History 307: The CrusadesSpring 2017: Tues/Thurs 12:30-1:50 (Wyatt 304)

Professor Katherine Allen Smithemail: kasmith2@pugetsound.edu phone: 879-3906 (ext. 3906)office: Wyatt 142office hours: Mon. 10:00-11:30, Thurs. 2:00-3:30 (and by appointment)

Course Description: The military campaigns that comprised the Crusades lasted only two centuries, but their impact on European and Middle Eastern

cultures was far more lasting, and the post-medieval legacy of the Crusades continues to be a matter of debate. This course focuses on the European military expeditions to the Levant between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, attempting to understand these events and their consequences from a number of perspectives by studying firsthand accounts by Eastern as well as Western Christians, as well as Muslims and Jews. Because a main goal of the class will be to reconstruct the worlds of the crusaders (the world they came from, as well as the world they made in the Levant), students will become familiar with medieval European society, the history of the Holy Land, medieval Christianity and Islam, theories of holy war in each faith tradition, and the history of interfaith relations.

Since the First Crusade was a watershed moment in the history of the crusading movement, and later crusades were inspired by this venture’s astonishing success, we will study this event in detail from a variety of perspectives. We will then explore the creation of a diverse new society in the crusader states, before turning our attention to the conceptual and geographical expansion of crusading that led to the deployment of crusades against a wide variety of non-Muslim groups. The course will end by considering the long-term consequences of the Crusades for Europe and the Near East, and assessing the different uses – historical, political, and religious – of the Crusades in the modern era.

Goals of the Course: All students in the class will have the opportunity to become familiar with the history of the medieval crusading

movement; refine their analytical skills by analyzing a variety of primary

sources, both orally and in formal and informal written assignments;

engage with major historiographical debates related to the Crusades;

and carry out an independent research project that showcases their critical thinking and writing skills, and demonstrates mastery of relevant history and historiography.

Class Format: Since this is meant to be a seminar-style class, most of our class time will be given over to group discussion of assigned readings in which everyone is expected to participate. There are a number of ways to join the conversation in class; you might make notes of questions that come up in the course of doing that day’s reading assignment, underline a passage in one of the sources that you think we should examine more carefully, or respond to comments or questions raised in the class.

Texts: The required texts listed below are available at the bookstore. Additional resources, including recommended readings, will be posted on Moodle. We will not discuss recommended readings in class, but they will be the basis of the review assignment, and are useful resources for those working on related research topics or just wanting additional background on these subjects.

Jonathan Phillips, The Crusades, 1095-1204, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 2014) ISBN: 9781405872934

S.J. Allen and Emilie Amt, eds., The Crusades: A Reader, 2nd ed. (University of Toronto Press, 2014) ISBN: 9781442606234 (=Allen & Amt)

Nirmal Dass, trans., The Deeds of the Franks and Other Jerusalem-Bound Pilgrims: The Earliest Chronicle of the First Crusade (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011) ISBN: 9781442204980 (=Deeds of the Franks)

John of Joinville and Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. Caroline Smith (Penguin, 2009) ISBN: 9780140449983 (=Joinville / =Villehardouin)

The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. Janet Shirley (Routledge, 2000) 9780754603887

History 307 Course Reader (=CR in schedule of readings below)

Requirements and Evaluation1) Participation (including attendance). I may give short lectures

from time to time, but our class will be primarily discussion driven. In a discussion-based class, everyone shares responsibility for making each meeting a success. I will do my part, and expect you to do yours by coming to class with reading done, notes, questions, and any assignments in hand, prepared to listen and share ideas. Your participation grade reflects not only your physical presence in the classroom, but your level of engagement. Please come prepared to think and talk about history, and be kind enough to refrain from texting, reading for other classes, surfing the web, or anything else that constitutes rude or distracting behavior during class time. Finally, since you

2

cannot participate if you are not in class, regular attendance is essential to your success in this course.

2) Reflection Pieces. These short pieces (1½ - 2 pages each) reflect on an issue or question derived from the reading assigned for the days on which they are due. You will be assigned to a letter group (A-E) and your reflection pieces will be due on the days marked with this letter in the syllabus. *Pick 3 of your 4 letter-days to write reflection pieces. Since the purpose of these pieces is to enhance discussion in class on particular days, no late reflections will be accepted.

