Physical Science Review 1

1. One of the most effective agents of erosion is running water, as in the St. John’s River. Running water carries particles that hit against rocks in the river, causing the rocks to become smooth and rounded. The change in rocks caused by running water is a result of which type of energy?

A. thermal

B. radiant

C. mechanical

D. gravitational

2. A student poured 200 g of 80°C water into 200 g of 20°C water in a 500 mL insulated container and stirred the mixture. What final temperature should the student expect for the water mixture?

A. 30°C

B. 40°C

C. 50°C

D. 60°C

3. A book held 1 meter above the floor has potential energy. The book is dropped and hits the floor. To what types of energy has the potential energy of the book been converted?

A. kinetic, sound and heat

B. kinetic, chemical and sound

C. chemical, mechanical and heat

D. sound, chemical and mechanical

4. When a rock is dropped from a height of one meter, the gravitational potential energy of the rock is converted to kinetic energy. When the rock hits the floor and does not bounce, what happens to the kinetic energy of the rock?

A. The energy is converted to heat and sound.

B. The energy is destroyed and cannot change form.

C. The energy is converted to chemical energy.

D. The energy is returned to gravitational energy.

5. In a closed system, what happens to the total energy of the system as energy conversions take place?

A. It increases.

B. It decreases.

C. It remains constant.

D. It is transferred out of the system.

6. The motion of atoms and molecules in a substance is

A.thermal energy.

B.chemical energy.

C. mechanical energy.

D. electromagnetic energy.

7. Ayisha uses the gear shown to demonstrate energy transfer. Which best explains why the shaft begins to feel warm as Ayisha turns it?

A. The mechanical advantage of the system creates heat energy.

B. The movement of the gear releases heat energy stored in the metal.

C. Some of Ayisha’s energy input is transformed into heat energy.

D. Some of the molecular kinetic energy of the air is absorbed as heat energy.

8. Jon had a flat tire on his car. He used a hydraulic jack to lift the car up so that he could change the tire. If Jon knows the amount of force used to lift the car 0.25 meter off of the ground, what is he able to calculate?

A. momentum

B. power

C. pressure

D. work

9. Peter does 3,000 joules (J) of work by moving an object 40 meters (m). What is the force that Peter applies to the object? A. 75N

A. 2,960 N

B. 3,040 N

C. 120,000 N

10. The particles within a substance are in constant motion. The particles in which of these substances have the lowest amount of kinetic energy?

A.the wax of a candle at room temperature

B.the water in a glass of ice water

C. the steam from a cup of coffee

D. the ice cube in a glass of tea

11. An electric motor produces energy to turn a fan blade. The energy used to turn the fan blade is always less than that produced by the motor. Where does the remainder of the energy go?

A. It is returned to the motor.

B. It is destroyed by friction.

C. It is changed into light energy.

D. It is converted to heat.

12. The graph plots the particle motion in a sample of ethyl alcohol. Which of the following could shift the curve so that it is to the right of the dashed line?

A. increase molecular mass

B. increase chemical energy

C. increase temperature

D. increase conductivity

13. Which of the following best describes the movement of atoms and molecules in the liquid phase?

A. random movement due to weak intermolecular forces

B. random movement due to strong intermolecular forces

C. orderly movement due to weak intermolecular forces

D. orderly movement due to strong intermolecular forces

14. Which of the water samples described below has the greatest average kinetic energy per molecule?

A. 1 liter of ice at a temperature of –50°C

B. 10 liters of ice at a temperature of –75°C

C. 1 liter of water at a temperature of 75°C

D. 10 liters of water at a temperature of 50°C

Physical Science Review 1 Page 4 of 21

15. The distribution of heat energy among particles in a region of space is shown in the graph below.

Which graph shows how the distribution will tend to change over time?

16. An electric motor is used to turn the blades of a fan. The energy input and output in the system are shown in the diagram. Which best explains what happened to the rest of the energy?

A. It was destroyed.

B. Most of it was lost as heat.

C. It was converted into a charge.

D. Most of it was stored as mass in the motor.

17. The diagram represents the molecules of the same material before and after a change occurred. One student says the change in the molecules was caused by a change in temperature. The student’s response is incomplete because the

A. change in the molecules may have been affected by changes in pressure.

B. student did not specify the amount of heat that was added or released.

C. student did not label the molecules before or after the change occurred.

D. change in the molecules may have been affected by a chemical reaction.

18. Which sequence has the states of matter listed from least to greatest kinetic energy?

A. solid → gas → liquid

B. gas → liquid → solid

C. liquid → solid → gas

D. solid → liquid → gas

19. José is investigating the relationship between energy and the motion of an object. José releases a ball onto a Ushaped ramp and observes the motion of the ball as it rolls back and forth between sides 1 and 2.

Which explains the total energy of the ball on the ramp?

A.The ball loses potential energy and absorbs thermal energy when rolling upward.

B.The ball gains potential energy and absorbs thermal energy when rolling downward.

C. The ball loses kinetic energy and gains potential energy when rolling upward.

D. The ball loses kinetic energy and loses potential energy when rolling downward.

20. Which diagram is the most reasonable representation between work input, usable work output, and frictional work done by a typical machine?

