____1. Gertrude cut two bars of different types of soap into four pieces each. She put one piece from each bar into each of four beakers, labeled Beaker W, Beaker X, Beaker Y and Beaker Z. Each beaker contained a different unknown liquid.According to the results shown above, which beaker contained the liquid that was densest?A. Beaker W B. Beaker XC. Beaker Y D. Beaker Z

______2. Suppose scientists discovered four new elements (W, X, Y, Z) while studying rock and soil samples brought back from a Mars mission. Which Lewis dot structure represents an element that should be placed in column VIIA (17) of the periodic table?

____3. Mosquitoes carry malaria and other diseases. In order to control mosquito populations, a powerful pesticide called DDT was used for many years. DDT entered lakes,ponds, and rivers and accumulated in the tissues of fish. When birds, such as eagles, consumed the fish,they produced eggs with very thin shells. The thin-shelled eggs broke when the parents sat on them and the populations of eagles and other birds suffered. The U.S. government banned the use of DDT in 1972. How did the banning of DDT mostlikely affect the population of bald eagles in the United States?A. The eagle population rapidly declined after the banning of DDT.B. The eagle population was not affected by the banning of DDT.C. The eagle population slowly increased after the banning of DDT.D. The eagle population increased and then rapidly decreased after the banning of DDT.

____4. If you were working for the Center for Disease Control and discovered a new, highly dangerous pathogen, what information should be presented to the public that may prevent a widespread epidemic of the disease?A. the fatality rate caused by the pathogenB. a report on how the pathogen is transmitted from one organism to another

C. pictures showing microscopic images of the pathogen so they will be familiar with itD. a description of the surface receptors found on the pathogen and the immuneResponse

____5. Jackie used a portable electric drill to remove screws from a broken wooden table. He noticed that the screws holding the table together were warm to the touch after being removed from the wood. What explains this phenomenon?A. Mechanical energy from the drill was converted into thermal energy due to friction.B. Electrical energy from the drill was converted into chemical energy due to resistance.C. Thermal energy from the drill was converted into mechanical energy due to inertia.D. The process of removing the screw concentrated the thermal energy that was already present in the wood.75

____6. What structure is absent in the cellsof fungi thereby preventing themfrom performing photosynthesis?A. cilia B. chloroplasts C. Nuclei D. mitochondria

___7. State two factors and explain how each influences the weather in Ohio. Respond in the space provided ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____8. Rising ocean temperatures can cause corals to expel the symbiotic algae on which they depend for survival.Which human influence could beresponsible for an increase in thisphenomenon?A. shoreline erosionB. burning fossil fuelsC. solar power generationD. introduction of non-native species S0000SKDX

____9. A student walks from inside an airconditioned building to standoutside on a sunny, sandy beach. The student says that her face and the bottoms of her feet feel warm. Which statement best describes the thermal energy transfer taking place?A. Thermal energy is transferred to her face by radiation, and thermal energy is transferred to the bottoms of her feet byradiation.B. Thermal energy is transferred to her face by convection, and thermal energy is transferred to the bottoms of her feet byradiation.C. Thermal energy is transferred to her face by radiation, and thermal energy is transferred to the bottoms of her feet byconduction.D. Thermal energy is transferred to her face by conduction, and thermal energy is transferred to the bottoms of her feet by conduction.___10. A student records the position of a car every second for a period of time and plots the following displacement and time graph.

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Illustrated below is the change in position of a car every second. Which observation of an object moving from left to right did the student record?

____11. Some coal-burning power plants install “chemical scrubbers”. These scrubbers reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) that is released when coal is burned. How does installation of these scrubbers benefit the environment?A. reduce the amount of acid rainB. reduce the amount of coal minedC. increase the amount of atmospheric CO2D. increase the amount of ground level ozone

____12. Scientists have hypothesized for years that Earth’s continents once formed a single landmass that broke apart and became thecontinents as we know them today. The model below shows the landmasses (Gondwanaland) as they started to break apart to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.

What evidence best supports themodel proposed above?

A. Igneous rocks have been found on all the continents.B. Similar fossils have been found in parts of Africa and South America.C. Australia has marsupial species that are not found on other continents.D. Indications of sea level changes have been recorded on all the continents.

_____13. Companies seeking new drug approval are required to conduct clinical trials involving human volunteers. During these trials, people with the disease are separated into different groups. One group receives a placebo (an inert or harmless substance used in controlled experiments). Each ofthe remaining groups receives a different dose of the drug (i.e.,Group A receives a 30 mg dose once a day, Group B receives a 50 mg dose once a day, etc.). Describe two reasons for testing new drugs at varying doses. Respond in the space provided (2 points)_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___14. Which isotope from Table A is the only one with applications for dating Holocenematerials?A. carbon 14 B. rubidium 87C. uranium 238 D. potassium 40

____15. On which map do the shaded land areas represent regions where the average annual temperature is greater than 18°C (64.4°F)?

