Video: Recovering from WWII 2:00 Video: Germany After the War 2:43.

Video: Recovering from Video: Recovering from WWIIWWII

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Video: Germany After the WarVideo: Germany After the War

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UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS

An international peacekeeping organization

Formed after WWII in 1945 Purpose:

– help settle disputes among member nations

– prevent wars from starting– take actions to end wars that did start.

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UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS

UN General Assembly

UN Headquarters in New York City

UN Flag

SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

A union of countries under one Communist government

After WW II it included Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria

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Video: Soviet Union creates a “buffer Video: Soviet Union creates a “buffer zone”zone”

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SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

COLD WARCOLD WAR

The competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world after WWII

Characterized by political and economic conflict along with military tension

It was “cold” because there was no direct military conflict between the two nations.

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TRUMAN DOCTRINETRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947 – Great Britain announced

that it could no longer afford to support Greece and Turkey in their struggle against Communist revolution.

President Truman spoke to Congress saying the U.S. would take the leading role in fighting the spread of Communism.

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CONTAINMENTCONTAINMENT A political policy of preventing the

spread of Communism American leaders believed that

communism would die out on its own if it did not spread.

This would be the cornerstone of American foreign policy for over 50 years.

Leads to our involvement in the Leads to our involvement in the Korean WarKorean War and and Vietnam WarVietnam War

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Video: ContainmentVideo: Containment

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MARSHALL PLANMARSHALL PLAN 19471947 – Proposed by Secretary of – Proposed by Secretary of

State State George MarshallGeorge Marshall A program of economic

assistance to help rebuild the economies of western Europe after WWII

The U.S. could contain communism, win allies, create new democracies, and new markets for American goods.

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Marshall Plan Aid to Western Marshall Plan Aid to Western EuropeEurope

Who is “He” Who is “He” in this in this

political political cartoon?cartoon?

NATONATO 19491949 North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization U.S., Canada, Britain, France, U.S., Canada, Britain, France,

Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, and othersand others

An “association of democratic peace-loving nations”

“An armed attack against one or more of them . . . shall be considered an attack against them all.”

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WARSAW PACTWARSAW PACT

Soviet UnionSoviet Union responded to responded to NATO by forming a NATO by forming a military alliance with its military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern satellite nations in Eastern EuropeEurope..

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NATO and

Warsaw Pact

Nations

Formation of West Formation of West GermanyGermany Germany remained divided

into four zones after WWII occupied by England, France, U.S. and the Soviet Union.

In 1948, England, France and the U.S. combined their zones into a single democratic government (West Germany).

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Formation of East Formation of East GermanyGermany

The Soviet Union responded by forming a Communist nation, East Germany.

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The Division of BerlinThe Division of Berlin

Berlin, the capital city, was located in East Germany.

It was divided in half also. East Berlin was under Soviet

Communist control. West Berlin was free and

Democratic.

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West and East GermanyWest and East GermanyEast Germany Under Soviet Communist

ControlBritish, French and American zones become West Germany

Capital: Berlin. Also divided into east and

west.

BERLIN BLOCKADEBERLIN BLOCKADE

The Soviets were opposed to Marshall Plan aid to West Germany.

June 1948 Soviets blocked all land shipments of food and other needed supplies to 2.5 million inhabitants of West Berlin.

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continued


Truman did not want to risk a war with the Soviets by using military force.

Truman organized an airlift to fly supplies into West Berlin

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West Berlin was non-communist,

but it was surrounded entirely by

Soviet territory. Nothing/Nobody

went in or out over land.

East Berlin was under communist

control.

The Berlin Wall ran through the center of the city, dividing east from west.

200,000 flights brought food to West 200,000 flights brought food to West BerlinersBerliners

BERLIN AIRLIFTBERLIN AIRLIFT American and British pilots 300 days 200,000 flights 13,000 tons of goods daily Total of 1.5 million tons of

goods Soviets gave up the blockade in

May 1949

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Video: The Marshall Plan and the Berlin Video: The Marshall Plan and the Berlin BlockadeBlockade

3:04

THE KOREAN THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”“CONFLICT”

At the end of World War II, Japan surrendered its control of Korea to the Allies

Forces north of the 38th parallel were surrendered to the Soviets

Forces south of the 38th parallel were surrendered to the Americans

continued

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A A CommunistCommunist regime was regime was established in the established in the northnorth

