Syllabusdrjj.uitm.edu.my/DRJJ/MATRIC08/SEM1PHYSICS.doc · Web viewEmphasize on mass and length. 2...

PHYSICS

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR

1.0 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND

MEASUREMENTSAt the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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1.1 Physical Quantities and Units

a) State basic quantities and their respective SI units: length (m), time (s), mass (kg), electrical current (A), temperature (K), amount of substance (mol) and luminosity (cd).

b) State derived quantities and their respective units and symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration (m s-2), work (J), force (N), pressure (Pa), energy (J), power (W) and frequency (Hz).

c) Use dimensional analysis to check homogeneity and construct equation of physics.

d) Perform conversion between SI and British units.

Emphasize on units in calculation.Emphasize on conversion of units in metric system.eg : km h-1 m s-1

mm3 m3

g cm-3 kg m-3

K o CState and use common SI prefixes.eg : pico, nano, micro, milli, centi, kilo, mega, giga

eg : 1 N = 1 kg m s-2

1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2

1 W = 1 J s-1 = 1 kg m2 s-3

Example: Simple PendulumEmphasize on mass and length.

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1.2 Scalars and Vectors

a) Define scalar and vector quantities, unit vectors in Cartesian coordinate.

b) Explain vector addition and subtraction operations and their rules. Visualize resultant vector graphically by applying

i) commutative ruleii) associative rule, andiii) distributive rule

c) Resolve vector into two perpendicular components (2-D) and three perpendicular components (3-D):

i) Components in the x, y and z axes.ii) Components in the unit vectors.

d) Define and use dot (scalar) product; = A (B cos θ) = B (A cos θ) and the magnitude of cross (vector) product;

= A (B sin θ) = B (A sin θ).

Give examples of scalar and vector quantities.

Students are required to use vector resolution in 2-D only.Introduce briefly vector resolution in 3-D (examination questions limited to 2-D only)

Emphasize on the angle,

Physical meaning of dot product.e.g:

Direction of cross product is determined by corkscrew method or right hand rule.Physical meaning of cross product.e.g:

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1.3 Measurement and Errors

(Laboratory Works)

a) Use appropriate instruments to measure physical quantities: length, mass, time, temperature, angle, volume and pressure.

b) Make rough estimation or order-of-magnitude estimate of a physical quantity.

c) Write the value of a measurement to the correct significant figures.

d) Realize that there are errors in every measurement and distinguish between systematic errors and random errors.

e) Determine the uncertainty for a single reading, repeated readings and average value.

f) Perform error calculations for simple functional graphs

To be explained and carried out in practical session.

Example: Estimate number of molecules in a glass of water

For measurement, refer to the accuracy of the instruments used.

For calculations, i. write in standard formii. use 2 to 3 decimal places only.

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2.0 KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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2.1 Linear motion

a) Define displacement, velocity, acceleration and related parameters: uniform velocity, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, uniform acceleration, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration.

b) Sketch graphs of displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time.

Differentiate between distance and displacement, speed and velocity

Extract information from graphs such as gradient and area under the graph

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2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion

a) Derive and apply equations of motion with uniform acceleration: v = u + at, , v² = u² + 2as.

Uniform means “constant”Derivation from v-t graph.Area under v-t graph (trapezium),

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2.3 Freely Falling Bodies

a) Describe and use equations for freely falling bodies. For upward and downward motion, usea = g = 9.81 m s-2

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2.4 Projectile Motion

a) Describe and use equations for projectile, ux =ucos, uy= u sin, ax=0 and ay= g.

Calculate: time of flight, maximum height, range and maximum range, instantaneous position and velocity.

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3.0 FORCE, MOMENTUMAND IMPULSE At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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3.1 Newton’s laws of motion

a) Explain Newton’s First Law and the concept of mass and inertia.

b) Explain and use Newton’s Second Law

c) Explain Newton’s Third Law.

Definition of inertia and mass.

Definition of linear momentum.

Force for constant m, F = ma

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3.2 Conservation of linear momentum and

impulse

a) State the principle of conservation of linear momentum.

b) Explain and apply the principle of conservation of momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions

c) Define and use the coefficient of restitution, ek= –

to determine the types of collisions.

d) Define impulse J = Ft and use F-t graph to determine impulse

Condition for elastic and inelastic collisions.

