Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

I. The ____________ Depression

A. Background: ________were a time of _______________.

B. Definition: __________, the time period in which the ___________faltered and

___________went up and businesses ____________.

C. Causes1. ________________: too much product was produced, ___________ and

_______________ both decreased.

2. ____________________: consumers were not buying goods/ products

3. Over-speculation in the _____________________: making risky investments in hopes of getting a _________________, usually with _____________ money

4. _____________________

The Great Depression (book notes)1

Name some topics (at least 3) from Unit 6 posters that were “good times”:

How would this be bad for a business?

How would this be bad for a business?

What does it mean to own “stock” in a company?

What happens to the stock price when a company is profitable?

What happens to the stock price when a company gets bad news?

Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

Read pages 702-717 in your book and answer the following questions regarding the Great Depression and its effects.

Prosperity Hides Trouble

1. How did economists describe America in the 1920’s?

2. What group of Americans did not share in the prosperity of the 1920’s? What were some of the problems they faced?

3. What percent of the population was the wealthiest?

4. What is an installment plan? What kinds of products were bought on credit?

The Stock Market Crashes

5. What happened on October 24, 1929? What is this day called?

The Great Depression Begins

6. Define “Great Depression”

7. Why were the banks the first institutions to feel the effects of the stock market crash?

8. What is a “run” on the banks?

Misery and Despair Grip America’s Cities

9. What was the unemployment rate in 1933?

10.Where was the only place for many families to get food?

11.What happened to families as a result of the Great Depression?

12.What was a Hooverville?

13.Where was the largest Hooverville?

Poverty Devastates Rural America

14.What happed to farmers when crop prices fell?

15.How many farmers lost their farms between 1930 and 1934?

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

16.What role did farmers take on to survive?

17.What happened to the Great Plains in the early 1930’s?

18.How did new farming methods make drought conditions worse?

19.What did the Great Plains become known as because of the dust storms?

20.What were Dust Bowl refugees known as?

21.What states did these refugees flee to in order to find work?

Few Americans Escape Hard Times

22.How did the Depression affect men?

23.What happened to the birth rate during this time period?

24.How did the Depression affect children?

25.How did the Depression affect African Americans?

26.How did the Depression affect Mexican Americans?

II. The ________________________

A. ________ election; both candidates presented _________ to end the _____________

1. Herbert __________: state and local ___________ as well as private _______

(churches, boys clubs, etc.) to provide help

2. _________ Roosevelt: ______government should assume more of a role in the

_________ of its people (churches, etc. could continue to help)

B. First New Deal (First _____Days)

1. Goal: R______, R__________, R_______

2. Inaugural Address: “The only thing we have to fear, is ________________”

3. FDR’s advisors: ____________________________

Viewpoints: Volunteerism3

Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

During the Great Depression, Americans had very different opinions on the extent to which the federal government should regulate business and provide public services. Herbert Hoover inherited a seemingly prosperous economy when he was elected President in 1928. He took office less than a year before the stock market crashed on October 1929. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt defeated Hoover and won the first of four presidential terms, two of which would be dominated by efforts to pull the United States out of the Great Depression. ♦ As you read, consider the different expectations that Hoover and Roosevelt have of federal government.

Roosevelt’s First Inaugural Address

Directions: Read the following information and then answer the questions.

On March 4, 1933, millions of Americans gathered around their radios to hear the broadcast of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first inaugural address. Though more than 12 million Americans were out of work at the time, Roosevelt spoke confidently of the future of the nation. He also promised strong national leadership. The following is an excerpt from Roosevelt’s speech:

This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly…This

great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself-nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.