A A pro-Americanpro-American government government formed in the formed in the southsouth

19491949 – all occupying forces – all occupying forces left both regionsleft both regions

continued

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1950 – North Korean troops invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunite the two countries under Communism

The United Nations branded the invasion an act of aggression and called on member nations to defend South Korea

continued

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North and North and South South KoreaKorea

38th Parallel


President Truman assumed that the invasion had been planned and backed by the Soviets

Truman ordered American air and naval support for South Korea

Congress never formally declared war on North Korea

continued

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General Douglas MacArthur commanded the American troops in Korea

Nov. 1950 - He launched an offensive plan to drive the N. Korean forces all the way across the Chinese border

Chinese forces pushed the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel

continued

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MacArthur insisted that American forces lead an attack against the China mainland

Truman would not agree MacArthur was relieved of his

command in April 1951 The war continued 2 more years

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End of the Korean End of the Korean ConflictConflict

Dwight D. Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower is is elected in elected in 19521952

He threatens to use He threatens to use atomicatomic weaponsweapons and and peace talkspeace talks between North and South between North and South make progressmake progress

19531953 – – TruceTruce is signed leaving is signed leaving the country divided at about the country divided at about the the 3838thth parallel parallel

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The 38The 38thth Parallel Parallel

The border between N. and S. Korea. Peace talks between the two take place in the blue buildings. The tables cross the border and each side sits on their own territory.

North Korea is still a Communist nation and a threat to world peace; as far as they are concerned, the war is not over.

KOREA TODAYKOREA TODAY 16

Dwight D. Dwight D. EisenhoweEisenhowerr

World War II World War II General General

President 1953 - President 1953 - 19611961

RepublicanRepublican New YorkNew York Continued policies Continued policies

of of containmentcontainment ConcludedConcluded the the

Korean conflictKorean conflict

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Video: The Korean WarVideo: The Korean War

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Video: The Korean WarVideo: The Korean War

9:12

.

Kim Jong II

Dictator of North Korea

THE ARMS THE ARMS RACERACE

A struggle to gain A struggle to gain weapons weapons superioritysuperiority

Sept. Sept. 19491949 – – SovietsSoviets tested their tested their first first atomic weaponatomic weapon

1950 – U.S. began developing a 1950 – U.S. began developing a thermonuclear hydrogen bombthermonuclear hydrogen bomb

19521952 – – U.S.U.S. tested the tested the “H Bomb”“H Bomb”

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continued

THE ARMS THE ARMS RACERACE

19531953 – – USSRUSSR tested the tested the “H “H Bomb”Bomb”

1954 to 1958 – U.S. tested 19 1954 to 1958 – U.S. tested 19 hydrogen bombs in the Pacifichydrogen bombs in the Pacific

1 hydrogen bomb had the 1 hydrogen bomb had the destructive force of 750 atom destructive force of 750 atom bombs bombs

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ICBMsICBMs

IntercontinentaIntercontinental ballistic l ballistic missilesmissiles

Developed by Developed by the the USSRUSSR

Long range Long range rockets rockets designed to designed to carry H bombs carry H bombs to their targetsto their targets

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Video: Duck and Cover

MILITARY MILITARY INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXCOMPLEX

U.S. became U.S. became permanentlypermanently mobilizedmobilized – over 1 million – over 1 million troops around the worldtroops around the world

Military spending Military spending ½ federal ½ federal budgetbudget by 1960 by 1960

MilitaryMilitary, , sciencescience, and , and industryindustry became linked in create new became linked in create new weapons technologyweapons technology and and employing 3.5 million employing 3.5 million AmericansAmericans

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Military spending todayMilitary spending today

How did the American people in the 1950s

respond to the Cold War goal of “containing”

Communism

Video: The New “Red Video: The New “Red Scare”Scare”

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McCARTHYISMMcCARTHYISM Similar to the Red Scare of the

1920’s Joseph McCarthy, Republican

Senator from Wisconsin Launched a campaign in the 1950s to

find and expel all Communists from U.S. Government jobs

Senate hearings called hundreds of individuals to testify about their connections to the Communist Party

continued

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McCARTHYISMMcCARTHYISM Even the accusation that a

person might be a Communist ruined the lives of many citizens

McCarthy advocated limiting Americans’ freedom of speech and press to keep people from even discussing Communism as a political choice

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Joseph McCarthy

Communist Hunter

Video: Understanding McCarthyismVideo: Understanding McCarthyism

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SPUTNIK ISPUTNIK I 1957 Launched by Soviets 1st satellite launched into orbit It showed that the U.S. was no

longer ahead in aeronautical technology

Started the “space race”

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The last remaining piece of Sputnik I on display in the National Air and Space Museum.