The coefficient of restitution, ek is the ratio of relative velocity after to relative velocity before collision. Limited to 2D collision only

Contextual examples: squash, golf, karate, etc.

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3.3 Reaction and

Frictional Force

a) Use Newton’s Third Law to explain the concept of normal reaction force.

b) State and use equation for frictional force and distinguish between static friction, fs μsN and kinetic (dynamic) friction, fk = μkN.

Use free body diagram.

Examples: motion of lift, weight balance, etc.

Causes of frictional force.Factors affecting frictional force.

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4.0 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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PHYSICS


4.1 Work and Energy

a) Define and use work done by a force, .

b) State and explain the relationship between work and change in energy.

For a constant force ,

Calculate work done from the force-displacement graph.Discuss area under graph

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PHYSICS


4.2 Conservation of Energy

a) Define and use potential energy: i. gravitational potential energy, U = mgh ii. elastic potential energy for spring, U = kx².

b) Define and use kinetic energy; K = mv².

c) State and use the principle of conservation of energy.

d) Explain the work-energy theorem and use the related equation.

For spring, use F-x graph to find U.Total mechanical energy , E = K + U.

Solve problems regarding conversion between kinetic energy and potentialenergy.

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14.3 Power and mechanical efficiency

a) Define and use power:

i. Average power, ;

ii. Instantaneous Power, ;

b) Derive and apply the formulae

c) Define and use mechanical efficiency, = and the

consequences of heat dissipation.

Power for constant force only.

Contextual examples: motion of train, etc.

Relationship of watt (W) and horsepower (hp).1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft. lb s-1

5.1 STATICAt the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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5.1 Equilibrium of particle

a) Define the equilibrium of a particle and state the condition for equilibrium.

State two types of equilibrium. i.e. static (v = 0) and dynamic (a = 0)

Introduce free body diagram.

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5.2 Polygon of forces

a) Sketch polygon of forces to represent forces in equilibrium. Use free body diagram.Maximum of four forces.

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PHYSICS


25.3 Equilibrium of a rigid body

a) Define and use torque, .

b) State and use conditions for equilibrium of rigid body: .

Torque is moment of force. No discussion on couple.

Examples of problems :Fireman ladder leaning on a wall, see-saw, pivoted / suspended horizontal bar.Discuss the role of friction in causing a body to be in equilibrium.

Sign convention for moment:+ve : counter clockwiseve : clockwise

6.0 CIRCULAR MOTIONAt the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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6.1 Uniform Circular Motion

a) Describe uniform circular motion. In terms of velocity with constant magnitude (only the direction of the velocity changes).

Component of tangential acceleration in circular motion is not discussed.

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36.2 Centripetal force

a) Define centripetal acceleration and use formulae for centripetal

acceleration, ac= .

b) Define centripetal force and use its formulae, Fc = m

c) Identify forces such as tension, T, friction, f, weight, W and reaction, R that enable a body to perform circular motion on a horizontal and vertical plane.

d) Use the relationship of the forces in 6.2(c) and centripetal force.

Explain and solve problems of uniform circular motion such as conical pendulum, horizontal and vertical circular motion and banked curve.

Use a free body diagramConsider any object as a point mass

Solve related problems.

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PHYSICS


7.0 ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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7.1 Parameters in rotational motion

a) Define and describe:i. angular displacement ()ii. average angular velocity (av)iii. instantaneous angular velocity ()iv. average angular acceleration (av) v. instantaneous angular acceleration ().

Explain and solve problems by using contextual examples such as : rotating ceiling fan, wheels, spinning top.

+ve : counter clockwise-ve : clockwise

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½7.2 Relationship between linear and rotational motion

a) Relate parameters in rotational motion with their corresponding quantities in linear motion. Write and use;

s = rθ, v = rω, at = rα , ac= rω² =

Apply the formula to the related problems.

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PHYSICS


7.3 Rotational motion with uniform angular acceleration

a) Write and use equations for rotational motion with constant angular acceleration;

ω=ω0 + αt , θ=ω0 t + αt² and ω² = ω0²+2 αθ .