3) Short Essay. This assignment asks you to evaluate the First Crusade as a spiritual, military, and/or political venture, and develop a historically minded argument based on primary sources and informed by modern scholarship. No additional research required. 5 pages. Due Feb. 13 th .

4) Article Review. This assignment asks you to critically assess a scholarly essay or article we have not read as a class. Your review should identify and evaluate the main argument of your chosen article, paying attention to the author’s assumptions and possible biases, use of primary sources, engagement with historiography, and key strengths and weaknesses. 3 pages. Due March 3 rd .

5) Final Project. All writing assignments due in the second half of the semester relate to the final research project. Students may choose from two options: 1) a traditional research paper or 2) a prospectus for a senior thesis. History majors who have not yet taken History 400 are particularly encouraged to consider the prospectus option. The guidelines for the first two components of the project are the same for both options, while the guidelines for the final paper versus the final written prospectus are somewhat different, but represent equal amounts of work.

5A) Proposal. The proposal should identify the narrowed topic you plan to research for the final project, briefly survey its historiography, and explain its significance. 1½-2pp. Due March 31 st .

5B) Annotated Bibliography. The bibliography should open with a statement of your narrowed research question (as opposed to your topic, or your thesis, which you probably haven’t yet developed), and then present annotated bibliographic entries for at least three primary sources and three secondary sources related to your topic. 3-4pp. Due April 14 th .

5C) Final Paper or Prospectus. Students who choose the final paper option submit a paper that presents an argument based on a close reading of at least 4 primary sources and informed by at least 6 works of secondary scholarship. Students who choose the prospectus option submit a paper that articulates the proposed research question, situates this question within a detailed discussion of the topic’s historiography, discusses in detail at least 6 primary sources and at least 8 secondary sources upon which the future project would rely, presents a tentative hypothesis, and includes a bibliography of all relevant sources. ~12pp, plus title page & bibliography. Due May 11 th .

3

Grading Scale: All assignments and participation will be graded on a 100-point scale from A to F. Here are the numerical equivalents of each grade: A (94-100); A- (90-93); B+ (87-89); B (84-86); B- (80-83); C+(77-79); C (74-76); C- (70-73); D (67-69); D (64-66); D- (60-63); F (0-59).

Help with Research and Writing: I am available to discuss readings and assignments, offer research advice and discuss writing strategies during office hours and by appointment. I encourage you to stop by to discuss anything that has confused (or intrigued) you in the assigned reading, as well as to discuss your research progress in the second half of the semester.

I also encourage you to make use of two additional resources this semester: the staffs of Collins Library and the Center for Writing, Learning, and Teaching. We will have a workshop with our liason librarian, Peggy Burge, but feel free to make an individual appointment with her to discuss your research. I guarantee she will help you find sources you would have otherwise missed! She may be reached by email (pburge@pugetsound.edu) or phone (ext. 3512), and you can arrange a research consultation with Peggy by filling out an appointment request form at https://pugetsoundhostmaster.wufoo.com/forms/research-consultation-request-pb/. For those of you considering the prospectus option, you may wish to contact the Collins Library Archivist, Katie Henningsen (khenningsen@pugetsound.edu) to explore potential primary source materials available in our Archives and Special Collections.

The Center (Howarth 109) is an excellent resource for anyone who wants to improve their writing, is trying to master a new writing form, or just needs help getting started on an assignment. You can make an appointment with a peer writing advisor by emailing writing@pugetsound.edu or calling ext. 3404. If you’re new to writing in the discipline of History, consider making an appointment with Cassandra McMurry or Katharine Etsell, writing advisors who are History majors. Other Policies:

Here is a breakdown of the final grade: Participation - 18%Reflection Pieces - 12% (4%

each)Short Essay - 15%Article Review - 12%Proposal - 5%Annotated Bibliography - 12%Final Paper/Prospectus - 26%

_____ 100%

4

Attendance: Regular attendance is essential to your success in this course, and I take attendance at every meeting. I understand that illness and emergencies occur in the course of a fourteen-week semester, and will not penalize you for missing up to two classes. If you miss more than this, be advised that I will deduct ½ letter grade from your participation grade for each additional absence. I reserve the right to withdraw any student from the class for excessive unexcused absences, normally defined as more than 6 absences over the course of the semester. If you become gravely ill or have an emergency that will take you out of class for several days, please contact me so we can arrange for you to stay on track.

