SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Figures S1: Descriptive plots describing sex differences for the different behavioral traits studied. In brackets,

we provide the number of individuals of each sex available for each analysis across seasons. A) Activity

profiles. Deer activity levels (black lines) over the 24-hour cycle across seasons and for both sexes, with males

in solid lines and females in dotted lines. The grey shading represents sunrise and sunset (i.e. incorporating

variation in the timing of sunrise and sunset over a given season). B) Daytime versus nighttime habitat use.

Estimated daytime versus nighttime habitat use probabilities of deer among the four seasons and the three habitat

types for both sexes. The dotted lines represent a level of use that is identical between daytime and nighttime

(i.e. an estimated probability of daytime use = 0.5) and bars represent the 95% confidence intervals around the

probability estimates. Values above (below) the dotted line indicate that the given habitat type is used more (less)

during the day than during the night for that season. C) Resource selection. Selection estimates with their 95%

confidence intervals describing patterns of resource selection among the five seasons for each sex. A value

different from 1 (i.e. with confidence intervals that do not overlap the black horizontal line) indicates that the use

of a given resource type is not proportional to its availability, but rather is selected (selection estimates > 1) or

avoided (selection estimates < 1).

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A)

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Figure S2: Ambient temperature estimates with their 95% confidence intervals as generated by a linear model

describing the daily and seasonal variations in temperature among habitat types and for the two islands. The

model included a four-way interaction among time of day (day versus night), season (Nov-Jan, Feb-Mar, Apr-

miJun, miJun-Aug, Sep-Oct), habitat type (shoreline, windfall and forest) and island (ELI and Kunga).

A. ELI

B. Kunga

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Table S1: Summary of candidate general linear mixed models and generalized additive models built for the three

analyzes performed in this study. All models included the deer’s identity as a random factor (NELI = 12 and

NKUNGA = 12). AIC is the value of the Akaike’s Information Criterion and K is the number of estimated parameters

for each model. The ranking of the models is based on differences in the Akaike’s Information Criterion (ΔAIC).

The best model is given in bold.

Models for the day-night habitat use analysis K AIC ΔAIC

Habitat x season x island 25 20015 0

Habitat x island 7 20047 32

Habitat x season 13 20091 76

Habitat 4 20107 92

Constant 2 20172 156

Models for the resource selection analysis

Resource type x season x island 71 50120 0

Resource type x island + season 19 50610 490

Resource type x island 15 50683 563

Resource type x season 36 52402 2282

Resource type x season + island 37 52404 2284

Resource type + island + season 13 52901 2781

Resource type 8 52973 2853

Constant 2 55210 5090

Models for the daily activity patterns analysis

East-LimestoneSeason x time 11753227 0

Time 11781486 28259

KungaSeason x time 19651550 0

Time 19720903 69353

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Table S2: Summary of GPS and activity data available and GPS-fix rates (i.e. proportion of successful fixes)

across seasons for all deer on the two islands

Seasons

Sept-Oct Nov-Jan Feb-Mar Apr-miJun miJun -Aug

Number of GPS fixes used for the

analyses of habitat use

Day

(10:00PST)1563 2099 1459 2138 -

Night

(22:00PST)1584 2199 1454 2052 -

Seasonal GPS-fix rates (%) 94% 84% 93% 98% 95%

Number of GPS fixes used for the

analyses of resource selection

Use 4023 5418 3674 4906 1486

Available 4750 5906 3840 4647 1403

Number of activity values used for

the analyses of activity pattern672121 1027043 640565 769327 275626

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Figure S3: Boxplots for estimates of activity levels during daytime (light grey shading) and nighttime (dark grey

shading) as generated by the best model describing variation in activity over the 24-hour cycle across seasons for

the two islands (ELI and Kunga).

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Figure S4: Habitat use and availability. Proportions of the three main habitat types (forest in black, windfall in

dark grey and shoreline in light grey) in terms of their use by deer and their availability for each island.

Proportional use was calculated as the mean proportion of GPS fixes across all individuals (i.e. 12 individuals on

each island). Proportional availability was calculated as the number of pixels attributed to each habitat type

relative to the total number of pixels on each island.

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Table S3: Habitat use and availability. Average selection ratios (Puse/Pavailable, i.e. proportional use divided

by proportional availability for a given habitat) for each habitat type between islands (ELI and Kunga) and times

of the day (daytime versus nighttime).

Time of the day Habitat typeSelection ratio

(Puse/Pavailable)

ELI

daytimeshoreline 0.13windfall 1.77

forest 1.24

nighttimeshoreline 0.59windfall 1.08

forest 1.04

Kunga

daytimeshoreline 0.20windfall 1.21

forest 1.46

nighttimeshoreline 0.77windfall 1.14

forest 1.00

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Figure S5: Profiles of deer activity levels (black lines, see text for construction of the activity index) over the

24-hour cycle across seasons for deer on Reef Island where some hunting activity occurred. The average activity

levels for nighttime and daytime are represented by the dark grey and light grey dotted lines, respectively. The

grey shading represents sunrise and sunset (i.e. incorporating variation in the timing of sunrise and sunset over a

given season).

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