CONFEDERATION - Notes

Before Confederation, British North America was divided into 5 separate colonies:

1. __________________________________

2. __________________________________

3. __________________________________

4. __________________________________

5. __________________________________

Lord Durham Report

• Came to Canada to find out why Upper and Lower Canada

rebelled in 1837.

• Made two major recommendations, one of which was to give

Canada ______________________________________________: a

government that responds to its own people; not a foreign

power or a king.

• This meant the governor had less and less influence

MAIN CAUSES OF CONFEDERATION:

1. ______________________________________

2. ______________________________________

3. ______________________________________

4. ______________________________________

1. Political Deadlock• Too many small political parties in Canada. • Britain decided Canada East and West would have _____________________________

in the elected assembly of the Province of Canada, as CE’s population outnumbered CW’s.

• CW feared unequal representation would result in the domination of _________________________________________.

• Led to ________________________________, government decisions could not be made because each side blocked the other from advancing any agenda. Nothing was getting done.

• ________________________________ governments -The Province of Canada had four failed governments in four years.

• Confederation would ________________ the number of political parties that could exist, and it would give the citizens a common goal to work toward.

Language and cultural rights could be guaranteed under a federal system • As long as they were colonial acquisitions of Britain (or any other country),

the provinces and territories of Canada would be subject to the whims of each successive government.

• Only as their own country could Canadians ensure that they controlled their _________________________ and ______________________________.

• At the time, this was meant to appease the French, but in today’s Canada, it could be seen as protecting the English culture and language as well.

2. Economic Challenges

End of Free Trade with Britain• ______________________________ - Britain no longer gave ____________________________

to BNA so the colonies were forced to find new markets to support their economies. Canadian wheat and flower became more expensive and exports dropped by 60%

• This was very difficult since Britain controlled who Canada could and could not trade with.

• Without a free trade agreement, __________________________ would have to be paid on goods traveling between colonies because each British colony HAD to charge fees that were then funneled into Britain

• The only solution for the BNA colonies would be to trade _________________________________________ to improve the economy of Canada

• If the colonies were ________________________ as one _____________________, it would be easier to trade with one another

• Countries do not like making deals with _________________of little countries for the same product. They want to be able to get all they need in one place.

• As long as Canada was a bunch of little colonies, they ______________________ meet the needs of bigger markets.

Big Public Projects – The Railway

• If trade between colonies was a viable option, an effective system of ___________________________________________ would have to be built to link east to west.

• NS, NB, and Province of Canada all had their own railroads, but were struggling to keep up with the costs and ___________________ of them.

• If they worked together to expand the railway as one ____________________, they could better finance it in the future together

• A rail link between the colonies was essential for ____________________, _______________________________ & __________________________.

• Extending the railway would help to ___________________ the West to British immigrants, thus securing the land from ________________________________ _____________________________.

• ______________________________________ - all British route linking Canada West with the Atlantic Ocean at Halifax

• Very pricey project – no single _____________________ could afford to invest, however a united BNA may attract investors and would provide a larger ___________________________________ from which to draw the money for production.

End of Reciprocity Treaty with the USA

• ________________________ ________________________ (1854) – An agreement between the BNA and the United States allowing free trade on certain goods such as timber, grain, coal, livestock, and fish without _________________ or ___________________.

• Spring 1865 – USA ____________________a ten-year Reciprocity Treaty with the BNA colonies.

• Now, trading with the USA would cost a lot in tariffs and ________________________________.

• Americans believed that US could _____________________ BNA’s economy, forcing the British colonies into a __________________________ with the USA.

• BNA lost its second guaranteed market; leaders realized economic fortunes tied to ______________________ of other nations.

• Realization made BNA leaders see benefits of closer economic and political cooperation with ______________ ____________________________.

3. Pressures from the United States

American Civil War

• Between 1861 – 1865 the US was embroiled in a civil war between the _______________ ___________________ & the Southern States

• Britain and France claimed __________________, Britain however showed support to the _________________. Needed ___________________ from the Southern States, depended on Southern cotton for the important _________________ industry in England.