Values have shrunken to fantastic levels; taxes have risen; our ability to pay has fallen;…the means of exchange are frozen;…farmers find no

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Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 1930, by Herbert HooverEconomic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement. Economic wounds must be healed by the action of the cells of the economic body-the producers and consumers themselves. Recovery can be expedited [speeded up] and its effects mitigated [eased] by cooperative action. That cooperation requires that every individual should…maintain his self-reliance; that each and every one should search for methods of improving his business or service…that each should seek to assist his neighbors who may be less fortunate; that each industry should assist its own employees; that each community and each State should assume its full responsibilities for organization of employment and relief of distress…

Source: “Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, 1930,” Herbert Hoover, reprinted in John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, American Presidency Project (Santa Barbara: University of California, 2005). Available online at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=22458#

Presidential Nomination Address, 1932, by Franklin Delano RooseveltWhen-not if-we get the chance, the Federal Government will assume bold leadership in distress relief. For years Washington has alternated between putting its head in the sand and saying there is no large number of destitute people in our midst who need food and clothing, and then saying the States should take care of them, if there are. Instead of planning two and a half years ago…they kept putting it off from day to day, week to week, and month to month, until the conscience of America demanded action. I say that while primary responsibility for relief rests with localities now, as ever, yet the Federal Government has always had and still has a continuing responsibility for the broader public welfare.

Source: “Presidential Nomination Address, 1932,” Franklin Delano Roosevelt, reprinted at http://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/academics/faculty/lloyd/projects/newdeal/fr070232.htm (Malibu: Pepperdine University School of Public Policy).

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT1. According to Hoover, what two groups of people are primarily responsible for improving

economic conditions?

2. What authority does Roosevelt hold responsible for most of the relief effort? for the broader public welfare?

3. Contrast Explain the fundamental difference between Hoover’s and Roosevelt’s opinions of the federal government’s role in economic recovery

Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

markets for their produce; the savings of many years…are gone.

More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an equally great number toil with little return.

Our greatest primary task is to put people to work….It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war.

Hand in hand with this we must frankly recognize the overbalance of population in our industrial centers and…endeavor to provide a better use of the land…

Finally…there must be strict supervision of all banking and credits and investments; there must be an end to speculation with other people’s money, and there must be provision for an adequate but sound currency…

We do not distrust the future…The people of the United States have not failed. In their need they have registered a mandate that they want direct, vigorous action…They have made me the present instrument of their wishes. In the spirit of the gift I take it.

Roosevelt backed his strong words by calling a special session of Congress almost immediately after his first inaugural address. By the time he gave his second inaugural address in 1937, signs of recovery were evident throughout the nation. Americans valued Roosevelt’s leadership so highly that they enabled him to become the only President to issue a third and even a fourth inaugural address.

Summarizing the Main Ideas

1. What three things did Roosevelt say the country had to do to turn the economy around?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

Providing Examples

2. One of Roosevelt’s first actions as President was to close all banks and then permit only sound banks to reopen. What words from his inaugural speech might suggest that this would be a priority?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

3. President Roosevelt was known for his strong speaking style. List examples of strong statements from his first inaugural address. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

Evaluating Ideas

4. Explain what Roosevelt meant by the famous words “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

5. In his first inaugural address Roosevelt compared the economic crisis to a war involving the United States. In what way did this comparison suggest the role that he saw for himself during the coming years? Why might this comparison have moved his audience very strongly?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

Copyright ©McDougal, Littell & Company

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

4. New Deal Programs

INITIALS STAND FOR… DESCRIPTION & EFFECT HOW DID IT HELP?

1 “Emergency Banking Bill” FDR declared a 4 day bank holiday for banks to reorganize

People had confidence in the banks that reopened

2 “Fireside Chats” FDR used the radio to talk to Americans about the New Deal

Reassured Americans and made them feel more secure

3 *FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Insured bank deposits up to $5000 Confidence in the banks was

restored

4 *SEC Securities and Exchange Commission

Regulate the stock market; Stocks markets stabilized as trading practices reassured investors

Confidence in the stocks market was restored

5 AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act Sought to end overproduction and raise crop prices

Provided financial aid to farmers; raised crop prices

6 *TVA Tennessee Valley Authority

Built dams to generate electric power, replanted forests, built fertilizer plants, created jobs, and attracted industry

Provided water and electricity for the Tennessee area; jobs

7 CCC Civilian Conservation Corps Replanted forests, dug ditches, fought fires, made trails Provided jobs for young men

8 NRA National Recovery Administration

Established regulations for workers pay and businesses (minimum wage)

Helped workers make more money, increased company profits

9 PWA Public Works Administration Built bridges, power plants and government buildings

Improved the nations infrastructure and provided jobs

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)

Eleanor Roosevelt led a life of public service, and her impact on the position of First Lady is still felt today. ♦ As you read, think about how Eleanor Roosevelt changed the expectations of the First Lady’s role and the way she changed how the nation helped the poor and minorities.