Disability-Related Accommodations: If you have a physical, psychological, medical or learning disability that may impact your course work, please contact Peggy Perno (105 Howarth, ext. 3395). She will determine what accommodations are necessary and appropriate. All information and documentation is confidential.

Academic Honesty: Students are expected to abide by the guidelines concerning academic honesty outlined in the Logger Handbook (at http://www.pugetsound.edu/student-life/student-resources/student-handbook/academic-handbook/academic-integrity/) Violations of honesty in research (i.e., inventing or falsifying sources or data) or writing (i.e., borrowing the arguments or words of others without attribution), or the destruction of library materials will result in a grade of ‘0’ for the assignment in question and, at the instructor’s discretion, dismissal from the course.

Emergency Information : Please review university emergency preparedness and response procedures posted at www.pugetsound.edu/emergency/. Familiarize yourself with hall exit doors and the designated gathering area for your class and laboratory buildings. If building evacuation becomes necessary (e.g., earthquake), meet your instructor at the designated gathering area so she/he can account for your presence. Then wait for further instructions. Do not return to the building or classroom until advised by a university emergency response representative. If confronted by an act of violence, be prepared to make quick decisions to protect your safety. Flee the area by running away from the source of danger if you can safely do so. If this is not possible, shelter in place by securing classroom or lab doors and windows, closing blinds, and turning off room lights. Stay low, away from doors and windows, and as close to the interior hallway walls as possible. Wait for further instructions.

SCHEDULE OF CLASSES (readings listed underneath due dates)

(T) Jan. 17th – Introduction

East and West before the Crusades (Th) Jan. 19th – Theorizing Holy War (A)

(CR 1-20) David D. Corey and J. Daryl Charles, “Tradition and the Just War,” and “Origins of the Just War Tradition: Augustine,” in The Just War Tradition: An Introduction (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2012), 1-3, 53-65.

(CR 21-29) Carole Hillenbrand, “Jihad in the Period 493-569/1100-1174,” in The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Routledge, 2000), 89-97.

Allen & Amt, nos. 2-4, 6 Recommended: Jonathan Riley-Smith, “Crusading as an Act of Love,” History

5

65 (1980): 177-92.

(T) Jan. 24th – Jerusalem and the East before the First Crusade (B)(CR 30-41) Jill Claster, “Jerusalem and the Eastern Mediterranean before the

First Crusade,” in Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 3-25.

Allen & Amt, nos. 1, 10 (CR 42-46) Sources on Holy Land pilgrimage in Medieval Pilgrimage: A

Reader, ed. Brett Edward Whalen (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011), nos. 25, 30, 35

Recommended: John France, “The Destruction of Jerusalem and the First Crusade,” Joumal of Ecclesiastical History 47 (1996): 1-17.

(Th) Jan. 26th – The Latin West on the Eve of the First Crusade (C)Allen & Amt, nos. 8-9(CR, 47-62) Selections from the Miracles of Sainte-Foy at Conques, book 3,

trans. Pamela Sheingorn, The Book of Sainte Foy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), 144-69.

(CR 63-85) Marcus Bull, “Origins,” in Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-

Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 13-33.Recommended: I. S. Robinson, “Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ,”

History 58 (1973): 161-92.

The ‘First Crusade’ (1095-99) (T) Jan. 31st – The Call to Arms (D)

Phillips, Crusades, pp. 17-24 and doc. 3 (charters)(CR 86) John France, “The Gesta Francorum,” in The Crusades: An

Encyclopedia, ed. Alan V. Murray (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006), 530.Deeds of the Franks, 25-26Allen & Amt, nos. 11-12(CR 87-93) H.E.J. Cowdrey, “Pope Urban II’s Preaching of the First Crusade,”

History 55 (1970): 177-88. Recommended: Matthew Gabriele, “The Last Carolingian Exegete: Urban II, the

Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest,” Church History 81 (2012): 796-814.

(Th) Feb. 2nd – The First Crusade Begins (E)Phillips, Crusades, 24-27Deeds of the Franks, 26-44

Allen & Amt, nos. 13-15(CR 94-103) Robert Chazan, “From the First Crusade to the Second: Evolving

Perceptions of the Christian-Jewish Conflict,” in Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe, ed. Michael A. Signer and John Van Engen (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), 46-62.