• The Northern States tried to “___________________” England to withdraw their support by invading and harassing the closest British colony – _________________.

• Union _____________________ blockaded shipments of __________________ from leaving the south, so Britain built __________________ __________________ _____________. Small, fast, and able to smuggle cotton out of the South to Britain.

• Made Americans ______________________ of Britain, as Britain did not stop the blockades ships. Caused increased American – British tensions.

• War ended with a _____________________________ victory in 1865

The Trent Affair

• November 1861 – American ___________________ stopped British mail ship Trent, which was heading back to Britain with two Confederate ____________________ on board.

• Travelling to Britain to ask for British ____________________ for the confederate cause.

• Americas took ____________ confederate agents ________________________, despite ship being in neutral waters. Britain threatened to retaliate if prisoners were not released. Abraham Lincoln _____________________ the prisoners on Christmas Day in 1861.

• Since Britain threatened to retaliate, some Americans wanted to get back at Britain by ____________________________ BNA.

• Britain dispatched 14 000 troops to BNA, took a ________________ time to transfer troops without a railway. If America did attack, BNA would not have been able to __________________ itself due to having the troops arrive too slow.

St. Alban’s Raid

• 1864 – Group of confederate soldiers attacked St. Alban’s in Vermont using Montreal as their base.

• “____________________________________________” – Southern soldiers attacked and robbed this northern town and fled to Canada. They were tried in Montreal and _________ ________________ and were even allowed to keep some of the money – U.S. ANGRY!

• After the raid, soldiers escaped back across the border to avoid ________________________.

• Britain government authorities arrested, and later _______________ the soldiers. US __________________, threatened BNA if future attackers were not turned over to American authorities.

• Many in British North America (BNA) worried that the victorious US Northern armies would take _____________ against Britain by _____________________

• Threat of ____________________ from the US made the British colonies realize that, as separate entities, they had little or ________ means to defend themselves.

American Dream

• The vision that it is possible, through ________________ ______________________, that one will become a success.

• 20 million immigrants followed the dream• Lost millions of people to the ________________, attracted to the American

dream. • More people ________________ Canada than came to Canada. Large families kept

the population high. Needed to ___________________ residents from leaving the country, and increase immigration.

• American economy was ____________________ at the time.

Annexation Bill – July 1866

• Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled… that the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Canada, British Columbia, and Vancouver's Island…are constituted and admitted as States and Territories of the United States of America.

US Expansion – Manifest Destiny

• Fear of American ___________________ during the Civil War was a major contributing factor to Canada becoming a nation.

• BNA feared US retaliation due to the popularity of the doctrine of “______________________________________” among Americans at the time… the belief that the US was ___________________ by God (natural right) to control all of North America.

• Separate, they faced an ___________________ future that probably led to _____________________ in the United States, who had recently announced their policy of “Manifest Destiny”

• Manifest Destiny end goal never reached, popularity of idea drew fear in BNA leaders and residents.

• Manifest Destiny – the belief that expansion of the United States across North America was both obvious “manifest” and certain “destiny”.

Fenian Raids

• 1859 – Group of ________________________ formed a brotherhood called the _____________________ in the United States to promote the ___________________ of Ireland from British control.

• Committed to Ireland’s independence from England.

• Believed that if they could _____________________ some of the BNA colonies, they could hold the colonies ____________________ in return for Ireland’s freedom and independence (trade Canada for Ireland).

• 1866 – Made several attempts to _________________ BNA.

• Sporadic raids were launched intoUpper Canada & New Brunswick but _____________________ without much support

• The argument emerged that a united Canada would be better able to resist such ___________________________.

Canada Could Take Over Rupert’s Land from the Hudson Bay Company

• The _________________________ ________________________________ made farm work easier – fewer people were needed to farm the same plot of land.

• People were still having _______________________ families.• The young people still wanted to be _______________________, but now, all the

land in Ontario and Quebec was _________________________.• Canada felt that if they could purchase __________________________________ , then

they could ___________________________ these young farmers from going to the __________________ for open land. They could provide new land right here in Canada.

