Video Rewind:

A Seminar on Early Video History

.. . Videofreex, Radical Software, The Kitchen, Global Groove, Global Village,

closed circuit video, portapaks, Challenge for Change, Media Bum, People's

Video Theater, Wipe Cycle, feedback, The Spaghetti City Video Manual,

multi-channel installations, Four More Years, The TV Lab, Expanded Cinema,

Electronic Arts Intermix, VdeolTelevision Review, Everson Museum, video

synthesizers, Rockefeller Foundation, Guerrilla Television. . . . .

fthese names are not "a blast from the past" but rather tantalizing

fragments of a remote and hidden history, then welcome to a day-long

seminar designed to introduce curators, critics, librarians, archivists, funders,

artists, students, and interested others to the early history of independent video in

America (1965-1980) . This session will offer an intensive day of screenings,

discussions, and presentations by and about video pioneers . Screenings will

include selections of significant video art and documentary tapes that illustrate

some of the diverse interests, styles, and approaches of early video.

Presentations will explore how this new medium for art, activism, and information

was developed by artist-innovators, video collectives, new technology

manufacturers, funders, museum curators, and public television producers, to

name a few of the key players .

Depending upon participant interests, discussion may cover: how video

differentiated itself from network television and affiliated with the fine arts; the

role of cable TV; the importance of collectives ; differences among video's early

black-and-white and color formats and their impact on video aesthetics ; the rise

of women's video; the relationship of early video theory to prevailing theories of

media, cybernetics and social change, etc. Guests include: Barbara London,

Curator of Video, The Museum of Modem Art; and founder of the museum's

video program ; Paul Ryan, McLuhan Fellow, member of Raindance and TVTV,

and author of Cybernetics of the Sacred and Video Mind/Earth Mind: Art,

Communications, and Ecology, and Parry Teasdale, founding member of the

Videofreex and Media Bus and author of The Spaghetti City Video Manual and

the forthcoming Vldeofreex. A Memoir of LanesvNe TV, America's First Pirate

Television Station. Seminar organizer : Deirdre Boyle, author of Subject to

Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited, Video Preservation: Securing the Future of

the Past and Video Classics: Video Art andDocumentary Topes .

Selected Bibliography for Early Video

Battcock, Gregory, New Artists Video: A Critical Anthology, Dutton, 1978 .

Bateson, Gregory, Steps to an Ecology ofMind, Ballantine . 1972.

Boyle, Deirdre, Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited, Oxford

University Press, 1997.--, Video Classics A Guide to Video Art and Documentary Tapes, Oryx Press,

1986.Brice, Howard, Wdeospace, National Center for Experiments in Television, 1972.

Brown, Les, Television: The Business Behind the Box, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,

1971 .D'Agostino, Peter, ed., Transmission : Theory andPractice foraNew Television

Aesthetics, Tanam Press, 1985.Davis, Doug and Allison Simmons, eds., The New Television:A Public/Private Art,

MIT Press, 1977 .Delahanty, Suzanne, Video Art, Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, 1975.

Fitzgerald, Frances, Are in the Lake: TheWetnomese andAmericansin Vietnam,

Little, Brown, 1972.Fuller, R. Buckminster, Operating Manual forSpaceship Earth, Simon & Schuster,

1969.Furlong, Lucinda, "Notes Toward a History of Image-Processed Tapes,"

Afterimage, Summer 1983.Gale, Peggy, ed., Video ByArtists, Art Metropole, 1976.

Gill, Johanna, Video: The State of the Art, Rockefeller Foundation, 1976.

Gordon, Terrence, Marshall McLuhan, Escape into Understanding, Basic Books,

1997 .Hanhardt, John, ed., Video Culture:A CriticalInvestigation, Visual Studies

Workshop, 1986.--, Nam June Paik, Whitney Museum of American Art and W.W.Norton, 1982.

Heims, Steve Joshua, The Cybemetic Group, MIT Press, 1991 .

Hoffman, Abbie, Steal This Book, Abbie Yo-Yo Productions, 1772 (sic) .

Huffman, Kathy Rae, Video:A Retrospective/Long Beach Museum ofArt, 1974-

84, City of Long Beach, 1984.Johnson, Nicholas, How to Talk Back to Your Television Set, Bantam, 1970 .

Kaprow, Allan, Assemblage, Environments, andHappenings, Abrams, 1966.

London, Barbara, ed ., Bill V14o1c. Installations and Videotapes, The Museum of

Modern Art, 1987.~, Video Spaces: EightInstallations, The Museum of Modem Art, 1997.

Marsh, Ken, Independent Video, Straight Arrow Books, 1974.

McLuhan, Marshall, Gutenberg Galaxy. University of Toronto Press, 1962.

--, Understanding Media, McGraw Hill, 1964.

Media Bus, Cooperstown TV is a Museum, Media Bus, 1973.

Murray, Michael, The Videotape Book, A Basic Guide to Portable TV Production

for Families, Friends, Schools, and Neighborhoods, Bantam, 1975

Price, Jonathan, Video Visions. A Medium Discovers Itself, New American Library,

1977.Ross, David, Southland Video Anthology. 1976-77, Long Beach Museum of Art,

1977.Ryan, Paul, Cybernetics of the Sacred, Doubleday Anchor, 1974.

-, Video Mind, Earth Mind.'An`, Communications, and Ecology, Peter Lang

Press, 1993.-, Fire Water Father (with Jim Ryan) Private Circulation (includes Video Wake

Text), 1996.Shamberg, Michael and Raindance Corporation, Guerrilla Television, Holt,

Rinehart and Winston, 1971 .Schneider, Ira and Beryl Korot, eds., Video Art.' An Anthology, Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich, 1976.Smith, Ralph Lee, The Wired Nation, Cable TV. The Electronic Communications

Highway, Harper & Row, 1972.Sturken, Marita, "TV as a Creative Medium : Howard Wise and Video Art,"

Afterimage, May 1985.Teasdale, Parry, Videofreex A Memoir ofLanesville TV, America's First Pirate

Television Station, Black Dome Press, 1999 .Toffler, Alvin, Future Shock, Bantam, 1970.Town, Elke, Video by Artists 2, Art Metropole,Vasulka, Woody and Steina, EAgenwelt deiApparate-Welt/Pioneers ofElectronic

Art, Ars Electronica, 1992.Videofreex, The Spaghetti City Video Manual, Praeger, 1973.

Wiener, Norbert, The Human Use ofHuman Beings Cybernetics and Society,

Avon, 1967.Willmott, Glenn, McLuhan, orModernism in Reverse, University of Toronto Press,

1996.Winn, Marie, The Plug-In Drug, Viking, 1977.Youngblood, Gene, Expanded Cinema, Dutton, 1970.The Media Arts in Transition, Walker Arts Center, 1983.

Back issues of the following journals : Radical Software (1970-72), Afterimage,

Avalanche Newspaper IdefunctI, Televisions (defunct), Millenium Film Journal,

etc.

Video Rewind Participants

Curator Barbara Lodonfounded The Museum of Modern Art's ongoing video exhibition program

in 1974 . She has built a context for the visionary statements being made internationally in video

and media art by multicultural voices, emerging talents, and more established artists such as

Laurie Anderson, Gary Hill, Mako Idemitsu, Joan Jonas, Shigeko Kubota, Nam June Palk, and Bill

Viola. Her objective has been to link the electronic arts with the more traditional art mediums.

To document, preserve, and support this vital art field, she helped establish the Video Study

Center and assembled its unique collection of more than 1, 000 independently-produced

videotapes and related historical and theoretical publications. She took two sabbaticals to

investigate new trends in electronic technologies and their effect on the creation and

distribution of the arts in Japan. She is committed to developing new partnerships between arts

and corporate organizations. Her most recent web site publications are "Internyet: A Curator's

Dispatches from Russia and Ukraine," www.moma.org/internyet (1998) and "Stir-fry: ACurator's

Dispatches from China," www.moma.org/stir-fry (1997) .

In 1967-68, Paal Byafa worked directly with Marshall Mcluhan as a Fellow at Fordham University

where he began experimenting with video. His work, "Everyman's Moebius Strip," was shown in

the 1969 Howard Wise show titled "TV as a creative Medium." He was the first video consultant

to the New York State Council on the Arts . A participant in the alternate video group known as

Raindance, Ryan conceptualized and initiated a utopian communitybased on video in the

early'70s. His video art work has been presented in Japan, Turkey, France, Germany, Holland,

Spain and throughout the United States. His design for an Environmental Television Channel has

been presented at the United Nations. Ryan authored Cybernetics of the Sacred (Doubleday,

1974), Video Mind, Earth Mind (Peter Lang Press, 1993) and Fre Waterfather (with Jim Ryan) . His

articles have appeared in numerous journals including RadicalSoftware, IS Journal, Millennium,

Leonardo, and Tetra Nova. His Earthscore Notational System was published by NASA. He is

currently a member of the core faculty in the Graduate Media Studies Program at the New

School for Social Research in New York City .

parry Teasdale was a founding member of a group called Videofreex, Inc. From 1969 through

the mid-'70s, the artists, producers and technicians of this collective and its successor

organization, Media Bus, pushed emerging, low-cost video technology beyond the limits its

makers anticipated, creating a large library of tapes, installations, events and nonsense first in

New York City, and later in Lanesville, NY. He led the effort to start Lanesville TV, the nation's

first pirate TV station in 1972, and he wrote Spaghetti City Video Manual (Praeger, 1973), as well

as numerous articles for contemporary journals . He subsequently served as a consultant to the

Federal Communications Commission Low Power TV Task Force and is currently managing

editor of the weekly Woodstock Ames and chair of the New York State Regents Advisory Council

on Libraries. His latest book, Videofreex::A Memoir of Lanesville TV, America's FirstPirate

Television Station, will be published in spring 1999 by Black Dome Press (Hensonville, NY 12439) .

