Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt

8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt

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. E L L I N G R

K I NS E R L I N CO U R T

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_

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E S R V E D Y

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

G R MAN

N .G U C ST AD T

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T S AN D MO N O G R A H S

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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S

eatiseson sub ectsrelating

y medalsanddecorations.

N CO M M T T E

E L L I NG R Ch ai rma n

.B U TTR E Y R .

O TT

STA F

S S R d it or

L S O N A ss oc ia te d it or

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C T E S

GS 21

4

A T S 65

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C T E S

ientcoinswaspartly anaesthetic

hoosingadesignwhichwouldade-

c e itwasalsopartlyamatterof

mbolism.Thesymbolmighthave

s likethetortoiseofA egina ora

headofAthenawhichappearsat

imes.Sometimesthesymboldis-

ofits particularoccasion some-

nd itc ontinuestoappealtodie-sinkers

msothat itlongoutlastsits ori-

mestohaveconnotations uite

g.Suchasymbolisthatof victory

tretc hesf romtheendof thesi th

esi thc enturyaf terChrist and

ikebec omes attheend aChristian

paperinthe aleGraduateSchoolbyDr.

rlinc ourt in1951. tsinitialpurposewastodiscover

eranceof theV ic toryof theRomanSenatewhic h

artinthe religiouscontroversyofthefourth

vedtobeanune pectedlyelusive uestionbut

theredalargeamountofinformationaboutthe

whichshepresentedasahistoryof thetype.There

tionsbothofformandofcontentin theinter-

aphsforillustrationhavebeencollectedto

escriptions. twouldnotbeeasy nowtosayhow

tispreciselyasshe wroteit.Sinceithasnot been

withhersinceherleavingNewH aven may

tedherpresentopinions andshecannotbe

mayhaveintroduced.B uttheworkisessenti-

tefulforherpermissiontomakethisuseof it.

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e

rsintheHomeric epic andismen-

yHesiod owesthesignific anc e

espec ially inH ellenistic andR oman

mythologynortoliterature butto

o d T h eo g on y p p. 8 f . N i ke i s i de n -

allas theTitan andSty , beinga

tosandB ia. Shewasnotc onsideredan-

eotherO lympiandeitiesnorwere

her.Conse uentlyherrealmean-

romvasesandcoinsthanfrom

mightbeeitherwarlikeor peaceful

substantivevikncanbe usedeitherfor

mofrivalry. romtheartistic

esclearthatsheisnot originally

butthebearerofit. Sheisnotdepicted

anbecompanionorattributeof

howereidentif ied asitwere w ith

then thatNikewouldbeassociated

gspecialorhighestprowessin war

ycloselyboundto Z eusandAthena.

herconnectionwiththehighestgods

d ofZ eusinthegreat cultstatue

ranceinthevasepaintingdepicting

e headofZ eusissufficientillus-

closeassociationofNike with

however bec onnec tedw ithotherv ic -

fore ample D emeter A phrodite

ertimes whensheisreferredtoasthedaughter

surethatsheisregardedasA thena-Nike.

eo ra ny co nt es t: l ia d I I , 4 9 X X I I I , 6 56 6 6 .

, 2 6 l at o a ws 6 41 A . n t he g am es : Th uc yd id es V I ,

mi an I , 1 , V I I V I ) 2 2 V I V ) 6 0. B a cc hy li de s B e rg k

favorablyonthechorus.

TheSculptureandSc ulptorsof theGreeks NewHaven

. .

em V , 4 9 I o .

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e ontus ” orA phroditeStratonikos.

eresymbolof victorywithno

shelaterbecomesanindividualdi-

es suchasthewreathandpalm.

ermesand ris themessengersof the

orders maybecarriedwiththe

keasa cointype P L AT , ) is

. C . wheresheisc ertainly intended

hegames. Thef igureisshownwith

gtoruntothelef t inc onformityw ith

rdepic tingflight. Thec hiton ”

gsinasemi-circlebetweenthefeet

atueof thistypewouldre uire.

E rk l rungeinigenim ahreinsidlic henR uss-

werke Compte-renduedelaCommissionimp riale

a n n e 8 7 7 S t . e t er s bo u rg 1 8 80 p p . 24 6 — 2 62 .

V I I I , p . 3 4 .