Born in 1884, Eleanor Roosevelt lived through many changes in the United States and the world. When her husband, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, became President of the United States in 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt was determined “to do things on my own, use my own mind and abilities for my own aims.” She had visions that she wanted to see put into motion and struggled to balance that and her role as First Lady.

When Eleanor Roosevelt first entered the White House, she did not push her own programs, but strove to improve on husbands’ New Deal programs. One of her goals was to see women play a larger role in Washington politics. She held weekly meetings with female reporters and pushed for women to hold political office in the White House. Her efforts led to women joining the NRA Labor Advisory Board as well as NRA Consumer Advisory Board. After noticing that two of her husband’s plans ignored unemployed women, she lobbied to have women’s divisions created in these plans with women to lead them.

Eleanor Roosevelt believed that there could be no real democracy if racism continued as part

of American culture. She was the first white resident of Washington, D.C. to become a member of the local chapters of the NAACP and the National Urban League. In FDR’s second term, she served as co-chair of the committee to abolish the poll tax. She supported National Sharecroppers Week, and pushed the AAA to

acknowledge that their policies discriminated against African American farmers.

Eleanor Roosevelt also wanted to improve the lives of the poor. She worked with the Secretary of the Interior to improve conditions in a West Virginia coal town. The First Lady visited the new community, Arthurdale, and even danced with miners. During World War II, Eleanor Roosevelt extended her passion for helping the poor to European refugees. She lobbied Congress to bend the Immigration laws to allow refugees

fleeing persecution in Europe to enter the United States.

Even after leaving the White House, Eleanor Roosevelt continued to change the world. She used her mind to follow her aims and spent her time fighting for racial justice, world peace, and women’s rights until her death in 1962.

Questions to think about.

1. What three causes did Eleanor Roosevelt fight to support when she was First Lady

2. How did Eleanor Roosevelt take her fight to help the poor outside the borders of the United States?

3. Draw Inferences What obstacles did Eleanor Roosevelt have to overcome to put her agenda to work?

4. Link Past and Present What would the First Lady today think of Eleanor Roosevelt.

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

IV. New Deal OppositionA. The Right (Conservatives):

B. The Left (Liberals):

C. Huey Long:

V. The Second New Deal: What problems did the Second New Deal address?

Program Description and Effect How did it help?

Works Progress Administration

(WPA)Created jobs

Created a pension system for retirees, established unemployment insurance, provided

aid for poor mothers and children

Helped the elderly and poor Americans

Labor unions and industrial workers gained more rights

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

VI. Challenges to the New Deal

1. What two New Deal Programs were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935?

2. What did FDR propose to do about the threat from the Supreme Court?

3. Why did some people oppose FDR’s plan to “pack” the Supreme Court?

4. What happened in 1937 so that Roosevelt did not have to continue with his plan?

5. How did FDR’s court packing scheme actually hurt the New Deal programs?

ANSWERS TO OPPOSTITION and SECOND NEW DEAL

1. employed millions of people on government projects ranging from highway construction to arts programs

2. proposed high taxes on the wealthy and large corporations and the redistribution of their income to poor Americans

3. Social Security Act (SSA)

4. The New Deal did not do enough to end the Depression

5. Wagner Act

6. Outlawed unfair labor practices, granted workers the right to organize unions and bargain collectively

7. The government is too powerful telling businesses how to operate and spending large sums of money

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

8. problems of the elderly, poor, unemployed, created public works projects, helped farmers and set up measures to protect workers’ rights

Video: The Great Depression and The New Deal

From Boom to Bust1. What two quotes describe President Calvin Coolidge’s philosophy regarding government?

a.

b.