Deirdre Boyle is the author of Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited (Oxford, 1997), a

history of '70s video collectives, Video Classics:A Guide to video Art andDocumentary Tapes

(Oryx, 1986), and Video Preservation: Securing the Future ofthe Past (Media Alliance, 1993). She

has organized exhibitions of video art and documentary works for museums, libraries, television

systems, festivals, arts centers, and universities in the United States, Canada, Finland, Belgium,

Spain, Italy, Russia, India, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea. She is a frequent contributor to The

Independent, Afterimage, and Wide Angle, and has written numerous essays for popular and

scholarly media journals . She is the senior core facultymember in the Graduate Media Studies

Program at The NewSchool for Social Research in New York City. Boyle is the recipient of

numerous awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, Fulbright Fellowship at Moscow State

University, Asian Cultural Council research grant, an ACE award for best documentary series on

cable TV, and most recently, the New School's Distinguished Teaching Award.

Early Video: overview of the First Decade

TV as a Creative Medium (Ira Schneider, 1969, 1984, 12 min.) Ira Schneider documented

the historic video exhibition-the first U.S . show devoted exclusively to video-organized

at the Howard Wise Gallery in May 1969 . If features Nam June Palk's Parficipation N,

Paul Ryan's Everymon's Moebius Strip, Thomas Tadlock's Archetron, Eric Siegel's

Psychedelivision in Color, Charlotte Moorman's first performance of Palk's TVBro for

Living Sculpture, and Schneider's own collaboration with Frank Gillette, Wipe Cycle.

Caligrams (Woody and Steina Vasulka, 1970, 4 min. excerpt)* This is one of the Vasulka's

earliest experiments with altering the analog video image. They rescan the monitor "to

capture and preserve the violated state of the standard television signal ." These

"violations" include deliberately re-adjusting the horizontal hold and slowly advancing

the reel-to-reel tape manually. The repetition of the horizontally-drifting image functions

as visual rhythm and is key to the concept of the video image as unrestricted by the

frame, as in film . According to Woody, "Our works are forms of demos, artifacts. They

were never intended to be compositions. . .We're both from socialist countries . The

transmission of knowledge is important. This was the mission of our times-not to

compete with painting . Of course this is utopian."

Proto Media Primer (Paul Ryan and Raindance, 1970,16 min.) excerpt* includes

Abbie Hoffman interview during Chicago 7 trial and Supermarkets . Paul Ryan

produced this as one of several media samplers composed from Raindance's Video

Data Bank of tapes shot by collective members and far-flung friends. This excerpt

includes interview footage of Hoffman taped by the Videofreex for the ill-fated CBS

Now Project and a classic period analysis of Big Brother surveillance .

Ama Vtlomo Tuo (Always Love Your Man) (Cara DeVito, 1975,19 min.) excerpt* This

intimate black-and-white portapak portrait of DeVito's grandmother is a fine example

of early feminist appropriation of video for consciousness raising and empowerment; it

was exhibited in the Women's Video Festival and on public television . This excerpt

comes from mid-way in the tape and offers a climactic moment of revelation .

Three Transitions (Peter Campus, 1975, 5 min.) Campus uses basic studio video

technology and techniques (superimposed camera images, chroma-key effect) to

explore the psychology of the self in video space . In three movements he stabs, steps

through, erases and sets himself on fire, using the illusionistic effects available at the

New Television Workshop at WGBH in Boston . Campus's dry wit, curiosity about video's

surveillance powers, and penchant for questioning the reliability of perception in

measuring reality remain provocative and illuminating 25 years later.

For information on how to rent or purchase these and other early video tapes, contact :

Electronic Arts Intermix

-

Video Data Bank

542 West 22nd St . 3rd floor, NY, NY 10011

37 So. Wabash Ave., Chicago, IL 60603

phone: 212-337-0680 fax: 212-337-0679

phone: 312-345-3550 fax- 312-541-8072-73

online catalog available at www.eai.org

(Inquire about 9-part collection : Surveyingthe First Decade: Video Art and Altema

Museum of Modem Art

tive Media in the U.S ., 1968-1980 .

Circulating Video Collection11 West 53rd St., New York, NY 10019phone: 212-708-

Ce'u~.~thh~ °f I3avGJarc~ l.,w~~Oh , ~'loM~

SELECTED U.S. CHRONOLOGY

Today, twenty years after video was firstintroduced as an art form, the history of the

' medium is beginning to be assembled . Thischronology is a selection of events and worksthat have been influential in the developmentof video. The compilation of a comprehensiveoverview of the medium is a major aspect ofthis Museum's video program ; we welcomeadditional information from readers.

1963Exhibitions/EventsNewYork. Television De-Coll/age by Wolf Vos-tell, Smolin Gallery . First U.S . environmentalinstallation using a television set.

1964Television/ProductionsBoston. Jazz Images . WGBH-TV. Producer,Fred Barzyk . Five short visualizations of mu-sic for broadcast; one of the first attemptsat experimental television .

1965Exhibitions/EventsNew York . Electronic Art by Nam June Paik,Galeria Bonino . Artist's first gallery exhibitionin U.S.

New Cinema Festival I (Expanded Cinema Fes-tival), The Film-MakersCinematheque. Organizedby John Brockman . Festival explores usesof mixed-media projection, including video,sound, and light experiments.

1966Exhibitions/EventsNewYork. 9 Evenings : Theater and Engineering,69th Regiment Armory . Organized by BillyKluver . Mixed-media performance eventswith collaboration between ten artists andforty engineers. Video projection used inworks of Alex Hay, Robert Rauschenberg,David Tudor, Robert Whitman.Selma Last Year by Ken Dewey, New York FilmFestival at Lincoln Center, PhilharmonicHall Lobby. Multichannel video installationwith photographs by Bruce Davidson, musicby Terry Riley.

1967Exhibitions/ EventsMinneapolis. Light/Motion/Space . Walker ArtCenter in collaboration with Howard WiseGallery, New York . Travels to Milwaukee ArtCenter . Includes video works by Nam June

Paik, Aldo Tambellini, and others .New York . Festival of Lights, Howard WiseGallery. Exhibition of kinetic light works thatinclude video works by Serge Boutourline,Nam June Paik, Aldo Tambellini, and others .Rockefeller Foundation awards first videofellowship .

Electronic Blues by Nam June Paik in "Lightsin Orbit," Howard Wise Gallery. Viewer-par-ticipation video installation .

Television/ProductionsBoston . WGBH-TV inaugurates artist-in-resi-dence program with grant from the Rocke-feller Foundation .

What's Happening, Mr . Silver? WGBH-TV. Host,David Silver . Experimental collage/informa-tion series in which several dozen inputs aremixed live and at random .San Francisco. Experimental Television Work-shop. KQED-TV. Directors, Brice Howard andPaul Kaufman. Established with RockefellerFoundation grant. In 1969 renamed NationalCenter for Experiments in Television (NCET),funded by the Corporation for Public Broad-casting and the National Endowment for theArts . Ends 1976 .

1968Exhibitions/EventsNew York . Black: Video by Aldo Tambelliniin "Some More Beginnings," Brooklyn Muse-um . Organized by Experiments in Art andTechnology .

Electronic Art II by Nam June Paik, GaleriaBonino .

Intermedia'68. Theater Workshop for Studentsand the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Orga-nized by John Brockman . Funded throughthe New York State Council on the Arts .Exhibition includes environmental video per-formances, light and film projections, video-tapes. Video by Ken Dewey with Jerry Walter,Les Levine with George Fan, Aldo Tambellini .Iris by Les Levine. First shown publicly inartist's studio . Sculpture with six monitorsand three video cameras, commissioned byMr . and Mrs. Robert Kardon . Collection, Phila-delphia Museum of Art.The Machine as Seen at the End of the MechanicalAge, The Museum of Modern Art. Director ofexhibition, Pontus Hulten . Exhibition includesvideo art, particularly NamJune Paik's NixonTape, McLuhan Caged, and Lindsay Tape on

unique tape-loop device .

Time Situation by David Lamelas in "BeyondGeometry," Center for Inter-American Rela-tions. An installation using television moni-tors in exhibition sponsored by the InstitutoTorcuato di Tella, Buenos Aires.

Washington,D.C . Cybernetic Serendipity : TheComputer and the Arts, The Corcoran Gallery.Travels to Palace of Art and Science, SanFrancisco. Director of exhibition, Jasia Reic-hardt. Exhibition originated at Institute of Con-temporary Art, London ; American showingaugmented by work selected by James Hari-thas . Includes video work by Nam June Paik .