Recommended: Shmuel Shepkaru, “To Die for God: Martyrs’ Heaven in Hebrew and Latin Crusade Narratives,” Speculum 77 (2002): 311-41.

6

(T) Feb. 7th – The First Crusade: Nicaea to Antioch (A)Phillips, Crusades, 27-28

Deeds of the Franks, pp. 45-87Allen & Amt, nos. 17-19(CR 104-115) Margaret Jubb, “The Crusaders’ Perceptions of their

Opponents,” in Palgrave Advances in the Crusades, ed. Helen Nicholson (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005), 225-44.

Recommended: Joshua C. Birk, “The Betrayal of Antioch: Narratives of Conversion and Conquest during the First Crusade,” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 42, no. 3 (2011): 463-85.

(Th) Feb. 9th – The End of the Road (no reflections due)Phillips, Crusades, 28-34

Deeds of the Franks, 89-111Allen & Amt, nos. 20-23(CR 115-25) Niall Christie, “The First Crusade and the Muslim Response” in

Muslims and Crusaders (London: Routledge, 2014), 18-29. Recommended: Jay Rubenstein, “Cannibals and Crusaders,” French Historical

Studies 31 (2008): 525-52.

**Essay on the First Crusade due Monday, Feb. 13th by 3pm in my office**

Conflict and Coexistence in the Latin East (T) Feb. 14th - Consolidating Crusader Rule (B)

Phillips, pp. 35-51 Allen & Amt, nos. 24-25, 27(CR 126-36) Thomas S. Asbridge, “The 'Crusader' Community at Antioch: The

Impact of Interaction with Byzantium and Islam,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (1999): 305-25.

Recommended: Brett Edward Whalen, “God’s Will or Not? Bohemond’s Campaign Against the Byzantine Empire (1105-08),” in Crusades: Medieval Worlds in Conflict, ed. Thomas F. Madden, James L. Naus, and Vincent Ryan (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), 111-26.

(Th) Feb. 16th - The Latin Kingdom (C)Phillips, pp. 52-66 and 133-44Allen & Amt, nos. 30-32(CR 137-46) Ronnie Ellenblum, “Colonization Activities in the Frankish East:

The Example of Castellum Regis (Mi'ilya),” The English Historical Review, 111/440 (Feb. 1996): 104-122.

Recommended: David Jacoby, “Aspects of Everyday Life in Frankish Acre,” Crusades 4 (2005): 73-105.

(T) Feb. 21st - The Military Orders (D)Phillips, pp. 67-78 and 96-108 Allen & Amt, nos. 36-37

7

Recommended: Malcolm C. Barber, “The Social Context of the Templars,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 34 (1984): 27-46.

Crusading in the Twelfth-Century Levant(Th) Feb. 23rd - The Second Crusade (E)

Phillips, pp. 79-94Allen & Amt, nos. 33-35, 38, 40(CR 147-58) Carole Hillenbrand, “’Abominable acts’: The Career of Zengi” in

The Second Crusade, ed. J.Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), 111-32.

Recommended: Martin Hoch, “The Choice of Damascus as the Objective of the Second Crusade: A Re-evaluation,” in Autour de la Première Croisade: Actes du colloque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, ed. Michel Balard (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1996), 359-69.

(T) Feb. 28th - The Rise of Saladin (A)Phillips, pp 109-132, 145-65Allen & Amt, nos. 41-44

(CR 159-65) Bernard Hamilton, “The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon,” in Religious Motivation: Biographical and Sociological Problems for the Church Historian, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford, 1978), 97-108.

Recommended: W.J. Hamblin, “Saladin and Muslim Military Theory,” in The Horns of Hattin, ed. Benjamin Z. Kedar (Aldershot: Variorum, 1992), 228-38.

(Th) Mar. 2nd - The Third Crusade (no reflections due)Phillips, pp 166-182Allen & Amt, nos. 45-47, 55(CR 166-73) Helen Nicholson, “Women on the Third Crusade,” Journal of

Medieval History 23, vol. 4 (1997): 335-49. Recommended: Thomas Asbridge, “Talking to the Enemy: The Role and

Purpose of Negotiations between Saladin and Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade,” Journal of Medieval History 39, no. 3 (2013): 275-96.

