Chapter 11: The Endocrine System

Structure and Function Network of ductless glands and other structures that affect the function of targeted organs by

secreting hormones.

Thymus gland Located anterior and superior to the heart

Secretes thymosin to regulate _____________________________________________________________________

Adrenal glands Located above each kidney

Adrenal cortex (outer portion of the gland) Secretes hormones which regulate ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Adrenal medulla (inner portion of the gland)

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which regulate ______________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ovaries Located one on each side of the uterus Secretes

Estrogen— responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction

Progesterone– pregnancy hormone

Testes Located one on each side within the scrotum Secretes

Testosterone– causes maturation of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in men

Pancreas Located behind the stomach Secretes

insulin and glucagon, both of which help to regulate _____________________________________________ levels during times of fasting and immediately after a meal

Diseases associated with the pancreas

________________________________________________________________________________________ Uncontrolled diabetes due to an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood.

This makes the blood acidic and can lead to a diabetic coma.

_________________________________________________________________________________________ Due to increased levels of sugar in the blood Lab tests used to determine pancreatic function

__________________________________________________________________________________________ Measurement of blood sugar levels after a fast of 12 hours

__________________________________________________________________________________________ Measurement of blood sugar levels 2 hours after eating

__________________________________________________________________________________________ Measures the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels for 4-6 hours after

consuming a specific amount of glucose

Treatments associated with pancreatic disorders

Insulin injections Modified diet _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use of insulin delivery device worn on the body that subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the patient

Pineal gland Located in center of brain

Secretes melatonin (sleep/wake cycles)

Thyroid gland Located in front of neck Secretes

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ to regulate metabolism

Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels in the blood

Parathyroid glands Posterior to the thyroid gland Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Also aids in calcium and phosphorous levels in the blood

Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

Pituitary gland Anterior pituitary gland

Located at base of brain Secretes

________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4

________________________________________________________________________________________________ Controls secretions from the adrenal glands

________________________________________________________________________________________________ Responsible for maturation of ovum in women and sperm production in

males

________________________________________________________________________________________________ Causes ovulation in women and testosterone secretion in men

________________________________________________________________________________________________ Affects skin pigmentation

________________________________________________________________________________________________ Influences growth

Prolactin

Posterior pituitary gland Releases _______________________________________________________________________________ and oxytocin

ADH influences water absorption by the kidneys