OrganizationsNewYork. Black Gate Theater . for electrome-dia events, and Gate Theater, for experimen-tal independent cinema . Founded by AldoTambellini .

Commediation. Video production group. Origi-nal members: David Cort, Frank Gillette, How-ard Gudstadt, Ken Marsh, Harvey Simon .Ends 1969.

Young Filmakers/Video Arts . Educational or-ganization with training services, workshops,production facilities . Director, Roger Larson .San Francisco. Ant Farm . Artists' media /architecture group. Founded by Chip Lordand Doug Michels ; joined by Curtis Schreierin 1971 . Other members include Kelly Gloger,Joe Hall, Hudson Marquez, Allen Rucker,Michael Wright . Disbands 1978.Land Truth Circus . Experimental video collec-tive . Founded by Doug Hall, Diane Hall, JodyProctor. In 1972 renamed Truthco; in 1975,T. R. Uthco. Ends 1978 .

Santa Clara, Calif. The Electric Eye. Videocollective . Founded by Tim Barger, Jim Man-dis, Jim Murphy, Michelle Newman, SkipSweeney. Ends 1970 .

Television/ProductionsNew York. The Underground Sundae by AndyWarhol . Warhol commissioned to make sixty-second commercial for Schraff's Restaurant.SanFrancisco. Sorcery by Loren Sears andRobert Zagone . Experimental Television Work-shop, KQED-TV. Live-broadcast programusing special-effects imagery.

1969Exhibitions/ EventsNew York . TV as a Creative Medium. Howard

New York . Subject to Change. SON Productionsfor CBS. Produced by Don West . Program ofvideotapes initiated by Don West with CBSand produced by Videofreex and other mem-bers of the video community. Videotapes pro-duced on all aspects of the counterculture(alternate schools, communes, radicals,Black Panthers, riots, demonstrations, etc.) .Never broadcast.

1970Exhibitions/EventsNewYork . A.I.R. by Les Levine in "Software,"the Jewish Museum . Curator, Jack Burnham.Eighteen-monitor video installation .Information. The Museum of Modern Art. Cu-rator, Kynaston McShine. Exhibition includesvideotapes and installations from U.S ., Eu-42

Wise Gallery. First American exhibition de-voted entirely to video art. Works by SergeBoutourline, Frank Gillette and Ira Schneider.Nam June Paik (with Charlotte Moorman),Earl 'Reiback, Paul Ryan, John Seery, EricSiegel, Thomas Tadlock, Aldo Tambellini, JoeWeintraub.Los Angeles. Corridor by Bruce Nauman,Nicholas Wilder Gallery. Installation withvideo.

OrganizationsCambridge. Center for Advanced Visual Studies,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).Established for' artists to explore art andtechnlogy. Founded by Gyorgy Kepes. Direc-tor, Otto Piene.NewYork . Channel One. Video theater offeringcomic programming featuring Chevy Chase.Director, Ken Shapiro. Technical Director, EricSiegel .

Global Village. Begins as video collective withinformation and screening center . Becomesmedia center devoted to independent videoproduction with emphasis on video documen-tary . Founded by John Reilly, Ira Schneider,Rudi Stern. Directors, John Reilly and JulieGustafson.

Ratndance Corporation. Collective formed forexperimental production . In 1971 becomesRaindance Foundation, devoted to researchand development of video as a creative andcommunications medium, with screening pro-gram . Members: Frank Gillette, Michael Sham-berg, Steve Salonis, Marco Vassi, Louis Jaffe;soon after, Ira Schneider and Paul Ryan, andthen Beryl Korot.Videofreex . Experimental video group. Mem-bers : Skip Blumberg, Nancy Cain, David Cort,Bart Friedman, Davidson Gigliotti, ChuckKennedy, Curtis Ratcliff, Parry Teasdale,Carol Vontobel, Tunie Wall, Ann Woodward .

Television/ProductionsBoston . The Medium Is the Medium, WGBH-TV . Produced by Fred Barzyk, Anne Gresser,Pat Marx . First presentation of works byindependent video artists aired on television .Thirty-minute program with works by AllanKaprow, Nam June Paik, Otto Piene, JamesSeawright, Thomas Tadlock, Aldo Tambellini .

rope, Latin America.Warehouse Show, Leo Castelli Gallery. Includesvideo installation by Keith Sonnier.Plainfield, Vt. The First Gathering: AlternateMedia Project, Goddard College. Media con-ference.San Francisco. Body Works, Museum ofConceptual Art. Videotapes by Vito Acconci,Terry Fox, Bruce Nauman, Dennis Oppenheim,Keith Sonnier, William Wegman . Organizedby Willoughby Sharp. First video exhibitionon the West Coast.Philo T. Farnsworth Video Obelisk by SkipSweeney, Intersection Theater, Multichannelvideo installation .Waltham, Mass . Vision and Television. RoseArt Museum, Brandeis University. Organizedby Russell Connor . Works by Frank Gillette,Ted Kraynik, Les Levine, Eugene Mattingly,Nam June Paik (with Charlotte Moorman),John Reilly and Audi Stern, Paul Ryan, IraSdhneider, Eric Siegel, Aldo Tambellini, JudYalkut, USCO/Intermedia, Videofreex, JoeWeintraub.

OrganizationsBinghamton, N.Y Experimental Television Cen-ter. Originally Community Center for Televi-sion Production . Production/post-productioncenter emphasizing synthesized and comput-er-generated imagery. Directors, Ralph Hock-ing and Sherry Miller. In 1979 moves toOwego, N.Y.Menlo Park, Calif. Media Access Center, Por-tola Institute . Alternative television resourceemphasizing community and high schoolvideo programs . Original members: Pat Crow-ley, Richard Kletter, Allen Rucker, ShelleySurpin . Ends 1972.New York. Creative Artists Public Service(CAPS) awards fellowships in video.Electronic Arts Intermix . Founded by HowardWise after he closes his gallery; incorporated1971 . Explores video as a medium of personalexpression and communication. In 1972 es-tablishes editing/post-production facility . In1973 begins Artists Videotape DistributionService.New York State Council on the Arts formsTV/Media Program. Directors include PeterBradley, Paul Ryan, Russell Connor, GilbertKonishi, Lydia Silman, Nancy Legge, JohnGiancola .People's Video Theater . Alternative video jour-nalism collective emphasizing communityvideo and political issues . Conducts weekendscreenings in which the audience discussionsare taped and replayed . Founded by ElliotGlass, Ken Marsh. Members include JudyFiedler, Howard Gudstadt, Molly Hughes,Ben Levine, Richard Malone, Elaine Milosh,Richard Nusser .San Francisco. Museum of Conceptual Art(MOCA) . Alternative museum created for per-formance and multimedia art. Founded byTom Marioni.Video Free America. Video production groupwith post-production and screening pro-

grams. Founded by Arthur Ginsberg, SkipSweeney. Directors : Joanne Kelly, Skip Swee-ney.

Syracuse, N.Y Synapse Video Center (for-merly University Community Union Video) .Video production and post-production cen-ter. Directors include Lance Wisniewski,Henry Baker. Closes 1980.

Television /ProductionsBoston . Nam June Paik and Shuya Abe de-velop Paik/Abe synthesizer while artists-in .residence at WGBH-TV.Violence Sonata by Stan VanDerBeek, WGBH-TV . Live broadcast performance with video-tape, film, and participation of studio andphone-in audience on theme of violence .NewYork . Eric Siegel builds Electronic VideoSynthesizer with financial assistance fromHoward Wise .San Francisco. Stephen Beck builds DirectVideo Synthesizer 1, funded in part by theNational Endowment for the Arts .

PublicationsFilm and Video Makers Travel Sheet (Pittsburgh:Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute) . Monthlylisting of artists' appearances, new works,events .Radical Software (New York : Raindance Foun-dation). Alternative video magazine and in-formation channel for distribution and ex-change of video works. Published 1970-74,vols . 1-2. Coeditors, Phyllis Gershuny andBeryl Korot. Publishers, Ira Schneider andMichael Shamberg .Expanded Cinema by Gene Youngblood (NewYork : E. P. Dutton). First publication to covervideo art.

1971Exhibitions /EventsBerkeley, Calif. Tapes from All Tribes, PacificFilm Archive, University of California . Orga-nized by Video Free America. Exhibition ofvideotapes by over 100 American artists .The Television Environment, University Art Mu .seum . Produced by William Adler and JohnMargolies for Telethon . Circulates throughAmerican Federation of Arts .New York . Eighth New York Avant-Garde Fes.lival . 69th Regiment Armory . Director, Char-lotte Moorman . Individual video projects byShirley Clarke, Douglas Davis, Ken Dominick,Ralph Hocking, Nam June Paik, Eric Siegel,Steina and Woody Vasulka, Videofreex .Electronic Art III by Nam June Paik and ShuyaAbe with Charlotte Moorman, Galeria Bonino .Exhibition with Paik-Abe synthesizer.Installation works by Vito Acconci, Bill Beck-ley, Terry Fox, William Wegman at 93 GrandStreet . Organized by Willoughby Sharp.Projects: Keith Sonnier, The Museum of ModernArt. Environmental video installation . Begin-ning of "Projects" exhibition program.A Special Videotape Show, Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art. New American FilmmakersSeries . Organized by David Bienstock. Video-

tapes by Isaac Abrams, Shridhar Bapat,Stephen Beck, John Randolph Carter, DouglasDavis, Dimitri Devyatkin, Ed Emshwiller,Richard Felciano, Carol Herzer, Joanne Ky-ger, Richard Lowenberg, Alwin Nikolais, NamJune Palk (with Charlotte Moorman), CharlesPhillips, Terry Riley, Eric Siegel, SkipSweeney, Aldo Tambellini, Steina andWoodyVasulka, WGBH-TV, Robert Zagone .Ten Video Performances, Finch College Museumof Contemporary Art. Organized by ElayneVarian . Works by Vito Acconci, Peter Campus,Douglas Davis, Dan Graham, Alex Hay, BruceNauman, Claes Oldenburg, Nam June Paik,Robert Rauschenberg, Steve Reich, Eric Sie-gel, Simone Whitman.Perception. Group of artists interested in alter-native uses of video, explore video program-ming in conjunction with Electronic Intermix .Founded by Eric Siegel and Steina and WoodyVasulka. Subsequent members: Juan Down-ey, Frank Gillette, Beryl Korot, Andy Mann,Ira Schneider. Disbands 1973.