Model of Sputnik I

NATIONAL DEFENSE NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACTEDUCATION ACT 1958 – To compete with the Communists

scientific advances Congress approved more money

to improve schools and required students to complete more math and science courses.

Provided low-cost loans to college students

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NASANASA

Created by U.S. Government Created by U.S. Government in in 19581958

National Aeronautics and National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationSpace Administration

An independent agency for An independent agency for space explorationspace exploration

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Space Race HeroesSpace Race Heroes

Yuri Gagarin—First man in space

John Glenn—First American to orbit the

Earth

Neil Armstrong—First man to walk on the

moon

Project MercuryProject Mercury

1958 – 19631958 – 1963 Launched the first Americans Launched the first Americans

into space into space Goal was to orbit a manned Goal was to orbit a manned

spacecraft around the Earth, spacecraft around the Earth, investigate a human's ability investigate a human's ability to survive and function in to survive and function in space, and safely return both space, and safely return both pilot and craft.pilot and craft.

Original 7 Astronauts of Project Mercury (1958-1963)

John Glenn

Alan Shepard

The original 7 Mercury

Astronauts in their

space man suits

The nickel alloy and titanium capsule is small. John Glenn said, “You don't get into it, you put it on." Yet its operating systems are so sophisticated that the

capsule holds seven miles of electrical wire.

The Mercury Capsule

John Glenn and President Kennedy, 1962

Video: Project Mercury and the Race for Space Begins

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Our 1st space

program disaster – Apollo

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1967

Apollo 1 Astronauts who died in the fire

Grissom, White, & Chaffe

Apollo 11 – First Lunar Landing, 1969

Apollo 11 Lunar Lander, “The Eagle”

12 Men Who Walked on the Moon

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

1961-19631961-1963 DemocratDemocrat MassachusettsMassachusetts Youngest man Youngest man

ever elected (44 ever elected (44 years old)years old)

First CatholicFirst Catholic

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Nikita Khrushch

ev

General Secretary of

the Communist Party in the

Soviet Union

1953-1964

Fidel Castro (Cuba) and Nikita Khrushchev (USSR)

BAY OF PIGSBAY OF PIGS CubaCuba had fallen to had fallen to CommunismCommunism and and

was under the control of the Soviets.was under the control of the Soviets. Communist dictator of Cuba was Communist dictator of Cuba was

Fidel CastroFidel Castro Before JFK’s election, the Before JFK’s election, the CIACIA

developed a plot to developed a plot to assassinate assassinate CastroCastro and overthrow the and overthrow the Communist regimeCommunist regime

April of April of 19611961

continued

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BAY OF PIGSBAY OF PIGS It was planned poorly and It was planned poorly and failedfailed

badly. badly. Kennedy said, “It made the US Kennedy said, “It made the US

look like fools to our friends, look like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies, and rascals to our enemies, and incompetents to the rest.”incompetents to the rest.”

JFK promised to be more JFK promised to be more responsible in handling foreign responsible in handling foreign affairs.affairs.

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CUBAN MISSILE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962CRISIS, 1962

October 14October 14 - Aerial surveillance - Aerial surveillance revealed revealed missilesmissiles in Cuba in Cuba supplied by the supplied by the SovietsSoviets

October 22October 22, JFK addressed the , JFK addressed the nation on Soviet threat and nation on Soviet threat and announced a “announced a “quarantinequarantine” of ” of CubaCuba

continued

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Missile Sites in Cuba, October 1962

Miami, Florida

CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

October 23October 23 - The USSR warned that - The USSR warned that US actions could lead to a US actions could lead to a nuclear nuclear warwar..

October 27October 27 - JFK and Khrushchev’s - JFK and Khrushchev’s agreed to avoid waragreed to avoid war

SovietsSoviets removed the missilesremoved the missiles and and US ended the blockade US ended the blockade - promising - promising not to invade Cuba.not to invade Cuba.

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continued

The US agreed to The US agreed to removeremove all all missiles from we had in missiles from we had in TurkeyTurkey within 6 months of within 6 months of the Soviets being out of the Soviets being out of Cuba. Cuba.

27CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

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