• By putting more settlers into Canada’s West, the government could stop the Americans from “________________________” up into Canadian land and claiming it.

• Feared US would _____________________ over the land if Canada did not.

Britain’s Desire to Reduce Colonial Responsibility

• Growing desire from British authorities to have colonies assume a greater ____________________________responsibility for their own defense to reduce the burden on British ________________________________.

• Many people in England believed that the colonies were now a great ______________________ to Britain rather than an ______________________.

• Reduced the need for financial and _________________________ support, as defense was very _____________________________.

• “Special” ________________________ deals could not be made any longer. • Believed relationship with US might ___________________________ if BNA were

more independent. Did not want to be the _____________________ for BNA against US _______________________ and Fenian __________________________.

• Promised low interest ______________________ for the development of the ______________________ to entice colonies to support Confederation.

• The English felt it was time that the BNA colonies became ______________________ & _________________________ their own way

6 Causes of Confederation – A Review

• Colonial interests interfered with Britain’s desire to improve relations with the now powerful United States.

• Political deadlock – it was believed Confederation would force resolution to political stalemates in the Assembly

• Economic development – it was difficult to attract foreign investment to places that were too unstable. Confederation would promote stability.

• Railways – it was difficult to build railroads across colonies and railroads had proven themselves to be a key for growth and prosperity.

• Trade – Confederation would improve trade into bigger markets.• Defense – Britain was anxious to shift the cost of defense from

themselves to the Canadas.

FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION

• There were many people involved in achievement of Confederation

• We are going to look at 3 of the 36 men who are known as “______________________________________________” because of their dedication to the ________________________ of British North America.

John A. Macdonald (Canada West)

• Trained in ______________ and business • Brought together various groups with a financial

stake in the Province of Canada• He helped form the 1854 _______________________

with Upper Canadian reformers and French Canadians, creating the Liberal-________________________________ Party

• He was a leading __________________________ at all three Confederation conferences, and was knighted for his work towards union

• Macdonald was the driving force behind the _________________ of confederation. It was his skill as a diplomat and his ___________________________ as a speaker that overcame many of his opponents’ ____________________ and __________________________ most Canadians with a common vision.

• Generally regarded as the chief ____________________________ of Confederation, Macdonald wrote 50 of the 72 articles of confederation.

Sir George Etienne-Cartier (Canada East) • Trained in law and ____________________________• Together with

_______________________________________, he was co-_________________ of the Province of Canada.

• During the 1837 Rebellion, fought in the battle of Saint-Denis

• Presented a ________________ to the Union parliament to create the Grand Trunk _____________________ Company of Canada.

• Another ______________________ architect of Canadian Confederation

• Cartier and Macdonald ______________________ a common political view of Canada – as a strong _____________________ government with several weaker __________________________ governments

• He was a staunch advocate for ______________________ rights• Saw Canada as a land of ___________________ potential – free, equal,

and _____________________________________.

George Brown (Reformer)

• Founded the ___________________newspaper in 1843• As a ___________________________ he reorganized the

Clear _______________________ Party in 1857• This party supported _________________________ by

_________________________________ (Rep by Pop) (the more people are living in an area, the more representatives they get in the government)

• This party supported separation of __________________ and ______________________ (He didn‘t want any church officials to have a say in what laws were to be made. He felt that church doctrines ______________________ people too much)

• In 1864, he _____________________________ the Great ___________________________ to John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier, and went on to play a major role at the Charlottetown and Québec Conferences.

New Alliances

• By 1861, large influx of ________________________ into Canada West, having almost 300 000 more people than Canada East.

• Due to these __________________________________ changes, George Brown advocated for representation in the legislature to be according to population (___________________________). Giving ____________________ representation to each vote in the assembly. ________________________________ way to further own agendas. French Canadian leaders saw it as a way for Canada West to assimilate them.