**Article review due Friday, March 3rd by noon in my office**

(T) Mar. 7th - Individual Meetings on Final ProjectsLook over the list of possible research topics and come to our meeting prepared to discuss concrete ideas for the final project.

(Th) Mar. 9th - Library Research Day (meet in Library, room 118)Today Peggy Burge will introduce you to print and electronic resources relevant to the history of the Crusades. Bring your laptop or tablet so you can bookmark the resources Peggy will show us! Assignment: Find, read, and take good notes on a subject encyclopedia entry related to your proposed research topic. Bring your notes to today’s library session. You can find a list of subject encyclopedias on our course’s library research page (link on Moodle).

8

** Spring Break: No classes March 13th – 17th **

Expanding the Boundaries of Crusading(T) Mar. 21st - The Fourth Crusade (B)

Phillips, pp. 183-89Villehardouin, in Chronicles of the Crusades, pp. xviii-xxxi (intro) and 5-61

(text)Allen & Amt, nos. 57 and 58 (Robert of Clari only)Recommended: Thomas F. Madden, “The Venetian Version of the Fourth

Crusade: Memory and the Conquest of Constantinople in Medieval Venice,” Speculum 87, no. 2 (2012): 311-44.

(Th) Mar. 23rd - The Fourth Crusade (C)Phillips, pp. 189-201Villehardouin, in Chronicles of the Crusades, pp. 62-135Allen & Amt, no. 59Recommended: David Jacoby, “The Greeks of Constantinople Under Latin Rule,

1204-1261,” in The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath, and Perceptions, ed. Thomas Madden (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 53-73.

(T) Mar. 28th - The Iberian Reconquista (D)(CR 174-77) Jill Claster, “The Spanish Crusades,” in Sacred Violence: The

European Crusades to the Middle East (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 270-75.

Allen & Amt, nos. 7, 76-78(CR 178-86) R.A. Fletcher, “Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150,”

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., no. 37 (1987): 31-47. Recommended: William J. Purkis, “The Introduction of Crusading Spirituality

to Iberia,” in Crusading Spirituality in the Holy Land and Iberia, c.1095-c.1187 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2008), 120-38.

(Th) Mar. 30th - The Baltic Crusades (no reflections due) (CR 187-201) Darius von Güttner-Sporzyński, “Northern Crusades: between

Holy War and Mission,” in The Crusader World, ed. Adrian Boas (London: Routledge, 2016), 144-162.

Allen & Amt, nos. 65-67, 69-70Recommended: Eva Eihmane, “The Baltic Crusades: A Clash of Two

Identities,” in The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, ed. Alan V. Murray (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), 37-51.

**Research Proposal due Friday, March 31st by noon in my office**

(T) Apr. 4th - The Albigensian Crusade (E)

9

Song of the Cathar Wars, 1-10 (intro) and 11-92 (text) (CR 202-06) Innocent III, Letters to King Philip II of France and the

archbishops of Southern France, in The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade: A Sourcebook, ed. Catherine Léglu, Rebecca Rist, and Claire Taylor (London: Routledge, 2014), 36-40.

Recommended: Daniel Power, “Who Went on the Albigensian Crusade?” English Historical Review 128, no. 534 (Oct. 2013): 1047-85.

(Th) Apr. 6th – The Albigensian Crusade, cont. (A)Song of the Cathar Wars, 92-194(CR 207-09) Caesarius of Heisterbach, “Dialogue on the Albigensian

Crusade,” in Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291, ed. Jessalynn Bird, Edward Peters, and James M. Powell (U of Pennsylvania, 2013), 77-79.

Recommended: Megan Cassidy-Welch, “Memories of Space in Thirteenth-Century France: Displaced People After the Albigensian Crusade,” Parergon 27, no. 2 (2010): 111-31.

(T) Apr. 11th - The Ambitions of Innocent III and Frederick II (B)(CR 210-18) Hiroshi Takayama, “Frederick II’s Crusade: An Example of

Christian-Muslim Diplomacy,” in Mediterranean Historical Review 25, no. 2 (2010): 169-85.

(CR 219-24) Niall Christie, “The Ayyubids and the Jihad,” in Muslims and Crusaders (London: Routledge, 2014), 93-98.

Allen & Amt, nos. 63-64, 73-74Recommended: James M. Powell, “Church and Crusade: Frederick II and

Louis IX,” Catholic Historical Review 93 (2007): 250-64.