,T. P Video Space Troupe. Experimental work-shop exploring two-way video. Founded byShirley Clarke. Original members includeWendy Clarke, Bruce Ferguson, Andy Gurian .Disbands 1977.Women's Interart Center. Organization to createinterdisciplinary collaboration involvingwriters, visual artists, performance artists,video artists . In 1972 begins post-productioncenter . Offers workshops, produces video-tapes, sponsors artists-in-residence . Direc-tor, Margot Lewitin. Video directors includeCarolyn Kresky, Jenny Goldberg, Susan Mi-lano, Ann Volkes, Wendy Clarke, VeronicaGeist.

Media Equipment Resource Center (MERC) . initiat-ed by Young Filmakers/Video Arts . Equip-ment loan service for artists and organiza-tions. In 1977 reorganizes as access servicewith TV studio, equipment loan, and post-production divisions.NewOrleans. New Orleans Video Access Center(NOVACI. Founded through VISTA to providevideo access to low-income community. Be-comes production center with access .Syracuse, N.Y Everson Museum establishesfirst video department in a major museum,under direction of James Harithas . Video cu-rators include David Ross, Richard Simmons.Department closes 1981 .Washington, D.C. National Endowment forthe Arts initiates Public Media Program. Direc-tors include Chloe Aaron, Brian O'Doherty.In 1977 becomes Media Arts Program.Washington, D.C. Fifty independent produc-ers from numerous video collectives jointogether to videotape Mayday anti-VietnamWar demonstration . Their videotapes of po-litical speeches and organizations, riots, ar-rests, and events are collectively edited atthe Videofreex Prince Street studio, NewYork .

OrganizationsChicago. Videopolis. Video/resource teachingcenter. Founded by Anda Korsts. Closes 1978.

Ithaca, N.Y. Ithaca Video Projects. Organiza-

1972tion for promotion of electronic communi-

Exhibitions/Eventscation . Director, Phillip Mallory Jones:Lanesville, N.Y. Media But. Founded by the

Minneapolis. First Annual National Video Fes-Videofreex . Media center begins producing

tIval, Minneapolis College of Art and Design"Lanesville TV," weekly program about the

and Walker Art Center. Organized by Tomcommunity that is the first low-power tele-

Drysdale . Consists of workshops, screenings,vision (LPTVh station. In 1979 Media Bus

Panel discussion .. Participants include Petermoves to Woods atio and operatesMedia

post-

Campus, Russell Connor, Ed Emshwiller, Namproduction facility, distribution and con- June Paik, Barbara Rose, Ira Schneider,sulting services, and produces programming

George Stoney, Aldo Tambellini, Gene Young-for cable. Current members: Nancy Cain, Tobe

blood.Carey, Bart Friedman .

New York . Peter Campus, Bykert Gallery.New York . Alternate Media Center, School of

One-man show with video installations .the Arts, New York University . Funded by

First Women's Video Festival, The Kitchen atthe John and Mary Markle Foundation to ex-

Mercer Arts Center . Organized by Susanplore the uses of broadcast telecommunica-

Milano . Includes work by Jackie Cassen,tions. Founded by Red Burns and George

Maxi Cohen, Yoko Maruyama, Susan Milano,Stoney . Director, Red Burns.

Queer Blue Light Video, Keiko Tsuno, Steinaand Woody Vasulka, Women's Video Collec-tive ; and dance/video performance by JudithScott, Elsa Tambellini .

The Electronic Kitchen. Screening and perfor-mance center for the electronic arts at MercerArts Center. Founded by Steina and WoodyVasulka, Andres Mannik. Subsequently TheKitchen Center for Video, Music and Dance.Video Directors include Shridhar Bapat, Di-mitri Devyatkin, Carlota Schoolman, RoseLeeGoldberg, Jackie Kain, Greg Miller, TomBowes, Amy Taubin .

Santa Clara, Calif. First St. Jude Invitationalof Video Art, de Saisset Gallery and Art Mu-Open Channel. Organization for development

seum, University of Santa Clara. Organizedof public access . Produces community pro-

by David Ross . Works by John Baldessari,gramming, conducts workshops, school pro-

Lynda Benglis, George Bolling, Douglas Davis,grams, and organizes talent pool of film and

Taka limura, Videofreex, William Wegman .television professionals to produce public-

Syracuse, N.Y Douglas Davis: An Exhibitionaccess programming. Founded by Thea Sklo-

Inside and Outside the Museum, Everson Mu-ver. Director of Programming, Lee Ferguson .

seum of Art, with WCNY-TV. An exhibitionEnds 1976.

with live telecast, "Talk Out!"

Television/ProductionsBoston . Video Variations, WGBH-TV. Collabo-ration between Boston Symphony Orchestraand artists Jackie Cassen, Russell Connor,Douglas Davis, Constantine Manos, NamJunePaik, James Seawright, Stan VanDerBeek,Tsai Wen-Ying . Produced by Fred Barzyk .New York. Artists' Television Workshop, WNET-TV. Established through efforts of JackieCassen, Russell Connor, Nam June Paik, withinitial grant from New York State Council onthe Arts to support experimental projects byindependents .New York City mandates public access aspart of its cable franchise.Providence, R.I. Satellite program of theNational Center for Experiments in Television(NCET) established by Brice Howard at RhodeIsland School of Design ; also at SouthernMethodist University, Dallas, and SouthernIllinois University, Edwardsville .Washington, D.C . Electronic Hokkadim I byDouglas Davis, Corcoran Gallery of Art, andWTOP-TV. Live broadcast piece with two-waycommunication via telephone.

PublicationsGuerrilla Television by Michael Shamberg andRaindance Corporation (New York : Holt, Rine-hart, and Winston) . Manual of alternativetelevision with graphics by Ant Farm .

Ninth Annual New York Avant-Garde Festival,Alexander Hamilton Hudson Riverboat. Di-rector, Charlotte Moorman. Includes specialvideo projects by over fifteen artists .

Nam June Palk, Everson Museum of Art. Tapes,installations, and performance, with Char-lotte Moorman.

OrganizationsBuffalo, N.Y Media Study/Buffalo. Center forvideotape production and exhibition . Presi-dent, Gerald O'Grady; Video /Electronic ArtsCurator, John Minkowsky.New York . Castelli-Sonnabend Videotapes andFilms. Videotape distribution service. Foundedby Leo Castelli and Ileana Sonnabend. Direc-tors include Joyce Nereaux, Patricia Brun-dage .

Downtown Community Television Center (OCTV).Educational and production organization .Founded by Jon Alpert, Keiko Tsuno.Fill Corday Productions . Organization to assistartists' production . Founded by CarlotaSchoolman.Survival Arts Media. Video collective empha-sizing community education and health pro.grams, programs on artists and artistic pro-cesses, and multimedia shows. Members in .clude Gail Edwards, Howard Gudstadt, MollyHughes, Ben Levine, Danny Luciano, RichardMalone .

Rochester, N.Y Portable Channel. Video re-source center with workshops, visiting artistsseries, equipment access, productions. Di-rectors include Bonnie Klein, Sanford Rock-owitz, John Camelio, Robert Shea, Tim Kelly.

St . Louis. Double Helix. Media Center withproduction and post-production facilities,audio/video workshops.San Francisco. Optic Nerve. Documentaryproduction collective producing political andsocial documentaries. Original members in-clude Lynn Adler, Jules Backus, Jim Mayer,Sherrie Rabinowitz, John Rogers, MyaShone.Disbands 1979 .Top Value Television (TVTV) . Independent docu-mentary production group forms to providealternative coverage of the Democratic andRepublican conventions in Miami; the firstuse of half-inch videotape on broadcast tele-vision . Original production by Hudson Mar-quez, Allen Rucker, Michael Shamberg, TomWeinberg, Megan Williams, and members ofAnt Farm, Raindance, and Videofreex collec-tives. Other members of TVTV include WendyApple, Michael Couzens, Paul Goldsmith,Betsy Guignon, Stanton Kaye, Anda Korsts,Andy Mann, Elon Soltes . Disbands 1977 .Woodstock, N.Y. Woodstock Community Video.Production center and resource for commu-nity video. Initiates local cable programming.Begins Artists' TV Lab, which moves to Rhine-beck in 1976 . From 1975 to 1977 presentsWoodstock Video Expovision, a festival ofNew York State artists . Founded by KenMarsh. Members include Barbara Buckner,Bob Dacy, Gary Hill, Steven Kolpan, ElaineMilosh . Ends 1978 .