• George-Etienne Cartier (Canada East) and John A Macdonald (Canada West) began to work ____________________________ to try to ______________________ in control of the _________________________ assembly of the Province of Canada.

• Opposed Brown’s idea, did ____________________ believe rep by pop was the _______________________ to Canada’s problems.

• All agreed that ___________________ needed to be made

The Great Coalition

• Canada West divided by _______________ rival parties: Clear Grits (George Brown) and the Liberal Conservatives (John A. Macdonald).

• Canada East divided by Parti _________________ (George-Etienne Cartier) and the Parti _____________________ (Antoine-Aime Dorion). Canada East – Rouges – radicals who were intent on preserving their way of life

• Canada West – Clear Grits – radicals who pushed for a more ______________________________ government (George Brown)

• 1858 – 62 – Macdonald and Cartier served as co-_________________________ of Canada. Did not help _______________ union from political ___________________________ in the government. Macdonald and Cartier needed support from their biggest rival – George Brown.

• Brown, Cartier, and Macdonald all believed there had to be a better way to _____________________ Canada. 1864, men put aside personal feelings to form the Great _____________________________. Single goal was to ____________________ a union of _________________ the British North American Colonies.

• Brown agreed to have his party support Macdonald to resolve political deadlock if his ___________________________ demands were met.

The Three Demands

• A federation of all the British North American colonies– Would reconfigure the

government and _________________ the political deadlock

• Representation by population, or rep by pop (at the time, both provinces of Canada East and Canada West had an even _____________ seats each). – Work to the advantage of more numerous English

Protestants in _________________________ and assimilating the French Catholics

• The incorporation of ____________________________, the vast territory of land owned by the _________________________________. – Logical extension of Canada West.

Movement for Maritime Union

• Needed ___________________________ colonies to _____________________. They were _____________________ of Confederation. Concerned that their ______________________ population would have little influence in a united parliament saw selves as _________________________ from the Canadas.

• First turned to idea of a __________________________ union between NB, NS, NFL, and PEI.

• Decided to hold a ___________________________ to discuss possibility of a Maritime union.

• Representatives from ________________________________ managed to obtain an invitation to the conference, ________________________ would change the course of history.

THE THREE CONFERENCES

In order to unify the colonies, 3 conferences took place:

1. The _________________________________ Conference (September 1, 1864)

2. The ____________________________ Conference (November 1, 1864)

3. The _____________________________ Conference (1866 - 67)

Charlottetown Conference

• Originally intended for the colonies of _____________________________, _____________________________, and ___________________, but the Province of Canada _____________________ herself along.

• Originally met to discuss a Maritime Union but the idea of all colonies ______________________ as one was later discussed

• Did not include ________________________________; seen as a remote, non-politically _______________________, and unready for federation.

• Saw unions as undesirable, ______________________ from Britain.• Maritimes did not want to join ________________________, did not want

to get involved in the ____________________ and ________________________ struggles between Canada East and West.

• Despite reservations, colonies planned to meet. Government of the Canada’s _________________ for _________________________ to attend the meeting to _______________________ the idea of joining the British North American federal union.

• Maritimers _____________________ for the government to attend.• Meeting took place September 1, 1864 in

______________________________, P.E.I. • John A. Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier (leader of Canada

East) set out the ______________________ of their proposal, including the aspect of how _____________________ will be divided between the central and local governments.

• Alexander Tilloch Galt, the finance minister, dealt with economic issues, while George Brown handled _______________________concerns.

• FEATURES OF THE PROPOSAL: • Continued ________________________ to the British Crown

through ____________________________ in the British Empire• A strong _________________________ government within a

__________________ union in which the provinces retained control over ____________________ affairs

• The representation in a ____________________ house based on population and an ____________________ house based on __________________ representation.

• ___________________________ Atlantic colonies with arguments and promises about the ______________________ that the colonies would gain from a union.

• Macdonald reminded them of the _______________________ American Civil War brought to the colonies and discussed how they would better be able to defend themselves if they were _________________________.