Make analogy with their corresponding quantities in linear motion and apply the formula to the related problems.

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7.4 Centre of mass, moment of inertia and torque

a) Determine the centre of mass of a system of masses.

b) Define and determine the moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis, I=Σmiri

2.

c) State and use the formulae for torque, τ =Iα

Limit to 2D

Rigid body in the form of sphere, cylinder, ring, disc and rod.Include parallel axes theorem.The equation for moment of inertia for a rigid body need not be memorized.

Compare with quantities in linear motion.τ=Iα is analogous to F= ma

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27.5 Rotational kinetic

energy and power

a) Derive and use formula for rotational: i. kinetic energy, Kr= Iω², ii. work, W = τ θ iii. power, P = .

b) Describe and solve problems related to a rigid body that experiences both translational and rotational motion.

Compare with quantities in linear motion.

Example : a body that rolls without slipping.

Total mechanical energy , E = mgh + ½ I2 + ½ mv2

(e.g: sport diving )

7.6 Conservation of angular momentum

a) Define and use the formulae of angular momentum, L=Iω

b) State and use the principle of conservation of angular momentum

Contextual example :A spinning ice-skater.

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8.0 GRAVITATIONAt the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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PHYSICS


8.1 Newton’s law of gravitation

a) State and use the Newton’s law of gravitation, F=G . Explain gravitational field is conservative.

All bodies are in linear arrangement ( one dimension only )

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8.2 Gravitational force and field strength

a) Define gravitational field strength as gravitational force per unit

mass,

b) Derive and use the equation for gravitational field

strength.

c) Sketch a graph of ag against r and explain the change in ag with altitude and depth from the surface of the earth.

d) Explain the concept of weightlessness.

ag = g when r = Rearth

Contextual examples :- Spaceship

orbiting the earth.- lift motion

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1 8.3 Gravitational potential and gravitational potential energy

a) Define gravitational potential in a gravitational field.

b) Derive and use the formulae, V = – G .

c) Use the gravitational potential energy formulae,

U= – G and show for h << Rearth; U = mgh.

d) Sketch the variation of gravitational potential, V and gravitational potential energy, U with distance, r from the centre of the earth on the same graph.

No derivation.Note that, h is the distance of a point close to the surface of the earth.

8.4 Escape velocity a) Derive and use formula for escape velocity,

ve= .

Use contextual example to explain escape velocity (eg: no hydrogen gas in atmosphere)

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8.5 Satellite motion in a circular orbit

a) Explain satellite motion with:

i. velocity, v =

ii. period, T=2π

iii. total energy, E = U + K.

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9.0 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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9.1 Simple harmonic motion (SHM)

a) State that SHM is a periodic motion without loss of energy.

b) Describe SHM according to formulae:

a= = – ω²x

Examples of linear SHM system are simple pendulum, horizontal and vertical spring oscillations.

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9.2 Kinematics of SHM a) Write equation for displacement, x = A sin ωt for SHM.

b) Derive and apply equations for :

i. velocity,

ii. acceleration,

iii. kinetic energy, and

potential energy,

Cosine function , x = A cos ωt can also be used.A = amplitude or maximum

displacement

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PHYSICS


9.3 Graphs of simple harmonic motion

a) Identify and use relevant parameters from the following graphs: i. displacement - time ii. velocity - time iii. acceleration - time iv. energy - displacement

b) Derive expression for period of oscillation, T for simple pendulum and spring.

Use only simple pendulum and single spring oscillation.

Simple pendulum :

Spring :

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9.4 Damped and forced oscillations and resonance

a) Elaborate graphically critical damping, under damping and over damping.

b) Elaborate graphically the variation of amplitude of forced oscillations with frequency.

c) Explain occurrence of resonance phenomenon

Contextual example: shock absorber.

Example : electric cradle

Example : Tacoma Narrows bridge disaster

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10.0 MECHANICAL WAVES

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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PHYSICS


10.1 Waves and energy

a) Explain the formation of mechanical waves and their relationship with energy.