Television/ProductionsBoston . Music Image Workshop . WGBH-TV. Pro-ject by Ron Hays using Paik-Abe synthesizerto produce tapes relating to music and videoimagery.

The Very First On-the-Air Halt-Inch Videotape Fes-tival Ever : People Television, WGBH-TV. Pro-duced by Henry Becton with Fred Barzyk,Dorothy Chiesa . Live studio event includinghome viewer call-ins, tape screenings, andinterviews with artists, engineers, businesspeople, educators, students .Chicago. Dan Sandin builds Image Proces-sor, and eventually, with Phil Morton, makesplans available to artists .New York. Scope-mates by Ed Emshwiller,the Television Laboratory at WNET/Thirteen.Videotape with complex mixing of live actorsand computer graphics .The Television Laboratory at WNET/Thirteen.Directors include David Loxton, Carol Bran-denburg. Founded with grants from the Rock-efeller Foundation and New York State Coun-cil on the Arts . First year initiates artist-in-residence program with Shirley Clarke,Douglas Davis, Ed Emshwiller, Nam JunePaik .

San Francisco. Electronic Notebooks by Ste-phen Beck, KOED-TV. Series of tapes producedwith Bill Gwin, Don Hallock, Warner Jepson,Bill Roarty, Willard Rosenquist .Washington, D.C. The Federal Communica-tions Commission (FCC) requires that allcable franchises have at least one public-access channel.

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PublicationsBetween Paradigms: The Mood and Its Purposeby Frank Gillette (New York : Gordon andBreach).

Print (New York : RC Publications). Specialvideo issue. Guest editor, Robert de Havilland.Contributors : Fred Barzyk, Rudi Bass, RoseDeNeue, Bernard Dwelt, Sheldon Satin, Mi-chael Shamberg .

1973Exhibitions/EventsLos Angeles. Willian Wegman, Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art. Exhibition of draw-ings and tapes.New York . International Computer Arts Festi-val, The Kitchen at Mercer Arts Center . Or-ganized by Dimitri Devyatkin. Includes music,poetry, film, video.The Irish Tapes by John Reilly and StefanMoore, The Kitchen at Mercer Arts Center .Installation with three channels and twelvemonitors .

1973 Biennial Exhibition, Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art. First inclusion of video inBiennial exhibition . Includes videotapes byseven artists and installation by Peter Cam-pus.

Tenth New York Avant-Garde Festival. GrandCentral Station. Director, Charlotte Moorman.Includes special video projects by over seven-teen artists .

Syracuse, N.Y Circuit : A Video Invitational,Everson Museum of Art. Curated by DavidRoss . Traveling exhibition of videotapes byover sixty-five artists . Travels to Henry Gal-lery, University of Washington, Seattle; Cran-brook Academy of Art Museum, BloomfieldHills, Mich . ; Kolnischer Kunstverein, Cologne,West Germany; Greenville County Museumof Art, Greenville, S.C . ; and in 1974, Museumof Fine Arts, Boston .Frank Gillette: Video Process and Meta-Process,Everson Museum of Art. Videotapes and in-stallations .

OrganizationsChicago. University of Illinois at Chicago. DanSandin and Tom DeFanti initiate video/com-puter graphics courses.Minneapolis. University Community Video.Center devoted to independent production,In 1981 begins exhibition and distribution .NewYork . Cable Arts Foundation . Founded byRussell Connor . Organization for productionand distribution of anthology and art seriesto cable systems and for encouragement oflocal arts programming.John Simon Guggenheim Foundation awardsfirst video fellowship .Visual Resources. Director, Eva Kroy Wisbar .Distribution /information service includingvideo. Publishes Art & Cinema, includingcoverage of video.Portland, Ore. Northwest Film Study Centerinitiates Northwest Film and Video Festival .Directors include Robert Sitton and Bill Fos-

ter. In 1979 Film Study Center begins work-shops and exhibitions in video .Rochester, N.Y. Visual Studies Workshop es-tablishes media center. Production facilitywith workshops and exhibitions. Begins pub-lication ofAfterimage with coverage of video.Director, Nathan Lyons. Media center coor-dinators include Wayne Luke, Laddy Kite,Arthur Tsuchiya, Nancy Norwood.

Television /ProductionsNew York. Steve Rutt and Bill Etra developRutt/Etra scan processor.San Francisco. Videola . San Francisco Mu-seum of Art. Environmental sculpture by DonHallock with multiple display of synthesizedvideo works created at National Center forExperiments in Television (NCET), KOED-TV.Works by Stephen Beck with Don Hallockand Ann Turner, William Gwin with WarnerJepson, Don Hallock.

PublicationsSpaghetti City Video Manual by the Videofreex(New York : Praeger) . Alternative equipmentmanual .

1974Exhibitions/EventsIthaca, N.Y. First Annual Ithaca Video Festival,Ithaca Video Projects . In 1976 festival beginsto tour .

Los Angeles. Collector's Video, Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art . Organizer, JaneLivingston . Works by John Baldessari, PeterCampus, Terry Fox, Frank Gillette, NancyHolt, Joan Jonas, Paul Kos, Richard Landry,Andy Mann, Robert Morris, Bruce Nauman,Richard Serra, Keith Sonnier, William Weg-man.

Minneapolis. New Learning Spaces and Places,Walker Art Center . Includes installation byFrank Gillette and videotapes by JamesByrne, Peter Campus, Juan Downey, FrankGillette, Andy Mann, Ira Schneider. UniversityCommunity Video, William Wegman .Projected Images, Walker Art Center. Includesvideo installation by Peter Campus and per-formance with video with Joan Jonas.New York . Electronic Art IV by Nam JunePaik, Galeria Bonino .Open Circuits : The Future of Television . TheMuseum of Modern Art. Organized by FredBarzyk, Douglas Davis, Gerald O'Grady, Wil-lard Van Dyke . International video conferencewith exhibition of tapes. Participants includemuseum educators and curators, cable andeducational television producers, artists andart critics from U.S ., Canada, Latin America,Europe, Japan.Projects: Video. The Museum of Modern Art.Curator, Barbara London . Beginning of con-tinuing series of video exhibitions. Programexpands with funding from the RockefellerFoundation in 1976 .Video Performance. 112 Greene Street . VideoPerformances by Vito Acconci, Joseph Beuys,Chris Burden, Dennis Oppenheim, Ulrike

Rosenbach, Richard Serra with Robert Bell,Willoughby Sharp, Keith Sonnier, WilliamWegman .

Syracuse. Videa 'n' Videology: Nam June Palk,1959-73, Everson Museum of Art. Curator,David Ross . Retrospective of artist's video-tapes, with catalog edited by Judson Rose-bush .

Video and the Museum, Everson Museum ofArt. Organized by David Ross . Funded by theRockefeller Foundation . Conference withworkshops for curators and administratorson the role of video in the museum . Concur-rent, exhibitions : Peter Campus, Closed Cir-cuit Video; Juan Downey, Video Trans Ameri-cas De-Brieting Pyramid (a video/dance per-formance with Carmen Beuchat) ; Andy Mann,Video Matrix; and Ira Schneider, ManhattanIs an Island.

Washington, D.C. Art Now 74: A Celebrationof the American Arts, John F. Kennedy Centerfor the Performing Arts . Includes twenty-threevideotapes .

OrganizationsBayville, N.t Inter-Media Art Center (IMAC) .Multipurpose production facility with post-production workshops and exhibitions. Direc-tor, Michael Rothbard .

andKeiko Tsuno, Public Broadcasting SystemLong Beach, Calif. Long Beach Museum of Art

(PBS). First documentary videotape usingbegins video exhibition program and col- half-inch color equipment to be broadcastlection of videotapes . Video curators include

by Public television .David Ross, Nancy Drew, Kathy Huffman. In

Rochester, N.Y Television Workshop, WXXI-1976 begins production center with funding

TV. Directors include Ron Hagell, Pat Faust,from the Rockefeller Foundation ; in 1979 pro-

Carvin Eison. Ends 1981 .duction is moved to new facility and calledthe Station/Annex.New York . Anthology Film Archives beginsvideo program. Director, Jonas Mekas. VideoCurators include Shigeko Kubota, Bob Harris .Includes exhibition, preservation, archive ofvideotapes and printed matter, screenings .In 1983 begins publication of Video Texts,an annual magazine on video art organizedby Robert Haller, Bob Harris.Association of Independent Video and Filmmakers(AIVF) . Founded by Ed Lynch . Directors in-clude Alan Jacobs, Lawrence Sapadin,National trade association of independentproducers and individuals. Begins publishingThe Independent on media issues . In 1975establishes The Foundation for IndependentVideo and Film (FIVF) as an educationalorganization .Anna Canepa Video Distribution (originally VideoDistribution, Inc.) . Distribution service of art-ists' tapes.The Kitchen Center for Video, Music and Dance(formerly The Electronic Kitchen) relocatesto Broome Street and begins daytime exhi-bition program. Inaugural show includes vid-eotapes and three video installations by BillViola .