• Promised that a centralized government would assume the ______________ of the colonies and discussed how they would be better able to ______________________ themselves if they were united.

• Some colonies were burdened with debt from railway building, seemed like a _______________________ to that growing problem

• Maritime union idea __________________________ at the end of the conference, general __________________________ by all that a wider union would _____________________ the colonies.

• Decided to hold another conference in ______________________ City the next month.

The Quebec Conference • October 1864 – 33 delegates arrived in Quebec City to discuss the

details of a confederation to the colonies. Attended by _________________________, _______________________, ________________________, Canada East, Canada West

• Newfoundland and B.C. could __________________ attend, too far away.

• Delegates presented the broad general principles set out at Charlottetown in the form of the ___________________________________ Resolutions. Set rules and regulations for the new country.

• Began the creation of a _____________________________ for new nation• Agreed that ties with Britain would be kept, adhere as

_________________ as possible to their constitution.

Challenges Facing the “Fathers of Confederation” • At the conference, Macdonald favoured a ______________________

union or a strong central government. Believed the Civil War in the _________________________ was the result of overly powerful _______________ governments, did not want Civil War to happen in Canada.

• Maritimes feared a loss of their own _____________________, favoured a federal union with __________________________ local governments.

• Cartier wanted a federal union with a local government in Quebec strong enough to protect the _____________________, ____________________, ________________________, and __________________________ of French Canadians.

• Granted powers to ________________________ governments• Gave federal government ______________________ power (those not

specifically given to the provinces) • Provided the federal government the power “to make laws for the

_______________, ____________________, and ______________ government of Canada”.

• Disallow provincial laws if against _____________________ interest.

• Did not realize how much power was given to the federal government at the time.

• Reached an agreement including the “_________________________” which became the _________________________ for Confederation

• Conference discussions indicated _________________________ differences in opinion. Disagreement about how ____________________ would be shared.

• Were able to come to a result, but differences would continue to simmer as time went on.

• All agreed the union must be ___________________ and could not be broken by any one province

• Central government must be _____________________ than provincial government

• Delegates returned to their colonies to inform their people about the 72 Resolutions and receive _____________________ for the plan.

Political Structure

• Followed the ___________________ structure• Federal lower house (__________________________) based on

representation by population, and an upper house (________________________) based on regional representation.

• Disagreed on the number of _______________________________ from each region in the upper house.

• Maritimes saw Senate as means of __________________________ their regional representation to offset the number of seats they had in the House of Commons.

Financials

• The new government would ________________________ the public debts – up to a specific amount – of each of the four provinces that joined.

• Additionally, federal government would finance the Intercolonial _________________________________.

• To cover the costs, federal government provided with ______________________ taxing powers, including direct taxes and indirect taxes, ______________ tax on ____________________ and excise.

• Provinces could only directly tax to ____________________________ the provinces for costs of _________________________, _______________________, and other local obligations.

• Federal government would pay annual ______________________ to the provinces based on _________ cents per head to their populations.

The London Conference

• November 1866, delegates from Canada East, Canada West, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick met in ______________________, England to discuss final details and ____________________ their constitution, the British North American Act, to the _________________________ government for approval.

• PEI and Newfoundland feared that Confederation would lead to ___________________________ taxation, and ______________________________ of Islanders for Canadian conflicts

• Some of the 72 Resolutions were _______________________ with a few minor, but significant changes.

• Separate schools issue settled by applying Quebec’s clause to all the provinces. Safeguarded ________________________ schools, and if a province ______________________ a religious school system, the school could appeal to the Federal Government.

• Joseph Howe, delegate for Nova Scotia, urged British officials to reject the union. Britain refused to retract.

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT

• The _______________________ ___________________ _____________________ ________________received the ________________ ___________________ (Signed by Queen Victoria) on March 29, 1867.

• Once the Act was ___________________, the delegates returned home to prepare for union, which was scheduled to take place on ___________ 1, 1867

• Many accepted confederation, not with enthusiasm, except in Ontario.

• The foundation of the new nation was __________________.

