

The Long March increased the support for Mao and the CCP from soldiers and peasants. Before the Long March, much of the decision making was done by Otto Braun, a soviet advisor. However, when he was ousted in January 1935 in the middle of the Long March, and replaced by Mao, whose tactics led them safely to Yunan, Mao was heralded as a hero. While Mao’s support grew, peasant support to the CCP also grew. On their way to Yunan, they behaved extremely well, and thus had a good impression on the local people.

During the Civil War, support for Mao and the CCP further grew. Before the war, Mao’s leadership was already respected, and during the war, he and his general’s successful use of guerilla tactics earned him more respect. Peasants also became impressed by the policies of the CCP and the behavior of the PLA. Life was better in PLA areas, as old traditions such as tied up feet were abolished, and land was given to the peasants. A demonstration of this growth of support from the peasants is the growth of the CCP from 1 million in 1945 to 4 million in 1949.

The Great Leap Forward was Mao’s biggest downfall. This plan failed and led to Mao’s loss of supporters both within the party’s upper echelons and with the peasants. The plan’s failures such as over 20 million people dying to starvation, and the backyard steel plan ultimately crippling the country’s infrastructure, led to Mao stepping down from the

head of state position, giving away decisive roles to the moderates. At this point support to for him was at its lowest.

As a result of his loss of popularity in the GLF, he enacted the Cultural Revolution to regain the support of the people, notably soldiers and students. The Cultural Revolution revitalized his image and created a cult of personality around him. A book of his quotes, the Little Red Book, was handed out to every soldier in the PLA. Schools were shut down and this led to the formation of the Red Guards, which travelled across the country to attend massive rallies supporting Mao, attacking Mao’s opponents. Mao was worshipped by them, and this allowed him to regain political supremacy.

In conclusion, Mao gained fame during the Long March and the Civil War, but lost his popularity during the failure of the GLF. However, he regained this by the Cultural Revolution, which garnered the support of the students, ultimately creating a cult of personality that is still present in China today.

2012 Past Paper

(a) Study the events which occurred in Russia in the years 1925-38.

The beginning of the Show Trials The beginning of collectivization Trotsky resigns as commander of the Red Army The beginning of the third Five-Year Plan The murder of Kirov

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

Trotsky resigns as commander of the Red Army The beginning of collectivization The murder of Kirov The beginning of the Show Trials The beginning of the third Five-Year Plan

(b) Choose either Collectivization or The third Five-Year Plan. Describe one effect on the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. (4)

One effect of Collectivization was the Ukrainian Famine, also known as Holodomor, in 1932. In this aftermath of the liquidation of the Kulaks, which were centered around Ukraine, 6-10 million people died, as fast as 25,000 per day. This consisted of over 25% of the population. Cannibalism was also recorded during the famine, due to the extreme hunger.

(c) Why did Stalin begin to change industry in 1928? Explain your answer. (8)

One of Stalin’s motivations for industrialization was the fact that USSR was 50-100 years behind western countries in terms of industrial capability. He believed in the Theory of Productive Forces, that before true communism could be achieved, the country must be industrialized to the point that enough wealth is generated to allow it to be shared. He wanted to overtake the western countries to prove that communism was a valid economic principle.

Another reason to catch up with countries in the west was the growing threat from fascist states such as Nazi Germany. The USSR was surrounded by countries which hated communism, such as Poland, Finland, thus had to strengthen their military to defend themselves.

(d) Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the effects of the purges on the Soviet Union in the years 1934-41. (10)

The effect of the purges on the Soviet Union is very clearly seen in the armed forces. In the purges, 3/5 marshals, every admiral, and half of its officers had been executed in the show trials. Even war heroes such as Marshal Tuchachevsky were executed, displaying Stalin’s paranoid behavior, to eliminate any possible opposition. This severely crippled the Soviet military strength, as their replacements were not only less experience, but less qualified. This forced Stalin to sign non-aggression pact with Hitler, who eventually broke it with Operation Barbarossa in 1941. The Soviets were too weak to defend its borders, losing a lot of ground and forced to employ a scorched earth policy to maintain its strength.

Another factor that forced Stalin to sign the non-aggression pact was the weakening of Soviet industry caused by the tremendous to life. Total death tolls are anywhere from 11-40 million. Many of these men were skilled and abled individuals who worked to create armaments for the Soviet army. When these men were purged, those who replaced them were mostly younger and unskilled, producing products with bad quality.