Providence, R.I . Electron Movers. Video artcollective with gallery space, equipment re-sources, workshops, and visiting artist se-ries . Founded by Dennis Hlynsky, RobertJungels, Laurie McDonald, Alan Powell . In1975 Ed Tannenbaum joins. Disbands 1980 .

San Francisco. La Mamelle. Artists' spacefor video, audio, and marginal works. Direc-tors, Carl Loeffler and Nancy Frank.Seattle. and/or. Space for multimedia exhi-bitions, productions, performance art. In 1979establishes 911, Video Library. In 1981 mediaprogram becomes Focal Point Media Center .Founded by Ann Focke, Robert Garner, KenLeback . Video Curators, Norie Sato, HeatherOakson .

Television/ProductionsBoston . New Television Workshop, WGBH-TV.Established with grant from the RockefellerFoundation and through the efforts of DavidAtwood, Fred Barzyk, Dorothy Chiesa, RonHays, Rich Hauser, Olivia Tappan . Director,Fred Barzyk . Producers include DorothyChiesa, Susan Dowling, Nancy Mason Hauser,Olivia Tappan .Video: The New Wave, WGBH-TV. Program ofvideo artists, including David Atwood, Ste-phen Beck, Peter Campus, Douglas Davis, EdEmshwiller, Bill Etra, Frank Gillette, Don Hal-lock, Ron Hays, Nam June Paik, Otto Piene,Rudi Stern, Stan VanDerBeek, William Weg-man. Writer and narrator, Brian O'Doherty.New York . Cuba : The People by Jon Alpert

PublicationsArts Magazine (New York : Art Digest) . Specialvideo issue. Contributions by Eric Cameron.Russell Connor, Hermine Freed, Dan Graham,Shigeko Kubota, Bob and Ingrid Wiegand.Cybernetics of the Sacred by Paul Ryan (GardenCity, N.Y. : Anchor Press/Doubleday) .Independent Video, A Complete Guide to the Phys-ics, Operation, and Application of the New Tele-vision for the Student, Artist, and for CommunityTV by Ken Marsh (San Francisco: StraightArrow Books) .The Prime Time Survey by Top Value Television(TVTV) . Report on status of video and itsdirections .

1975Exhibitions/EventsDallas . The Eternal Frame by T. R. Uthco andAnt Farm . Reenactment of John F. Kennedyassassination for videotape. Presented as in-stallation at Long Beach Museum of Art in1976 .

Long Beach, Calif. Southland Video Anthology,Long Beach Museum of Art. Extended seriesof five exhibitions by California artists .Americans in Florence, Europeans in Florence,Long Beach Museum of Art. Organized byMaria Gloria Bicocchi and David Ross . Trav-eling exhibition with videotapes produced byArt/Tapes/22, Florence .

New York . First Annual Video Documentary

Festival, initiated by Video Study Center ofGlobal Village .1975 Biennial Exhibition, Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art. Includes work by eighteenvideo artists .Projected Video, Whitney Museum of AmericanArt. Projected videotapes by William Adlerand John Margolies, John Baldessari, LyndaBenglis, Peter Campus, Douglas Davis, BillEtra, Hermine Freed, Shigeko Kubota, NamJune Paik, Richard Serra, Keith Sonnier,Steina and Woody Vasulka, William Wegman.Philadelphia. Video Art, Institute of Contem-porary Art, University of Pennsylvania . Cu-rator, Suzanne Delehanty. Exhibition docu-menting the development of video art throughvideotapes and installations . Travels to Con-temporary Art Center, Cincinnati ; Museumof Contemporary Art, Chicago; WadsworthAtheneum, Hartford, Conn . ; and Sa-o PauloBiennale, Sa-o Paulo, Brazil .San Francisco. Media Burn by Ant Farm,Cow Palace. July Fourth performance/mediaevent.

Moebius Video Show, San Francisco Art Fes-tival. First exhibition of video in the ArtFestival. Includes work by Ant Farm, TerryFox, Phil Garner, Joanne Kelly, Darryl Sapien,Skip Sweeney.Walk Series by Peter D'Agostino, 80 LangtonStreet . Video installation and first event at80 Langton Street, an alternative space ini-tially sponsored by the San Francisco ArtDealers Association . In 1976 becomes an in-dependent space with emphasis on alterna-tiveart forms.

OrganizationsHarford, Conn . Real Art Ways . Arts centerwith video exhibitions and library . Videocoordinators include David Donihue, GaryHogan, Ruth Miller .New York . Independent Cinema Artists and Pro-ducers (ICAP) forms to represent independentfilm and video artists to cable systems. Pres-ident, Kitty Morgan .The Museum of Modern Art begins collectionof videotapes .

Television/ProductionsNew York. Video and Television Review (VTR),the Television Laboratory at WNET/Thirteen.Executive Producer, Carol Brandenburg . Year-ly broadcast series of tapes from U .S . andEurope . In 1979 renamed Video/Film Review .

1976Exhibitions/EventsBerkeley, Calif. Commissioned Video Works,University Art Museum . Organized by JimMelchert . Fifteen artists Commissioned tomake tapes of under four-minute duration .Includes Eleanor Antin, David Askevold, SiahArmajani, John Baldessari, Robert Cumming,John Fernie, Hilla Futterman, Leonard Hunter,Anda KOrsts, Les Levine, Paul McCarthy,George Miller, Dennis Oppenheim, RobertWatts, William Wegman .

Boston . Changing Channels, Museum of FineArts and Museum School Gallery. Exhibitionof videotapes produced by independent art-ists at experimental television broadcastcenters: WGBH, Boston ; WNET, New York;and KQED, San Francisco.

San Francisco. Video Art: An Overview, SanFrancisco Museum of Modern Art. Organizedby David Ross . Exhibition of thirty-three vid-eotapes by twenty-nine artists . Installationsby Peter Campus, Paul and Marlene Kos, NamJune Paik .

Syracuse, N.Y. New Work in Abstract VideoImagery, Everson Museum of Art. Curator,Richard Simmons. Works by forty artistsusing synthesizers, lasers, and computers.

OrganizationsBoston . Boston Film/Video Foundation. Offersscreenings, educational programs, equipmentresources. Founded by Jon Rubin and SusanWoll . Directors include Michelle Schofield andTom Wylie.

Chicago. Video Data Bank . School of the ArtInstitute of Chicago. Distribution and resourcecenter for videotapes on artists and videoart. Director, Lyn Blumenthal .NewYork . Asian Cine-Vision. Media center inChinatown producing Asian-American pro-gram series and programming for ChineseCable Television . Conducts workshops, mediaand production services, and operates anAsian-American Media Archive. In 1982 be-gins Asian-American International Video Fes-tival. Director, Peter Chow .Donnell Library Center. New York Public Li-brary, establishes collection of videotapes .Founded by William Sloan. Video librarianshave included Mary Feldstein, Michael Miller,Michael Gitlin, Lishin Yu .Franklin Furnace. Alternative space with ar-chive, bibliography, exhibition, performanceprograms, including video . Director, MarthaWilson .

New American Filmmaker Series, Whitney Mu-seum of American Art. Continuing exhibitionof independent film expands to include videoart. Director, John Hanhardt .

Pittsburgh . Independent Film and Video Pre-view Network. Pittsburgh Filmmakers . Pro-gram of organized preview screenings offilms and videotapes around the country.Founded by Sally Dixon and RobertHaller . Ends 1980 .San Francisco. Bay Area Video Coalition foun-ded with grant from the Rockefeller Foun-dation . Production/post-production centerwith workshops and exhibitions . FoundingDirector, Gail Waldron . Director, Morrie War-shawski .

Television/ProductionsLos Angeles. Video Art. Los Angeles ThetaCable, Long Beach Cablevision, and SantaBarbara Cable TV . Cable series produced bySome Serious Business and the Long BeachMuseum of Art. Ends 1979.New York . Cable Soho . President, Jaime

46

Davidovich . Independent organization for in-novative arts programming on cable televi-sion . In 1977 becomes Artists' Television Net-work .

Image Union. Independent production companyforms to offer alternative coverage of theDemocratic National Convention and ElectionNight . The Five-Day Bicycle Race and MockTurtle Soup, taped segments with live phone-in interviews, are shown on Manhattan CableTelevision .

Television/ProductionsVideo Art: An Anthology (New York : Harcourt,Brace and Jovanovich). Editors, Beryl Korotand Ira Schneider. First anthology of videocriticism and statements by video artists .Video: State of the Art by Joanna Gill (NewYork : The Rockefeller Foundation) . Report onvideo activity in the United States .

1977OrganizationsAtlanta. Image Film/Video Center (Indepen-dent Media Artists of Georgia, Etc., Inc.) .Media center with screenings, workshops,and equipment access . Begins the AtlantaIndependent Film and Video Festival (nowthe Atlanta Film and Video Festival), an an-nual international showcase . Directors in-clude Gayla Jamison, Anna Marie Piersimoni,Marsha Rifkin .