Examples : water waves, sound waves, seismic waves and waves in a string

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10.2 Types of waves a) Describe i. transverse waves ii. longitudinal waves

b) State the differences between transverse and longitudinal waves.

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10.3 Properties of waves a)Define amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave number and phase angle.

b)Analyze and use equation for progressive wave, y (x,t) = A sin (ωt ± kx ± )

c) Distinguish between particle vibrational velocity, vy= and wave

propagation velocity, v = λf.

d) Sketch graphs of y-t and y-x.

Wave number, ,

ώ = 2 π fφ = initial phase angle.

=

For examination, φ = 0

Velocity of wave propagation in rope ,

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10.4 Interference of waves

a)Describe the principle of superposition of waves and use it to explain the construction and destruction interferences.

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110.5 Stationary waves a) Explain the formation of stationary wave.

b) Derive and use the stationary wave equation : y = A cos kx sin t

c) Explain and compare between progressive waves and stationary wave.

Stationary wave is also known as standing wave.A = A1 + A2

11.0 SOUND WAVE At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 4

11.1 The propagation of sound wave

a) Explain sound as longitudinal waves and the propagation of sound in terms of the variation of pressure and displacement.

b) Explain the relationship between the equation for displacement, y(x,t)=A sin (ωt – kx)

and the equation for pressure, p(x,t) = po sin (ωt – kx+ )

Speed of sound in various media, eg :air ( ~331 m s-1) , water (~1493 m s-1),iron (~5950 m s-1)

Graphical explanation.

Phase difference between pressure and displacement is = .

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11.2 Superposition and Beats

a)Use the principle of superposition to explain beats.

b)Use the formulae for beat frequency, fb = |f1 f2| to solve related problems.

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111.3 Stationary waves

a) Explain quantitatively the formation of stationary waves along i. stretched string ii. air columns (open and closed end)

and use the equations to determine the fundamental and overtone frequencies.

b) Explain qualitatively the formation of resonance in air column.

Open pipe/string : n = 1, 2, 3, ……Closed pipe :n = 1, 3, 5,…..where n is harmonic number.

Consider end correction.

11.4 Intensity

a) Define sound intensity. b) State and explain the dependence of intensity on:

i. amplitude : I A²

ii. distance from a point source : I

Use graphical explanation

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11.5 Doppler Effect a)Explain Doppler Effect for sound waves.

b)Write and use the Doppler Effect equation for relative motion between source and observer.

Give examples of application of Doppler Effect in sound waves.

Limit to two cases only:i) Stationary observer;

moving sourceii) Stationary source;

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c)Describe graphically the relationship between apparent frequency and distance of travel.

moving observer

12.0 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:3

12.1 Intermolecular potential energy and forces

a) Sketch and explain the U-r graph.

b) Sketch graph of F-r and explain qualitatively the variation of force between molecules, F against separation between atoms, r.

c) Use the formulae .

d) Explain elasticity of solids.

e) Use U-r graph to explain qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids.

Use the relationship F-r graph to explain Hooke’s law in 12.2(f) microscopically.Indicate repulsive and attractive force.

(** refer to M.Nelkon or Young & Freedman )

Examples of elastic and inelastic materials

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12.2 Young’s Modulus a) Define stress and strain for a stretched wire.

b) Sketch and explain the graph of stress-strain.

c) Distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation.

d) Sketch F-e graph for elastic and ductile materials

e) Define and use Young’s modulus formulae

f) Explain relationship between Young’s modulus and Hooke’s law

g) Derive and use strain energy, U= ½ Fe.

h) Deduce strain energy from the graph F- e and the stress-strain graph.

(** refer to M.Nelkon or Young & Freedman )

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13.0 FLUID MECHANICS At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 4

13.1 Hydrostatic pressure a) Define pressure.

b) State Pascal’s law and its application.

P =

Atmospheric pressure,gauge pressure and absolute pressure.

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13.2 Buoyancy

a) Explain buoyancy and apply the Archimedes’ principle Consider cases of partially and totally immersed object in liquid or air.

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13.3 Fluid Dynamics a) Illustrate fluid flow.

b) Use continuity and Bernoulli’s equations.

Limit to laminar flow and Newtonian flow.