2. Finish Coolidge’s quote: “The business of the American people is ___________________”.

3. What is buying on margin?

The Great Crash and Mr. Hoover4. What was the unemployment rate in Cleveland, Ohio?

5. When the Depression began what three traditional remedies did President Herbert Hoover try?a.

b.

c.

6. What did the makeshift communities of boxes and tin shacks become known as?

7. What was an empty pocket turned outward called?

8. What was a newspaper covering a hobo called?

The First New Deal9. Who defeated Hoover in the 1932 presidential election?

10. Which industry did FDR have to deal with first?

11. What did the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) allow the federal government to do?

12. List three things that occurred to people living in the dust bowl.a.

b.

c.

A Revolution in Sight and Sound13. How did FDR communicate with the American people?

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

African Americans and the Great Depression14. Who helped African Americans gain access to FDR?

15. What did African Americans call the NRA?

The First New Deal under Fire16. What did the Supreme Court say about the NIRA?

17. What two economic systems gained support during the Great Depression?a. b.

The Second New Deal

18. What group benefitted from the Social Security Act?

19. What happened to union membership as a result of the passage of the Wagner Act?

The Court Packing Plan

20. Describe the Court Packing Plan:

The Legacy of the New Deal

21. Define Deficit Spending:

22. What happened to the size of the federal government and the role it played in the daily lives of Americans as a result of the New Deal?

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

Aggression in Europe.

Use pages 781, 820, 822 in your book to: 1) Label the countries. 2) Label the location of the D-Day invasion with a “D”. 3) Label the location of Berlin with a “B”.

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

I. World War II

Country Leader Political System Economic System

*Fascist party in Germany was called National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis)

II. American Position Before the WarWhy did the US not ratify the Treaty of Versailles after WWI? (Answer from what you

know from Unit 6)

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

A. Policy: _________________________

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

1. Neutrality Acts of _______, _______, ________: US cannot make

____________ or ___________ weapons to nations at war

2. ______________________ of 1939: “Cash & Carry”; US could sell

__________ and _________ to nations at war on a _________ & _______

basis

3. __________________________ of 1941: US can lend/ lease

________________ to nations fighting against ____________________

B. Sept 1. 1939: _____________ invades __________

____________________ and ________________ declare war on Germany

WWII in 1939:

ALLIES AXIS NOT INVOLVED

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

DISCUSSION B

Evaluate each of the following options from Japan’s point of view. The need for oil, conquest of territory, financial and human cost, and conflict with United States are key considerations. Keep in mind the Japanese are a fiercely proud people who consider themselves above other world powers.

Japanese armies invade French Indochina in July 1941. In response, Great Britain, Dutch East Indies and the US retaliate by cutting off all oil supplies to Japan. If nothing is done, Japan will run out of oil by the spring of 1942. What should the Japanese leaders do?

A. Give in to the US demands and withdraw troops from French Indochina

B. Attack the Dutch East Indies, which contain oil, while being careful to avoid US territories.

C. Attack the American Fleet at Pearl Harbor and then seize the Dutch East Indies.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

A

B

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

C

III. Japanese Aggression

A. Dec. 7, 1941- Japan attacks __________________________

Result: handed the ___ its worst Naval defeat in history; ___ out of ___ ships at Pearl

harbor were ________ or __________.

B. Limited Victory

1. Japan failed to destroy Pearl Harbor’s ________________________________

2. __________________________ stationed at Pearl Harbor were not in port

3. The sneak attack ________ Americans against Japan and brought the US into

______.

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

IV. World War II in Europe

A. Early Axis Dominance (1939-1941)

Put the following events in chronological order using pages 780-782

France surrenders

-Germany attacks Denmark and Norway

Germany invades the Soviet Union

Germany invades Poland

Battle of Britain

Germany launches a blitzkrieg on Belgium, Netherlands and France (

B. Early 1942 – Complete the chart from what you have learned so far in this unit

Allies Axis Not InvolvedList the one country who Was on chart 1 but surrendered

Anything seem odd about the Allies?