Houston. Southwest Alternative Media Project(SWAMP). Originally associated with the RiceMedia Center at Rice University . Media centerwith education program, lecture series, pro-duction and post-production technical assis-tance. Conducts Southwest Film and VideoTour, artist-in-residence program, and annualTexpo film and video festival . Produces localPBS series, "The Territory." Directors includeEd Hugetz and Tom Sims .New York. Locus Communications . Equipmentaccess center with workshops, technical pro-duction services, cable programming, screen-ings . Founding Executive Director, GerryPallor .

Port Washington, N.Y. Port Washington Li-brary begins visiting artists program withexhibitions and presentations . Head of MediaServices, Lillian Katz .

Television/ProductionsBuffalo, N.Y. Steina and Woody Vasulka andJeffrey Schier begin work on the Digital ImageArticulator, a digital computer-imaging de-vice .

Chicago. ZGRASS . Personal computer-graph-ics system designed by artist Tom DeFanti .Los Angeles. The Satellite Arts Project by KitGalloway and Sherrie Rabinowitz . Live inter-active broadcast between California, Mary-land, and Washington, D.C.NewYork . Documenta VI. Curator, Wulf Herzo-genrath. Satellite performance project withJoseph Beuys, Douglas Davis, and Nam JunePaik broad cast,internationally from Kassel,West Germany, presented through WNET-TV.Independent Documentary Fund, WNET-TV. Exe-

cutive Producer, David Loxton . Coordinator,Kathy Kline. Established at the TelevisionLaboratory with grants from the Ford Foun-dation and the National Endowment for theArts to stimulate the production of indepen-dent documentaries.

New York and San Francisco. Send/Re.ce!ve Satellite Network. Coordinators Liza Bearand Keith Sonnier with support from the Pub-lic Interest Satellite Association (PISA) andNASA . Two-way satellite transmission be-tween New York and San Francisco with si-multaneous performances . Participants, inSan Francisco : Margaret Fischer, Terry Fox,Brad Gibbs, Sharon Grace, Carl Loeffler,Richard Lowenberg, Alan Scarritt . In NewYork : Liza Bear, Richard Landry, NancyLewis, Richard Peck, Betsy Sussler, Willough-by Sharp, Paul Shavelson, Duff Schweiniger,Keith Sonnier.

PublicationsThe New Television : A Public/Private Art. (Cam-bridge, Mass . and London : The MIT Press) .Manifesto including essays from the OpenCircuits Conference at The Museum of ModernArt, NewYork, in 1974 .

1978Exhibitions/EventsBuffalo. Vasulka: Steina-Machine Vision,Woody-Description, Albright-Knox Gallery . Cu-rator, Linda L. Cathcart . Exhibition of tapesand installations .New York . Aransas, Axis of Observation byFrank Gillette, The Kitchen . Travels to Con-temporary Arts Museum, Houston; UniversityArt Museum, Berkeley ; and Academy of FineArts, Washington, D.C . Acquisitioned by Uni-versity Art Museum .

Video Viewpoints, The Museum of Modern Art.Beginning of yearly lecture series by inde-pendent videomakers.Pittsburgh . National Media Alliance of MediaArts Centers (NAMAC) holds first conference .Hosted by Pittsburgh Filmmakers .Redington Beach, Fla. Chinsegut Film/VideoConference. Founded by Charles Lyman andPeter Melaragno. Conference with presenta-tions to promote interchange among invitedparticipants and film- and videomakers.Venice, Calif. Video night by Some SeriousBusiness . Weekly video screening series .

OrganizationsChicago. Chicago Editing Center . Production/post-production facility with education andexhibition programs . In 1980 becomes Centerfor NewTelevision . Directors include CynthiaNeal, Joyce Bollinger.

Television/ProductionsChicago. Image Union. WTTW-TV. Producedby Tom Weinberg . Weekly broadcast of in-dependent work .

New York . Artists' Television Network initiates"Soho Television," regular programming ofartists' videotapes and performances, andof "The Live! Show," avant-garde variety

show . Director, Jaime Davidovitch .Potato Wolf. Collaborative Projects . Artists'television series for cable begins as live showand evolves into diversified programmingwith emphasis on narrative and performance-oriented work involving artists from diversemedia. Regular producers include Cara Brow-nell. Mitch Corber, Albert Dimartino, JulieHarrison, Robert Klein, Terry Mohre, AlanMoore, Brian Piersol, Gary Pollard. MindyStevenson, Jim Sutcliffe . Maria Thompson,Sally White.

1979Exhibitions/EventsLong Beach, Calif. N/A Vision, sponsoredby Long Beach Museum of Art. Weekly cir-culating video screening series at Long BeachMuseum of Art, Foundation of Art and Re-sources (FAR), and Highlands Art Agents .New York . Re-Visions: Projects and Proposalsin Film and Video, Whitney Museum of Amer-ican Art. Curator, John Hanhardt . Videoinstallations by Bill Beirne; David Behrman,Bob Diamond and Robert Watts; and BukySchwartz.Videotapes by British Artists, The Kitchen . Cu-rator, Steve Partridge . Works by David Crich-ley, David Hall, Tamara Krikorian, StuartMarshall, Steve Partridge, and others .Video from Tokyo to Fukui and Kyoto. The Mu-seum of Modern Art. Curator, Barbara Lon-don. A survey of the works of thirteen con-temporary Japanese artists . Travels to LongBeach Museum of Art, Long Beach, Calif. :Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, B .C . ; andwith "Video New York, Seattle and LosAngeles" travels to Japan and Europe .Syracuse, N.Y Everson Video Revue. EversonMuseum of Art. Curator, Richard Simmons.Exhibition with videotapes by over fifty art-ists . Travels to Museum of Contemporary Art,Chicago; University Art Museum, Berkeley,Calif. ; in 1981, Museum of Contemporary Art,La Jolla, Calif.

Berkeley, Calif. University Art Museum. Uni-versity of California at Berkeley institutesregular weekend programming. Organized byDavid Ross . Ends 1981 .New York . The Media Alliance . Associationof media arts organizations and independentvideo producers in New York State designedto coordinate resources and promote thework of the independent video community.Includes programming, exhibition, produc-tion, distribution . Directors include JackieKain . Robin White.P.S . I begins video exhibition program withemphasis on installations . Video Curator, BobHarris .

Television/ProductionsNew York. Communications Update . Center forNew Art Activities . Originally the WARC(World Administrative Radio Conference) Re-port . Artists series for cable dealing withpolitical and communications issues . Originalproducers: Liza Bear, Rolf Brand, Michael

McClard, Willoughby Sharp. In 1983 becomesCast Iron TV and programming diversifies .Producer, Liza Bear.Non-Fiction Television, WNET/Thirteen. Broad-cast series for Independent DocumentaryFund .

Public Interest Video Network. Executive Pro-ducer, Kim Spencer. Senior Editor, Nick De-Martino. Independent production companyfinanced by the Urban Scientific and Educa-tional Research (USER) presents live satellitecoverage of an antinuclear demonstration inWashington, D.C ., on the Public BroadcastingSystem (PBS) . First time PBS carries a livepublic affairs program whose editorial con-tent wasdetermined by an organization out-side its system .San Francisco. Produced for Television, LaMamelle and KTSF-TV. Live broadcast of per.formance art. Works by Chris Burden, LynnHershman and Rea Baldridge, Chip Lord andPhil Garner, Barbara Smith.

PublicationsVideo-Architecture-Television: Writing on Videoand Video Works by Dan Graham (Halifax, NovaScotia and NewYork : The Press of the NovaScotia College of Art and Design and the NewYork University Press) .

1980Exhibitions/EventsBerkeley, Calif. and NewYork . Video AboutVideo: Four French Artists, University Art Mu-seum, University of California ; and Tele-theque-Alliance Frangaise, New York . Worksby Paul-Armand Gette, Philippe Oudard, Phi.lippe Guerrier, Thierry Kuntzel.Buffalo N.Y . Installation : Video. Hallwalls .Exhibition with work by Dara Birnbaum, Pat-rick Clancy, Wendy Clarke, Brian Eno, KenFeingold, Dan Graham, Gary Hill, SarahHornbacher, Shigeko Kubota .Lake Placid, N.Y. Art at the Olympics . 1980Winter Games. Videotapes by Skip Blumberg,Kit Fitzgerald and John Sanborn, Nam JunePaik . Installations by Wendy Clarke, FrankGillette, Ira Schneider, Buky Schwartz .Long Beach, Calif. California Video, LongBeach Museum of Art. Curator, Kathy Huff-man. Works by Max Almy, Dan Boord, AnteBoznich, John Caldwell, Alba Cane, HelenDeMichiel, Tony Labat, Pier Marton, TonyOursler, Jan Peacock, Patti Podesta, Joe Rees/Target Video, Nina Salerno, Ilene Segalove,Starr Sutherland, "Captain" Bruce Walker,Bruce and Norman Yonemoto .NewYork. Love Tapes In New York by WendyClarke. Live interactive installation and tapesexhibited at the World Trade Center withselections shown on cable television andWNET/Thirteen.Television/Society/Art, The Kitchen. Organizedby Ron Clark and Mary MacArthur. Colloqui-um presented by The Kitchen and the Ameri-can Film Institute . Participants include Ben-jamin Buchloh, Julianne Burton, Nick DeMar-tino, Stephen Heath, Fredric Jameson, Rosa-lind Krauss, Mark Nash . Robert Sklar, Martha

Rosler, Herbert Schiller, Allan Sekula, PeterWollen .