No derivation

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113.4 Viscosity

a)Define viscosity of fluids

b)Explain and use Stokes’ law

c)Sketch v–t graph to explain terminal velocity.

Explain qualitatively the effect of temperature on viscosity.

No derivation

14.0 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TRANSFER

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:3

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14.1 Heat and temperature

a)Define temperature and heat.

b)Define thermal equilibrium and state the Zeroth law of thermodynamics.

c) Define absolute temperature and the triple point of water.

d) Explain and use the relationship between temperature and thermometric quantity for :

(i) Celsius temperature scale, = 100 °C

(ii) Absolute temperature scale,

Illustrate phase diagram to explain triple point of water

P : pressure

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14.2 Heat Transfer a)Explain the mechanism of heat transfer through solids.

b)Define thermal conductivity and use = – kA for

one dimensional heat transfer.

c) Describe using graphs heat conduction through insulated and non- insulated rods, and combination of rods in series.

d)Explain qualitatively the mechanism of natural and forced convection.

e)Explain the mechanism of heat transfer through radiation.

Good heat conductor and good insulator.

Maximum three rods.

Discuss Stefan Law

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14.3 Thermal expansion

a)Define and use the principle of linear, area and volume thermal expansion and deduce the relationship between the coefficients of expansion.

Derive : β = 2α , γ = 3α

Explain expansion of liquid in a container.

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15.0 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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15.1 Ideal gas equations a) Sketch i) p-V graph at constant temperature ii) V-T graph at constant pressure iii) p-T graph at constant volume

of an ideal gas.

b) Use the ideal gas equation pV = nRT.

Discuss the Gas Laws.

No derivation.n = number of mol

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215.2 Kinetic Theory of

Gases

a) State the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases.

b) Apply the equations of ideal gas, pV = Nm<v²> and

pressure , p = ρ<v²> in related problems.

c) Explain and use root mean square (rms) speed, <v²>= 3 of gas

molecules.

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15.3 Molecular kinetic energy a) Explain and use translational kinetic energy of gases, Ktr=

T= kT.

b) State the principle of equipartition of energy.

c) Define degree of freedom associated with translational, rotational and vibrational motions.

d) Identify the number of degree of freedom for monoatomic, diatomic and polyatomic gas molecules.

1 degree freedom = ½ kT

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15.4 Internal Energy and Molar specific heats

a)Explain internal energy of gas and relate the internal energy to the number of degree of freedom.

b) Explain and use internal energy of an ideal gas U= NkT.

c) Define molar specific heat at constant pressure and volume.

d) Use equation, Cp Cv=R and γ= .

For a system, U= ½ fNkT

Cv = 1/n (dQ/dT)v

Cp = 1/n (dQ/dT)p

Relate γ to degree of freedom

16.0 THERMODYNAMICSAt the end of this topic, students should be able to:

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16.1 First Law of Thermodynamics

a) Distinguish between thermodynamic work done on the system and work done by the system.

b) State and use first law of thermodynamics, Q = U + W.

Example: Compression and expansion of air in piston.Note that:Q - heat energyU - change in internal

energyW - work done+W = Work done on the

system Sign convention :

- W = Work done on the system

+ W = Work done by the system

+ Q = Heat into the system- Q = Heat out of the

system

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System+ Q Q

W + W

PHYSICS


16.2 Thermodynamics processes

a)State and explain thermodynamics processes: (i) Isothermal, ΔU= 0(ii) Isovolumetric, W = 0 (iii)Isobaric, ΔP = 0(iv)Adiabatic, Q = 0

b)Sketch p-V graph to distinguish between isothermal process and

adiabatic process.

c) Determine the initial and final state of thermodynamic processes by using the following formula:

(i) pV = constant for isothermal process (ii) and for adiabatic process

Sketch p-V graph for each process.Isovolumetric also known as isochoric

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16.3 Thermodynamics Work

a) Derive expression for work, W= and determine work from the area under the p-V graph.

b) Derive the equation of work done in isothermal, isovolumetric and isobaric processes.

c) Calculate work done in

(i) isothermal process and use

(ii) isobaric process, use

(iii) isovolumetric process, use

Exclude calculation of work done in adiabatic process.

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