Naming the Nation

• John A. Macdonald wanted to call the new nation the “_________________ of Canada”. British government _____________________, fearing the term would further offend the Americans, implying a more ____________________________ country.

• Leonard Tilly came across a different title and motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (From _________ Even Unto ___________) while reading Psalm 72 in the Bible:

• “He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth”

• On July 1, 1867, the new Canadian state, the __________________________ of Canada was born.

• The BNA Act was a ____________________ of Canada’s two biggest influences:

• Britain – Canada was to be a _________________________ state• America – Canada was to have a ______________________ constitution.• Consisted of four provinces:

• ____________________________________• ____________________________________• ____________________________________• ____________________________________

Problems with the British North American Act

2 Problems: – Made no arrangement for how _____________________ could take

place without __________________________ involvement– If federal and provincial governments disagreed on the

interpretation of the BNA Act, had to turn to the ______________ Court: Judicial Committee of the __________________ Council.

– Everything needed ___________________ from the British Government.

*** There is also one other major issue: Someone was left out….

First Nations (Section 91 of the BNA Act)

• The relationship and responsibilities that First Nations had established with the British Crown (Royal Proclamation of 1763) were now ________________________ to the new Canadian federal government.

• _____________________________ were not represented as the Fathers of Confederation drafted the BNA Act, except to make them the “__________________________” of the federal government.

• The transfer was never negotiated with the First Nations: their ________________________ were not taken into account, and were ___________________________ throughout most of the process.

• Many First Nations believed BNA Act attempted to _____________________ many of their rights by adding them to a list of ___________________________________ for the Canadian government.

• ____________________ and __________________ peoples were not discussed at all.

• Indigenous were seen as a ______________________ race or were _____________________ into English Culture

• #1 Challenge facing ________________________ today• Necessary economically. Few treaties in BC, land claims, no new

economic development can happen without _____________________

from Indigenous people. ______________________________ rights were the rights of who were here ____________________.

GOVERNMENT

What Were Our Options for Government?

• The American constitution was effective. However, the constitution in the U.S.A. had a flaw – it gave too much _________________ to the states. – This flaw gave way to the American Civil War. – Therefore, _______________ power was to be given to the

federal government in Canada.• Also, the American constitution was _______________________. • The constitution in Canada would be as well, so that it could

___________________ in a _______________ of law. • The British constitution was not written. It was based on

__________________________ (previous government).• __________________________ government—a country with only one

government, a central administration• _____________________________ - a country in which separate and

distinct national and provincial governments exist

Canada Was to Become a Federated State Ruled by a Parliamentary System

• _________________________ – a system of government in which several states or provinces unite but remain independent in internal affairs 

• ____________________________________- a government formed by a governing party having the majority of seats in the House of Commons

• ___________________________________________ – a temporary alliance between political parties; occurs when two parties are too small to be effective independently, but form a majority together

• _______________________________________________ – a monarch is the head of government, but does not make laws; however, royal assent is provided through the governor general

Parliament

House of Commons • Members chosen by _______________ and representation in HOC

based on population. Country divided into _______________________________, groups of voters in a specific area.

• Number of residents in constituencies is basically __________________. • _____________________ citizens in each constituency could vote to

choose ______________ representative to represent them in the HOC and _________________ on issues on their behalf. Elected representatives make __________________ and decide how to spend ___________________.

Senate

• Established to protect the regional interests and property rights of Canadians. __________________________ required to own $4000 in property in their ____________________________ to represent.

• Knowledgeable and experienced, provide careful __________________ of bills passed in HOC.

• Senate was to examine it and _______________ back to _______________________________________ for revision, before being sent on to the ______________________________ __________________________________.

• Appointed for __________________, important to act _______________________________ for the interests of all Canadians. Prevent senators from being swayed to make a decision one way or another because they were facing an _________________________________.

Cabinet

• ______________________ group of advisors by the Prime Minister. Prime Minister and _____________________ hold most power. All are appointed from the __________________________________ and the ___________________________.