TheTempleCoinsofO lympia Cambridge 1921.

a V I I I , X , X I . H e g i ve s p p. 1 3 , f iv e re as on s

O lympiaratherthanto lis. Hisargumentsand

m er D i e l g e ls t al t en d e r At h en a u nd N i ke a u f M n -

pp. 1 50esp. 24f . believesthatNikeoriginallybelonged

sculptorAchermosisallegedtohave madethe

ony . R aubitsc hek D edicationsf romtheAthe-

dge 949 pp. 484-487.

pp. 62 64discussesthedevelopmentof thef lying

ementthatthiswas theonlyattitudebywhic h

atthisprimitiveage ismistaken asthec on-

how.

stion whichSeltmandoesnotpursue ofwhether

m anactualstatuarymodel.Thereisnothing

ughitisnotnec essary noonec ouldassumeamodel

ontheobverse andmodelsinreliefwouldhave

onassupport. nanyevent latermodifications

die-sinkersemancipatedthemselvesfromthe

wasone.

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e

disthe wreathwithwhichthevictor

ngs e c eptthattheyaremore

ethoseof theeagleontheobverse w ith

ec ondaries andc overtse pressedby

lddivision.H erdraperyisdrawn

ether sheisaveryattractive

sfac torydesign asc heme asMiss

is ac onvention highlydec orative

utadmirablyservingitspurpose.

the right sometimestotheleft

ntiallythesame throughoutthe

is figureistheoneon anelec-

C y i c u s P L A T , 2 o f a wi n ge d

withheadturnedback. nher

hwhic histheregularsignofCy i-

ributesbywhichshemaybeidentified.

eenwellsays A narc haic c oin and

.C.500.Thefigurecanscarcelyre-

tionisinconsistentwithsuch anat-

tentiontorelatedsub ec tsonvases

ureon coinsattributedtoMallus

londoesnothesitatetocallitNik

esitf romthef iguref romMalluswhose

A T , ) , ” a nd w h om h e d ec l in e s to

esonitsrelationtothestatuef romDelos

geofCy ic us ondon 1887 reprintedf romNC

42 1 4 2 .

e t c. l . X V I , 7 . T hi s i s il l us t ra t ed i n st e ad o f t he s t il l

O - 2 c a .5 2 0 4 8 5 B . C . b e c au s e it i s s o mu c h cl e ar e r.

ngsisdatedbyH illca.485 425B .C.H eisdubious

s whichheretainsw itha uestionmarkout

yof mhoof -B lumer ibid. pp. c v iif .

g re c u e s et r om ai ne s a rt I , V o l . , a ri s 1 90 7

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ns. However usthisargumentmay

epositionsatCy ic usandMallusis

suggeststhattheformer aswellas

chmoreaffectedbyorientalinfluence

. tisnotoriouslydif f iculttodatethe

aststudentof theseries urtReg-

rouptowhichour typebelongsfalls

andthereseemstobenoattemptat

nthatofGreenwood. tispossible

ic enepiec eisearlierthanthef irst

tishardlytoberegardedasthean-

eries.Asidefromthedifferenceof

ic us whateveritsinspiration isa

d diverseseries givingnoinfor-

thegoddessandsuggestingnosuch

at betweenNikeandthegames.

anatomyofthe5thcenturyled

gof thef igureatO lympia P L A T ,

however meantanabandonmentof

essingflight.ThisyoungerNikemay

ightingbuthardlyas speeding

matterofnogreatconcerntothe

rthesymbolwasnowsowellestablished

dnotobscureits meaning.The

s st a nd i ng a t r es t P L A T , 5 ,

ct o r s w r ea t h P L A T , 6 , s e a t ed

d P L A T , 7 a n d se a te d h ol d in g a

T , 8 , t h is b e in g t h e mo s t fa mo u s t he

ostperfectofthe Nikesofthis

naperiodwhic hSeltmandates on

s4 1 42 B . C . Theprev iousreverse

b el on gi ng t ot he s er ie s da te d 45 2 4 2 B . C . i s

ngtype andmeritsadetailed

ringalongchitonandpeploswrapped

G o ld s ch a t v o n r i nk i po ” Z f A 19 1 p . 5 n . 1 .