A.

B.

C.

D.

21. Which term best describes the nature of all light waves?

A.longitudinal

B.transverse

C. compressional

D. magnetic

22. Two waves have the following waveforms.

Which conclusion can best be supported by the illustrations?

A.Wave A has higher frequency.

B.Wave A is an ultraviolet wave.

C. Wave B has greater energy.

D. Wave B is a visible light wave.

23. As wave frequency is increased, wave energy

A. stays constant.

B. is unaffected.

C. increases.

D. decreases.

24. During the Doppler effect, which property of the sound wave changes?

A. amplitude

B. direction

C. energy

D. frequency

25. An optical device produces a real, inverted image of a candle placed in front of it. This device could be a

A. plane mirror.

B. convex mirror.

C. doubleconcave lens.

D. doubleconvex lens.

26. Which is not a type of electromagnetic wave?

A. sound wave

B. xray

C. microwave

D. radio wave

28. A laser beam is aimed at four different objects. Through which of these objects will the laser beam pass and be refracted?

A. a black cloth

B. a piece of aluminum

C. a sheet of paper

D. a glass prism

29. Different types of atoms or molecules emit unique patterns of light. Astronomers can classify objects in the universe by identifying gases in the object. A spectral line at 115 gigahertz identifies carbon monoxide (CO). What characteristic does this measure on the light spectrum?

A. Amplitude

B. Frequency

C. Ohms

D. Wavelength

Which statement best describes what happens to the wavelength and amplitude of the wave when the student increases the upward and downward force?

A.The amplitude increases, but the wavelength decreases.

B.The amplitude increases, but the wavelength stays the same.

C. The amplitude decreases, but the wavelength increases.

D. The amplitude stays the same, but the wavelength increases.

32. A beam of light is directed toward a tank filled with water.

What causes the beam of light to change direction?

A.change in media

B.change in altitude

C. increase in pressure

D. increase in temperature

33. As Wave 1 moves to the right, what will the boat do?

A. move up and to the left

B. move up and then down

C. move to the top of the wave and stay there

D. move to the right and stay in front of the wave

34. People can listen to specific radio stations by tuning a radio receiver. Which statement describes why the receiver can play one radio station at a time?

A. Each radio station uses a specific radio frequency.

B. Radio station call letters depend upon their location.

C. Each station specializes in a specific type of content.

D. The content broadcast by each station is copyrighted.

35. Jeremiah was investigating different aspects of sound waves. He listened to two sounds. Sound 1 had a lower pitch than Sound 2. Based on this information, how was Sound Wave 1 different from Sound Wave 2?

A. Sound Wave 1 had a slower speed than Sound Wave 2.

B. Sound Wave 1 had a smaller amplitude than Sound Wave 2.

C. Sound Wave 1 had a shorter wavelength than Sound Wave 2.

D. Sound Wave 1 had a lower frequency than Sound Wave 2.

36. A student observes that a ray of light bends where it passes from glass into water. What best explains this phenomenon?

A. The properties of a wave change as it travels from one medium into another.

B. The energy of a liquid is greater than that of a solid and increases the amount of light in it.

C. The mass of a ray of light varies in proportion with the density of its surroundings.

D. A wave consumes energy in a solid but produces energy in a liquid.

37. Emily’s younger sister Amy has just learned that radio waves, like Xrays, are a form of electromagnetic energy. Amy asks Emily why radio waves aren’t dangerous like Xrays. Which answer is most accurate?

A. Radio waves have a lower energy than Xrays.

B. Radio waves have a lower velocity than Xrays.

C. Radio waves have a greater amplitude than Xrays.

D. Radio waves have a greater frequency than Xrays.

38. An arrow and a lens are shown. The distance between the arrow and the lens equals twice the focal length, f, of the lens. Which number is closest to the location of the arrow tip of the image produced by the lens? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

39. When a pencil is placed in a cup of water, the pencil looks bent. What does this demonstration show?

A. reflection

B. refraction

C. interference

D. diffraction

40. What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 1,000,000 hertz and a wavelength of 10,000 meters? A. B. C. D.

41. What type of charge do individual hair strands have when standing on end due to static electricity?

A. neutral charges

B. neutral discharge

C. permanent positive charge

D. temporary positive charges

42. A teacher connected an electric motor to two Dcell batteries in series. The teacher then connected the motor to the same Dcell batteries in parallel. It was observed that the motor ran faster with the batteries in series than when in parallel. Students proposed the four explanations below. 1. The voltage across the motor was higher when the batteries were in series. 2. The current through the motor was lower when the batteries were in parallel. 3. The batteries store less chemical potential energy when connected in series. 4. The batteries use more chemical potential energy when connected in parallel. Which two observations give the best explanations?

A. 1and2

B. 1and4

C. 3and2

D. 3and4

43. A compass is wrapped within a coil of copper wire that is connected to a switch and battery. The drawing shows the switch before and after it is closed. Which statement best explains why the compass needle turns 90° when the switch is closed?