• Two official languages – ___________________ and _________________________.

Constitutional Monarch

• All bills passed in Canada require __________________ __________________.

• Occurs when the __________________ representative __________________ bills passed by the House of Commons.

• Fathers of Confederation made Canada a _________________________ Monarch – the king or Queen of Britain is Canada’s head of state, and the __________________ authority in making or changing laws lay in his or her hands.

• Power of monarchy __________________________. The crown is represented by the _____________________________________. All laws and bills passed by the government need to be formally approved through Royal Assent by the Governor General.

• Has power to _____________________ or dissolve Parliament and call a general __________________________.

First Prime Minister of Canada

• The leader of the majority party assumes the role of ___________________________________________. The second largest party becomes the official ___________________________________.

• Conservatives at the time were a more unified and organized party, _______________________ the first federal election in November 1867 (100/180 seats).

• ______________________________________________________ became Canada’s first prime minister.

• Witty, ___________________________ , charming, sense of humour, ___________________ politician.

• Relied on Cartier as his “____________________________” to carry out relations with _____________________________ , as Macdonald did not speak French.

Voting

• Until 1874, voting was restricted to ______________________ who owned property (20% of the population).

• No secret ballot: voters had to declare their party preference ____________________________.

• Open voting system led to _________________, street brawls. • Candidates openly ________________________ voters. • Employers coerced employees to vote the

“_______________________________”.

Much of the greatest debates and problems in Canadian history are an expression of the struggle between federal and provincial rule.

• Government existed to maintain ______________ and ______________________ and to provide defense. – It was supposed to create an environment in which

individuals could work and make money. • The federal government was responsible for things thought to be

________________________ and thus for building and shaping the nation. • The provinces were given the responsibilities for caring for the

needs of the people in each ______________________________.

Section 91 of the BNA Act

• Section 91 outlined the federal powers. The federal government was responsible for the post office, banks, criminal law and defense. Also, the federal government controlled trade and commerce and had unlimited taxing powers.

Federal/Provincial Relations

Can be allowed to bring in the _________________________________________.

_____________________________________ resulted in what falls under Provincial and Federal governments.

Division of Federal and Provincial Powers

Federal: – 37 distinct powers

• Given _______________________________ for the “peace, order, and good government” of the new country.

• Only ___________________ government would have a broad range of ___________________ powers.

• Given right to _______________________ any provincial law that it considered in contravention of a federal law.

• Veto power caused many provinces to ____________ about their own ____________________ to control provincial affairs.

Provincial: • 15 powers• Control over ____________________ and civil rights• ____________________ resources• “Matters of a merely _________________ or ______________________ nature

in the province”. • Limited powers of _________________________. • Assigned to enable French Canadians to ____________________ and

___________________ their unique cultural traditions, soothe fears of those in Atlantic Canada that their local traditions were at stake.

• Manage local matters essential to preservation of _____________________ identities.

Section 93 of the BNA Act

• Section 93 allocated all the powers of caring for the special needs of each region’s populations to the provinces that knew them best.

______________________________ ______________________________

What power did the “peace, order and good government” clause give to the federal government?

• ______________________________________ refers to the fact that the federal government can make laws about any issue that is ____________ specifically given to the provinces (Section 92).

Two major areas where the federal government has the right to interfere in provincial affairs:

• The federal government could _____________ any legislation within a ______________ of passage if they felt that it was ______________________ to federal interests.

• The federal government had the right to take action to ___________________ Catholic or Protestant schools, even though education is a provincial field. – Catholics were a minority in Ontario and Protestants were a

minority in Quebec.

In which two areas do the federal and provincial governmentshare power?

• They shared power in the areas of _________________________ and ______________________.

Besides the BNA Act, what further limited what the provinces could do? What methods could the provinces use to raise revenue?

• They were limited by lack of ___________________. • __________________ from the federal government were not very

generous. • The only way they could raise revenue was through taxation of

_________________________ , which, as now, was very unpopular. • Provincial governments _______________________ to raise money in

this way.