Politically, Stalin also gained power through eliminating many of his opponents. 50-70% of the members of the Supreme Soviet were stripped of their posts and executed or exiled. He placed his key supporters in these positions, thus creating a loyal government which supported all his policies. Popular politicians such as Sergei Kirov were removed from power, being seen as a threat to Stalin’s leadership. Additionally, many politicians feared being named a member of the “Trotsky-Rightist Bloc” thus did not speak out against Stalin. The fear that stemmed from being named a member of the “Trotsky-Rightist Bloc” also spread to the common citizens of Russia. Many did not criticize Stalin in fear of being ratted out by his fellow neighbors. This created an atmosphere of fear which Stalin capitalized on to maintain a good image of himself.

(a) Study the events which occurred in the USA in the years 1947-68.

The formation of the National Organization for Women The assassination of Martin Luther King The Hollywood Ten Brown v Topeka The Selma Voting Rights marches

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

The Hollywood Ten Brown v Topeka The Selma Voting Rights marchers The formation of the National Organization for Women The assassination of Martin Luther King

(b) Choose either The formation of the National Organization for Women or The assassination of Martin Luther King. Describe one effect on the USA of the event you have chosen. (4)

The formation of the National Organization for Women brought about political strength and legal resources for the women’s movement. Landmark cases such as Roe v. Wade in 1970, which legalized abortion, came as a result of NOW. As a result of work by NOW, legislation such as the Civil Rights Act, which prohibited job discrimination by race or sex and Education Amendments, which prohibited academic selection by sex were passed.

(c) Why did McCarthyism lose support in the mid-1950s? Explain your answer. (8)

The McCarthy-Welch hearings in 1954 was one of the causes to McCarthy’s downfall. These hearings were publicly televised and gained huge national publicity, therefore, the whole of America could see McCarthy’s baseless accusations and aggressive personality. Firstly, he accused the Army of having 130 communists in defense plants. When he was unable to produce the list of their names, the public knew that his accusations were baseless and both the democratic and republican parties felt that he was a liability. This ruined his public image.

Another example of his aggressive personality, which led to his downfall was President Eisenhower’s condemnation of his methods of dealing with communism. Although they were of the same party, McCarthy repeatedly attacked him for not being effective in removing Communist agents. His attack on the US president gave him a lot of bad publicity, further declining support for him.

(d) Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was a scandal over Watergate.

The 17th June break-in was enacted by five burglars who all had government connections. Nixon orchestrated the break-in because he was paranoid about the elections. At the time, the USA was in a state of deep internal division due to the Vietnam War, and Nixon felt that the only way to be re-elected was to have an aggressive

presidential campaign. As a result, he felt it was necessary to use espionage to gather information about his opponents. At the time, many people did not believe that the government could have enacted the break-in, because there was no solid evidence incriminating the White House.

As the source states, President Nixon had lied about his knowledge of the break-in, which the public found out when the Supreme Court demanded he hand over all tapes in 1974. The fact that arguably the most important figure in America openly lied to the nation provoked massive outrage from the country. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to use the CIA to obstruct the FBI investigation, to cover up the break-in. Furthermore, the Washington Post tracked the 25,000 wired to the burglar’s accounts to Republican campaign funds. This added to the scandal as it showed that funds donated by the general public were being misused.

The scandal over Watergate ensued due to a combination of two factors: the suspicious break-in itself, and the cover up after.

(a) Give three statements that could be inferred from Source A about the situation in Calcutta in 1946. (3)

Firstly, we can infer that it was an fight between religions, this is because they are attacking a Hindu temple. Secondly, we can infer that the police are trying to control the situation, this is because they are using tear gas. Lastly, we can infer that the rioting was very violent, this is because the rioters are outnumbering the British and there is smoke and debris everywhere.

(b) Does Source C support the evidence of Source B about the communal violence in India? Explain your answer. (7)

Both sources agree that the Sikhs had formed armed groups. Source B states that they had formed into armed bands and were considerably strong. Source C supports this as he was attacked by a group who were armed with spears and swords. Both sources agree that the Sikhs were the aggressors and attacked with brutality. Source B says that they carried out “raids” and also killed 200 Muslims in one village. Source C highlights this brutality as his children were hacked to death and the Sikhs had attacked the train.

The tone of Source B is objective, and provides a balanced debate on which group is responsible for the violence. As opposed to this, the tone of Source C is critical, as if attempting to evoke pity and to incriminate the Sikhs.