A. The current from the battery is conducted by the needle.

B. The current from the battery demagnetizes the needle.

C. The current through the coil produces an electric field.

D. The current through the coil produces a magnetic field.

44. The lights go out in a science class, and the students begin to discuss the possibilities for this occurrence. All of these are possible reasons for the lights going out EXCEPT

A. someone accidentally turned off the light switch.

B. electrical energy can no longer flow through the wires.

C. storms in the area caused damage to power lines.

D. an electrical fuse burned out in the fuse box.

45. In the diagram, the nail behaves just like a bar magnet when current runs through the circuit.

What will most likely happen when the switch is closed?

A.A magnetic field should be produced.

B.The iron in the nail should break down.

C. The battery’s charge should be depleted.

D. Rusting should be immediately observed.

46. The tolerance of a resistor is a measure of the degree to which its actual resistance may differ from the listed value of the resistor. A high tolerance indicates the

A. resistor will rapidly fail when placed in a closed circuit.

B. resistor is unlikely to work when current is supplied to it.

C. exact voltage of the circuit including the resistor is difficult to predict.

D. amount of resistance the resistor adds to the circuit will change over time.

47. Which set of conditions will produce an electric current in a closed loop of

wire?

A. a magnet touching the loop of wire

B. a magnet at rest inside the loop of wire

C. a magnet at rest outside the loop of wire

D. a magnet passing through the loop of wire

48. During a thunderstorm, Charles watched flashes of lightning through his window. Which process best describes the cause of the lightning?

A. chemicals from different clouds combining to release energy

B. radioactive atoms in the atmosphere exploding between clouds

C. heat energy jumping between warmer clouds and colder clouds

D. charged particles moving between positively and negatively charged parts of clouds

49. Which of the following will always produce a magnetic force on a nearby iron nail?

A. a long piece of copper wire

B. a large static electric charge

C. an electric current

D. an electric field

50. A magnet can generate an electric current in a wire if the magnet is close enough to the wire and if the magnet is also

A. strong.

B. weak.

C. at rest.

D. in motion.

51. A motor is created when a copper loop is placed between two permanent magnets as shown in the diagram below. When the motor is connected to a battery, the loop rotates. When the motor is disconnected, the loop stops rotating. Which of these statements best explains why the loop only turns when the motor is connected to the battery?

A. The battery moves electrons in the permanent magnets to build an electric field.

B. The battery causes the loop to conduct electricity through the magnets.

C. The battery moves electrical charges through the loop creating a magnetic field.

D. The battery pushes protons through the commutator, causing magnetism.

52. A scientist sets up an investigation. A positivelycharged metal plate is placed in a container. The air in the container has a high concentration of floating dust. Some of the dust particles are attracted to the plate.

What property is shared by the dust particles that are attracted to the plate?

A.They are electrical insulators.

B.They are less massive than oxygen molecules.

C. They are negatively charged.

D. They are less dense than the plate.

53. Four significantly different household appliances (blender, mixer, toaster, and food processor) are plugged into four outlets along a counter. Turning

on or off one or more of the appliances does not affect the performance of the other appliances because the four appliances

A. run on a direct current.

B. are connected in series.

C. are connected in parallel.

D. run on an alternating current.

54. A generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by using a conducting metal loop turning in a

A. magnetic field.

B. gravitational field.

C. steel sphere.

D. copper sphere.

55. The two coils of many parallel loops pictured have electrical currents in the same directions. What is the most likely result if these two coils are brought close to each other?

A. The coils will make a loud sound.

B. The coils will induce a current.

C. The coils will attract each other.

D. The coils will produce a light.

56. Students conducted an investigation involving circuits containing a battery connected to different numbers of resistors. The results of the investigation are shown in the table below. Based on the data in the table, which statement is a valid conclusion?

A. The current in parallel circuits is directly proportional to the total resistance.

B. Adding parallel resistors increases the resistance but not in a linear way.

C. The total resistance in a parallel circuit cannot be calculated and must be determined experimentally.

D. As the number of resistors in a parallel circuit increases, the total current in the entire circuit decreases.

57. A simple circuit is shown in the diagram below. What is the resistance of this circuit?

A. 0.25 Ω

B. 4.0 Ω

C. 4.5 Ω

D. 7.5 Ω

58. Which of the following diagrams represents the interaction of the electrical field of two charged particles?

A.Diagram 1

B.Diagram 2

C. Diagram 3

D. Diagram 4

59. A bar magnet was moved quickly back and forth in a coil of copper wire. The ends of the wire were connected to a small lightbulb. Which of the following was the device created for?

A. to generate an electric current

B. to increase the strength of the magnet

C. to heat the copper wire

D. to transfer protons to the lightbulb

60. Greg rubbed a balloon vigorously against his hair. Then he held the balloon out toward the wall. The picture shows what happened next. Which best explains why rubbing the balloon against Greg’s hair made it stick to the wall?

A. The gas that kept the balloon inflated made it float until it came in contact with a hard surface.

B. Natural oils in his hair transferred to the balloon and gave it a sticky quality.

C. The charges between the balloon and the wall were opposite.

D. The balloon and the wall were both positively charged.