San Francisco. First Annual San FranciscoVideo Festival. Director, Steve Agetstein. As-sistant Director, Wendy Garfield . Begin pub-lishing Video 80 as festival catalog . Nowcalled SEND and published as a quarterly.Yonkers, N.Y. Alternative Spaces. HudsonRiver Museum . Series of exhibitions employ-ing Museum's planetarium . Includes videoinstallations by Mary Lucier, Francesc Torres .

OrganizationsNewOrleans. Survival Information Television .NOVAC. Installation in local Welfare Officewith social issues programming run on arepeating cycle .St . Paul . Jerome Foundation expands toaward grants to video artists .

TelevisionCambridge. Artists' Use of Telecommunications .Organized by Center for Advanced VisualStudies, Massachusetts Institute of Technolo-gy (MIT). Collaborative interactive slow-scanTV conference link between Cambridge, NewYork, San Francisco, Long Beach, Toronto,Vienna, Tokyo, and Vancouver.Three Artists on Line in Three Countries. Three-way slow-scan transmission between AldoTambellini, Cambridge, Tom Klinkowstein,Amsterdam, and Bill Bartlett, Vancouver.Los Angeles and New York. Hole-in-Spaceby Kit Galloway and Sherrie Rabinowit& Liveinteractive satellite project between LosAngeles and New York .Minneapolis-St . Paul . Minnesota Landscapes.KTCA-TV. Project Director, Peter Bradley.Series of videotapes on Minnesota for broad-cast. Works by Skip Blumberg, James Byrne,Steve Christiansen, Davidson Gigliotti, FrankGohlke, Cynthia Neal, Steina .

1981Exhibitions/EventsNew York . First National Latin Film and VideoFestival, El Museo del Barrio .1981 Biennial Exhibition, Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art. Installations by Frank Gilletteand Buky Schwartz .Stay Tuned. The New Museum . Organized byNed Rifkin . Exhibition juxtaposes artists'work in video with work in other media . In-cludes Robert Cumming, Brian Eno, CharlesFrazier, Donald Lipski, Howardena Pindell,Judy Rifka, Allen Ruppersberg, Irvin Tepper .Video Classics . Bronx Museum of the Arts .Curator, RoseLee Goldberg . Installations byVito Acconci, Dan Graham, Shigeko Kubota,Rita Myers, Bruce Nauman, Dennis Oppen-heim, Nam June Paik .Rochester, N.Y. From the Academy to the Avant-Garde. Visual Studies Workshop . Curator,Richard Simmons. Traveling exhibition withvideotapes by Juan Downey, Howard Fried,Frank Gillette, Davidson Gigliotti, Tony Labat.Les Levine . Travels to Center for Art Tapes,Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Center for New

Television, Chicago.Washington, D.C . National Video Festival .American Film Institute . Sponsor, Sony Cor-poration . Festival producer, Larry Kirkman ;festival director, James Hindman. Installationby NamJune Paik .

OrganizationsPittsburgh. Museum of Art. Carnegie Insti-tute, expands its Film Section to the Sectionof Film and Video, and opens Video Gallery.Curator of Film and Video, William Judson .

Television/ProductionsNew York and Paris. Double Entendre byDouglas Davis, Whitney Museum of Ameri-can Art and Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris.Satellite telecast performance.New York. Paper Tiger Television . Organizedby Diane Augusta, Pennee Bender, SkipBlumberg, Shulae Chang, DeeDee Halleck,Caryn Rogoff, David Shulman, Alan Stein-heimer . Series on public-access televisionthat examines communications industry viathe print media, and serves as model forlow-budget, public-access programming.

1982Exhibitions/EventsBoston . SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group inComputer Graphics) Annual conference in-cludes computer-generated video art in itsjuried art show. Organized by Copper Giloth .Buffalo, N.Y. Ersatz TV : A Studio Melee byAlan Moore and Terry Mohre, CollaborativeProjects . Hallwalls Gallery. Curator, KathyHigh . Installations of six studio sets fromartists' television series "Potato Wolf," withlive cameras and videotape screenings .Video/TV: Humor/Comedy, Media Study/Buf-falo . Curator, John Minkowsky. Touring exhi-bition that explores relationship between artand entertainment . Travels throughout U.S .New York . Nam June Paik, Whitney Museumof American Art. Director of exhibition, JohnHanhardt . Major retrospective. Travels toMuseum of Contemporary Art, Chicago .Park City, Utah. Fourth Annual United StatesFilm and Video Festival expands to includevideo.

Yonkers, N.Y. Art and Technology : Approachesto Video. Hudson River Museum . Three-partexhibition of installations by Dara Birnbaum,David Behrman and Paul DeMarinis, and KitFitzgerald and John Sanborn. Curator, NancyHoyt .

Washington, D.C . National Video Festival,American Film Institute at the John F. Ken-nedy Center for the Performing Arts, and theAmerican Film Institute Campus, Los Angeles.Sponsor, Sony Corporation. Installations byShigeko Kubota (Washington, D.C .) and EdEmshwiller and Bill Viola (Los Angeles) .

OrganizationsBoston. Institute of Contemporary Art beginsvideo program . Director, David Ross .Portland, Ore. The Media Project. Expands

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to include video . Media organization for dis-tribution of independent work includes work-shops and state-wide directory of media ser-vices, and acts as a liaison to cable. Director,Karen Wickery.

Television/ProductionsLos Angeles. The Artist and Television : ADialogue Between the Fine Arts and the MassMedia. Sponsored by ASCN Cable Network,Los Angeles, and University of Iowa, IowaCity . Interactive satellite telecast connectingartists, critics, curators, and educators inLos Angeles, Iowa City, and New York .New York . Disarmament Video Survey . Orga-nized by Skip Blumberg, Wendy Clarke, Dee-Dee Halleck, Karen Ranucci, Sandy Tolan .Collaboration by over 300 independent pro-ducers from New York, Washington, D.C ., SanFrancisco, Great Britain, Germany, Japan,India, the Netherlands, Mexico, Brazil, andother locations to compile one-minute inter-views with people about their views on nu-clear arms and disarmament. Survey shownon cable television and presented as installa-tions at American Film Institute NationalVideo Festival in Washington, D.C .The Video Artist. Producers: Eric Trigg, Elec-tronic Arts Intermix, Stuart Shapiro. Sixteen-part series on major video artists broadcastnationally over USA Cable Network.

1983Exhibitions/EventsMinneapolis. The Media Arts In Transition.Conference organizers and sponsors : WalkerArt Center, National Alliance of Media ArtsCenters (NAMAC), Minneapolis College of Artand Design, University Community Video,Film in the Cities . Conference programmers:Jennifer Lawson, John Minkowsky, MelindaWard .

NewYork . The Intersection of the Word and theVisual Image, Women's Interart Center . Collo-quium involving artists, writers, and scholarson relationship of language to the movingimage, alternative narratives, and the trans-formation of literary, historical, performance,and visual works to video. Screenings of in-ternational works.1983 Biennial Exhibition, Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art. Installations by Shigeko Ku-bota and Mary Lucier . First touring videoshow of Biennial, through American Federa-tion of Arts (AFA).

Rochester, N.Y. Video Installation 1983, VisualStudies Workshop . Exhibition includingworks by Barbara Buckner, Tony Conrad,Doug Hall, Margia Kramer, Bill Stephens .Santa Fe and Albuquerque. Video as Atti .tude . Museum of Fine Arts, Santa Fe, andUniversity Art Museum, Albuquerque, NewMexico . Director, Patrick Clancy . Installationsby Bill Beirne, Juan Downey, Dieter Froese,Robert Gaylor, Gary Hill, Joan Jonas, RitaMyers, Bruce Nauman, Michael Smith, Steina,Francesc Torres, Bill Viola.Valencia, Calif.'Hall by Mabou Mines, Cali-fornia Institute of the Arts. Written by Lee

Breuer, performed by Ruth Maleczech. Videoby Craig Jones. Premiere performance ofcomplete version of performance poem,which incorporates extensive use of live andrecorded videotape.Yonkers, N.Y. Electronic Vision, Hudson RiverMuseum . Curator, John Minkowsky. Instal-lations by Gary Hill, Ralph Hocking andSherry Miller, Dan Sandin, Steina and WoodyVasulka.New York and Long Beach, Calif. TheSecond Link : Viewpoints on Video In the Eighties.Organized by Lorne Falk, Walter Phillips Gal-lery at the Banff Centre School of Fine Arts .United States showing at The Museum ofModern Art and Long Beach Museum of Art.Curators, Peggy Gale, Kathy Huffman, Bar-bara London, Brian McNevin, Dorine Mignot,Sandy Nairne . Works from Europe, Canada,U.S . International tour .

Television/ProductionsLong Beach, Calif. Shared Realities, LongBeach Museum of Art. Executive Producer,Kathy Huffman. Series on local cable stationof work produced by artists at the Station/Annex, programming about the museum, andlocal cultural programming.New York . Perfect Lives by Robert Ashley.Project Director, Carlota Schoolman. VideoDirector, John Sanborn. Television opera inseven parts produced by The Kitchen.