C. Turning the Tide: Allied Offensives (1942-1943) Pages 803-806Write details about what was happening in the following areas/battles:

1. The Atlantic Ocean –

2. Battle of Stalingrad –

3. North Africa –

4. Italy –

D. Victory in Europe (1944-45) page 819Write details about what was happening in the following areas/battles:

1. D-Day –

2. Battle of the Bulge –

3. Fall of Berlin –

4. VE Day –

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

World War II in the Pacific.

Use pages 794, 824 to label the following:

Japan French Indochina Philippines

Pearl Harbor Midway Islands Iwo Jima

Okinawa Hiroshima Nagasaki

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

V. World War II in the Pacific

Page 7931. How did the war in the pacific progress in the first 6 months of fighting after Pearl Harbor?

2. What was the main effect of Doolittle’s Raid?

3. Why was the Battle of the Coral Sea important?

Page 8064. How did the US victory at the Battle of Midway change the course of the war in the pacific?

5. What was the result at Midway for Japan?

Page 8236. What strategy did the US use to fight Japanese forces?

7. What strategy did the Japanese use to fight US forces?

8. How long did it take Marines to capture Iwo Jima? How many American causalities?

9. Why was it important for the U.S. to control Okinawa?

10.How many casualties did U.S. forces suffer at Okinawa?

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

How to defeat Japan Name:

President Harry Truman has been presented with the following five options for defeating the Japanese. Your assignment is to assume the role of President Truman and make a decision using one or more of the options. First, you will list the advantages and disadvantages of each plan. Second, on the back of the paper you are to write a letter to the American people explaining your plan to defeat the Japanese. Your letter must include why you are choosing the options you chose and a reference to an event from the war in the Pacific.

Option 1:Use a naval blockade to force the Japanese to starve or surrender.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Option 2: Invade Japan with 5 million American troops.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Option 3: Ask the Soviet Union to join in fighting against the Japanese.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Option 4:Demonstrate the power of the atomic bomb by destroying a small unpopulated island.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Option 5:Drop an atomic bomb on a major Japanese city.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

Dear American People,

I, President Truman propose the following plan to defeat the Japanese.__________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Sincerely,

President Harry Truman

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

p. 825 “The Atomic Bomb Ends the War”

11. Why did the Manhattan Project scientists need to work quickly to develop an atomic bomb?

12. How did the way the Japanese fought in the Pacific affect the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan

13. What happened on August 6, 1945?

14. How many residents were dead or missing?

15. What happened August 9, 1945?

16. How many residents were killed?

17. Why did the U.S. drop a second atomic bomb on Japan?

18. When was VJ Day?

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

Domestic Impact of World War II

(Domestic= Home front)

WAR MOBILIZATION: “getting ready”p. 792

1. What did FDR think was one of the keys to the Allies winning the war?

2. What did the War Production Board do?

3. How did American production levels compare with Axis production levels?

p. 813-8144. List 2 ways the government managed the economy

5. List 3 products that were rationed with “c” (coupon) books.

p. 809-8106. What two breaks from the past happened for women as a result of wartime pressures?

7. What was the name given to the image of a lady factory worker with rolled up sleeves, a red kerchief and a rivet gun? (see picture on page 809?

8. List 3 benefits women gained as a result of wartime work.

AFRICAN AMERICANSp. 810

9. What was the Double V Campaign?

10. What demands did A. Philip Randolph present FDR? Or else what would happen?

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Unit 7: The Great Depression and WWII

11. What did Executive Order 8802 (vocab. word) say?

INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE, ITALIAN AND GERMAN AMERICANSp. 813

12. What happened to German, Italian and Japanese aliens if deemed dangerous to national security?

13. What did Executive Order 9066 say? Designated certain areas as war zones from which anyone

14. What happened to Japanese Americans living on the West Coast?

15. Describe the Japanese Internment camps:

16. What did the Supreme Court decide in Korematsu v. United States?

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