The Thirteenth-Century East(Th) Apr. 13th - The Crusades of Louis IX (no reflections due)

Joinville, in Chronicles of the Crusades, pp. xxxi-xl (intro) and 141-159, 173-190, 194-224 (text)

Allen & Amt, no. 52(CR 225-31) William Chester Jordan, “Rituals of War: Departure for Crusade

in Thirteenth-Century France,” in The Book of Kings: Art, War, and the Morgan Library’s Medieval Picture Bible, ed. William Noel and Daniel Weiss (Baltimore: Walters Art Museum, 2002), 99-105.

Recommended: M. Cecilia Gaposchkin, “Louis IX, Crusade and the Promise of Joshua in the Holy Land,” Journal of Medieval History 34 (2008): 245-74.

**Annotated Bibliography due Friday, April 14th by noon in my office**

(T) Apr. 18th - The Crusades of Louis IX, cont. (C)Joinville, in Chronicles of the Crusades, pp. 225-299, 328-36(CR 232-39) Ibn Wasil, al-Maqrizi, and Louis IX on the Failure of the Seventh

Crusade, in Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in

10

Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291, ed. Jessalynn Bird, Edward Peters, and James M. Powell (Philadelphia, 2013), 360-73.

Recommended: Jonathan Elukin, "Warrior or Saint? Joinville, Louis IX's Character, and the Challenge of the Crusade,” in Center and Periphery: Studies on Power in the Medieval World in Honor of William Chester Jordan, ed. Katherine L. Jansen, Guy G. Geltner, and Anne E. Lester (Brill, 2013), 88-112.

(Th) Apr. 20th - The End of the Crusader States (D) (CR 240-45) Sylvia Schein, “Babylon and Jerusalem: The Fall of Acre, 1291-

1996,” in From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, ed. Alan Murray (Brepols, 1995), 141-50.

(CR 246-54) R. Stephen Humphreys, “Ayyubids, Mamluks, and the Latin East in the Thirteenth Century,” Mamluk Studies Review 2 (1998): 1-17. *focus on pp.10-17.

Allen & Amt, nos. 87-90Recommended: Kelly DeVries, “Meet the Mongols: Dealing with Mamluk

Victory and Mongol Defeat in the Middle East in 1260,” in Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages: Realities and Representations: Essays in Honour of John France, ed. John Simon and Nicholas Morton (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2014), 207-220.

Aftermath: Legacies of the Crusades (T) Apr. 25th - Crusading After the Crusades (E)

(CR 255-73) Michael Angold, “The Western Reaction,” in The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans: Context and Consequences (New York: Routledge, 2014), 84-119.

Allen & Amt, nos. 95-97(CR 274-84) Nancy Bisaha, “New Barbarian or Worthy Adversary?  Humanist

Constructs of the Ottoman Turks in Fifteenth-Century Italy,” in Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Perception of Other, eds. Michael Frassetto and David Blanks (St. Martin’s Press, 1999).

Recommended: Norman Housley, “Underpinnings: Antagonisms and Allegiances,” in Crusading and the Ottoman Threat, 1453-1505 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 18-61.

(Th) Apr. 27th - Modern Crusading Rhetoric (no reflections due)Allen & Amt, nos. 105-109(CR 285-96) Mona Hammad and Edward Peters, “Islam and the Crusades: A

Nine-Hundred-Year-Long Grievance?” in Seven Myths of the Crusades, ed. Alfred J. Andrea and Andrew Holt (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2015), 127-49.

(Web) David M. Perry, “This is Not the Crusades: There’s Nothing Medieval About ISIS,” CNN, Oct. 16, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/16/opinions/nothing-medieval-about-isis-perry/

Recommended: Elizabeth Siberry, “Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” in The Oxford Illustrated History of the

11

Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 365-85.

Assignment: Interview 2 people who are not in this class about their perceptions of the crusades. What is their understanding of the historical crusading movement and its relevance (if any) today? Come to class prepared to report on your findings.

(T) May 2nd - Last Class: Presentations of Final Research ProjectsPrep: Come prepared to give a short overview of your final project, including your research question, hypothesis, and more interesting discovery to date.

**Final Projects are due on Thursday, May 11th by 2pm (the time of our scheduled final exam) on Moodle**

12