____16. Solid copper wire is a good conductor because A. copper contains no protons.B. electrons move easily within the wire.C. protons and electrons tend to cluster at opposite ends of it.D. copper contains the same number of protons and neutrons.

_____17. Solar WarmingA group of students in Ohio conducted an investigation during the month of January to study the effects of solar warming. The students used a wooden box painted white. The box was mounted on a post in an open area and a thermometer was fastened on each of the four sides. The box was oriented so that each thermometer faced squarely

in a different direction: north, south, east or west. The temperature on each thermometer was recorded in degrees Fahrenheit at 12:00 noon during five consecutive days of clear skies.The picture shows the apparatus used by the students.

Based on the data, which statement best summarizes the effects of solar warming in January?A. Solar warming at noon is greatest on south-facing surfaces.B. Solar warming is greatest in January when the weather is clear.C. Solar warming in Ohio is greatest in the northern part of the state.D. Solar warming increases from the west side of Ohio to the east side of Ohio.

____18. When designing the investigation, one student suggested painting the woodenbox black. Predict how painting the box black would affect the temperaturereadings from the four thermometers. Explain your reasoning. Respond in the space provided (2 points)

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____19. All carts shown below are identical 0.5 kilogram metal carts. Blocks placed in the carts have a mass of 1 kilogram each.Which cart arrangement has the greatest amount of gravitational potential energy with the cart sitting at the top of the ramp as shown in each diagram?

____20. An oceanographer is traveling from the west toward the east on the Atlantic Ocean. She collects rock samples from the sea floor every 5 kilometers. The oceano-grapher stops when she determines that the rock samples are getting progressively younger as she moves toward the east.What conclusion is best supported by this data?A. She is traveling toward a midocean ridge.B. She is traveling toward a deepocean trench.C. She is traveling away from an underwater volcano.D. She is traveling away from a hot spot in the crust.___21. An aquatic ecologist collects data about the water quality of an Ohio lake throughout the year. In the summer, the

ecologist shares data with a public health official from a nearby town. Which data would a public health official use to determine whether the water was safe for swimming?A. the temperature of the surface waterB. the amount of dissolved oxygen in the deep waterC. the number of water lilies, N. odorata, growing in the lakeD. the concentration of E. coli bacteria near the surface of the lake

____22. Scientists and engineers from The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and National Transportation and Safety Board (NTSB) conduct studies and develop technical guidelines for designers andmanufacturers of consumer products. Such guidelines have made possible the development or improvement of collision avoidance systems, passenger and pedestrian safety systems, and saferautomotive power and fuel systems.Which statement accurately describes a positive effect on science and society from studies and guidelines developed by theSAE and NTSB?A. SAE and NTSB guidelines are permanent.B. SAE and NTSB help scientists andengineers decide how the products will be marketed.C. Scientific studies provide the data SAE and NTSB use to develop the guidelines for design standards that scientists and engineers follow.D. SAE and NTSB studies and guidelines are used to protect the trademarks, copyrights and patents that scientists and engineers receive on their inventions.

___23, Light travels in air at approximately 3.0 108 m/s. When it enters a glass window, this speed is reduced to about 2.0 108 m/s. When the light re-enters the air, what will the speed of light be?A. 2.0 108 m/s B. 2.5 108 m/sC. 3.0 108 m/s D. 5.0 108 m/s

___24. An astronomer investigating a star determines that the light wavelengths she observes are longer than those expected to be emitted by the star. What can be concluded about the motion of the star relative to Earth’s position?A. The star is moving closer to Earth.B. The star is moving away fromEarth.C. The star is accelerating faster than Earth.D. The star is accelerating at the same speed as Earth.

____25. A teacher gives a student a nontoxic, odorless, white powder to identify. Generate four questions, each regarding a different property of the unknown powder, that could be safely tested and answered inthe laboratory. Respond in the space provided (4 points)-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____26.

In which area of the diagram above is a geyser most likely to form?A. A B. B C. C D. D

___27.

The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that carbon atoms always have 6A. ions. B. protons.C. neutrons. D. valence electrons

____28. An earth science teacher places four pieces of carpet padding, representingsedimentary layers, between two large book ends, as shown in Figure 1. She thenpushes the book ends toward each other, as shown in Figure 2.

____29. What geologic process has the teacher demonstrated?A. folding B. faultingC. convection D. divergence

____30. In a recent agricultural experiment, farmers in Japan inserted fertilized watermelon blooms into square containers, which resulted in the fruit taking the shape of its container as it grew

Describe two benefits of farming practices that produce square watermelons. Respond in the space provided (2 points)_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____32. The White Cliffs of Dover are madeof a white sedimentary stone calledchalk, which was formed when shells

and skeletons of small marineorganisms were deposited in a thicklayer.An examination of the Cliffs ofDover from top to bottom wouldshow a change fromA. younger fossils to older fossils.B. simple fossils to complex fossils.C. igneous rock to sedimentaryrock.D. marine organisms to landorganisms.

____33. James Hutton (1726 – 1797) is often referred to as the father of modern geology. His detailed observations and theories about Earth processes opposed the accepted theories of his time. One of his contributions was the develop ment of what he called “the great geological cycle”. Hutton theorized that most rocks were igneous in origin. The igneous rocks could then change into sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. The chart below shows locations of several rock types and the minerals they contain.

What evidence from the chart could be used to support Hutton’s theory thatmost rocks are igneous in origin?A. Igneous rocks are only found in Germany.B. Sedimentary rocks are found in both North America and England.C. The rocks found in the table are made up of many of the same minerals.D. The rocks found in the table are different types of rocks from different locations.

____34.

Which statement accurately describes the interaction between the foot and sidewalk as a person moves forward along the sidewalk in the direction of the arrow?A. The foot pushes forward on the sidewalk; the sidewalk does not push forward on the foot.B. The foot pushes forward on the sidewalk; the sidewalk pushes forward on the foot.C. The foot pushes backward on the sidewalk; the sidewalk pushes forward onthe foot.D. The foot pushes backward on the sidewalk; the sidewalk pushes backwardon the foot.___35. In the diagram below, similar typesof waves with the same amplitudetravel in the same medium.

Compared to wave X, which statement is correct?A. Wave Y has greater speed.B. Wave Y has less energy.C. Wave Y has a lower frequency.D. Wave Y has a shorter wavelength.

___36. Geologists installed tiltmeters in atectonically active area. Tiltmeters can detect very small changes in the slope (tilt) of Earth’s surface. These changes result from the upward movement of magma

beneath Earth’s surface. What event could be predicted by monitoring these changes?A. a potential volcanic eruptionB. reversal of Earth’s magnetic fieldC. a change in the composition of Earth’s crustD. decreased thermal energy transfer within Earth

____37. A student is testing the conductivityof two solid substances. Substance Ahas high conductivity and substance B has low conductivity. Based on this information, what must be true regarding these twosubstances?A. Electrons in substance A are able to move more easily than electrons in substance B.B. There is more energy stored in chemical bonds in substance A than there is in substance B.C. The atomic nuclei in substance A have more mass than the atomic nuclei in substance B.D. Substance A contains a higher percentage of radioactive atoms than does substance B.

____38.

Would you normally expect neon (Ne) to form compounds?

A. Yes, but neon is a rare gas and difficult to obtain.B. No, neon needs six electrons to fill its outermost level.C. Yes, neon needs six electrons to fill its outermost level.D. No, neon has eight electrons in its outermost level and is stable.

____39. A sailboat is moving at a constant velocity of 8 km/h eastward as shown in the picture below. Describe two opposing forces acting on the boat and explain how each forceaffects the boat. Respond in the space provided (2 points) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____40. The graph below shows the relationship between maternal age and the incidence of children born with Down syndrome (a condition that results in an individual having an extra chromosome 21).

What conclusion is best supported by the data?A. There is no risk of Down syndrome in children born to mothers under age 34.B. The risk of Down syndrome increases dramatically in children born to mothers after age 34.C. The risk of Down syndrome doubles in children born to mothers for each year over the age of 34.D. There is no correlation between the number of Down syndrome births and age.

____41. Many scientists hypothesize that a cloud of interstellar dust, gas and ice collapsed to form a nebula from which our Sun and planets formed. What factor is responsible for causing most of this interstellarmaterial to condense, forming our Sun?A. magnetic attractionB. ultraviolet radiationC. dissipation of gasesD. gravitational attraction

____42. Graphite and diamond are both forms of pure carbon. Graphite is soft and grey while diamond is hard and

transparent. The physical properties of graphite and diamond differ due toA. the charge of their electrons.B. their average kinetic energy.C. the bonds between their atoms.D. the number of neutrons in their nuclei.

____43. A metal that can be hammeredout or rolled into thin sheets isbest described asA. brittle. B. ductile.C. reactive. D. malleable.

____44. In 1864, Louis Pasteur was asked toinvestigate diseases afflicting the wine in Arbois, France. He discovered that these diseases were caused by micro-organismsthat could be killed by heating the wine to 55oC for a period of time. What is this process called today that applies to milk?A. homeostasis B. fermentationC. differentiation D. pasteurization

____45. In some areas, magma chambers exist close to Earth’s surface. Water seeping into the ground becomes heated by the rock overlying these magma chambers. What is most likely to occur when the heated water under pressure rises back toward the surface through fractured rock?A. plate subduction B. geyser formationC. volcanic eruption D. earthquake activity