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e

feetisseatedrightonas uare

herhead fac ingslightly isbent

tsitwithher lefthand herelbow

herrighthand hangingdown she

s.As Seltmansuggests heratti-

mpatiblew iththenatureof theO lym-

edescribedasmourning.Sincethereis

dnaturalistictreatment itisa

posethattheartist ishereindi-

ofGreeceatthe beginningofthe

sisthee tremeofvariation andit

hef igure c harmingasitis would

sNikee c eptforthec onnec tionw ith

ec essors. A nd indeed alltheposes

somearchai ingimitationsof it have

eofthewings.Thesebecomepurely

onalatall.Spreadwingson an

mheavenisaprettyfancy spread

n astonemaybestill apretty

ologicalabsurdity.Thefactthat

whatgreat freedomthedie-sinker

b ec t andhowmuc hmightbe

nsofdesign.

eralsub ect however iskept

nditisinterestingasrelatingnottothe

in buttoitsrecipient. V ic tory is

a butbyZ eus andv ictory isbe-

butontheindividualcontestants

heotherassociatedtypes— Z eus

erboltandtheeagle—e presstheaugust

holy place butNikeisa hopeand

ntwhomadehis waytothegreat

ds.

assosatisfactoryachoiceforthis

das atypeelsewhereinGreecepro-

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stead sheappearsinSicilyw ithare-

meaning.TheconnectionofSi-

wellknown. ndeed thesuggestion

velopmentofthe gamesfroma

elebrationwaslargelydueto them.

ecordedasearlyas themiddleof

of thatgreatcityhadshowntheir

yselectingachariotas thetype

boutthetimeof thefirstappear-

shewasintroducedontheSyracusan

n g ei t he r t he c ha r io t ee r P L A T I , )

T I , 2 . T h e c on n ec t io n w it h t he O l y m -

ye pressed. B utNikeismodified

meaning. nplaceoftherunning

ontalwhosewingsareeitherabove

I , 1 or b ot ha bo ve P L A T I , 2 . O n

t h e f i gu r e is n e ar l y up r ig h t P L A T I ,

thatof thealightingNikeofO lympia

. T he o t he r p os e h o we v er i s m uc h co mm o ne r .

sforthedesignas awhole butthe

ikeso satisfactory. twasnot

hcenturythat theremarkable

T h e W e st e rn G r ee ks p p . 9 f .

edatedbystylec a. 510-485B . C . wehavenoway

lympiaareearlier butthelogicofthe types

e thattheindependentfigurewastheoriginal

acusetheadaptation.Thedatingandarrange-

sthatof ric hB oehringer D ieM n envon

929. Weneednotassumeanypartic ularinc identtoac -

nceinSic ily butSeltman GreekCoins p. 74

espeaksof af ly ingNike whoseintroduc tionis

he archaichorrorvacuiratherthantoany

addei L aV ittoriainvolo ” taliaNumismatic a

c h1950 , p. 18 suggeststhattheinspirationforc oin

tingsofwhichthepicturesonvasesare minor

elihoodofhistheory hecitesinterestingparallels

talflyingNikesoftheSicilian coins.

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e

s convertedthefigure bycareful

fdrapery intoasatisfactoryre-

L A T I I , 6 .

ablefreedomwithwhichthetype

lysymbolismisclearandconsistent.

lympia preparedtoof ferherwreath

rhemaybe. Sheisshownintheactof

umph:thatofthechariotfrom

stherebymademorepointedand

dnotassumethatthecoinswere

tSyracusanvictoryoranyspecial

suf f icientthatsomeSyrac usanc hariot

eSicilianlordspresumedto borrow

eanad unc tof theirown.

sewasverypromptlyfollowedby

eontiniandGelawhocopyhertype

s.Amoreinterestingcaseisthat

a. ntheearly5thc enturytheywere

yrantA na ilas. Weknowthatit

citiescoinsshowingahareanda

gmentofAristotle preservedinthe

V , 7 5 t e ll s u s th a t An a i l as o f R h e g iu m

yforthefirst time andhaving

rsattheO lympic games putboth

coinsofR hegium.Thisvictory

480 whichissuitablestylistically.

thesametypesasRhegium butthe

edaNike aftertheSyracusan

I , 4 w h i ch t h e t a li a n ci t y ne v er d i d

5 .

wthesameoriginand meaning but

arsonan earlycoinofAcragas

6 . H e r e t h e un g ai n ly a t ti t ud e i s no t u nl i ke t h at

dis morelikelytohavebeende-

d e se e D u n b ab i n o p . ci t . p p . 8 7 3 9 8

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thoseof O lympia.B utthesigni-

Nikehas noapparentconnection

orsheisnowusedasanad unc tnot

buttothecrabwhichis thenormal

urseitisnotimpossiblethatthere

yinthe gamesherecelebratedin

buttheeffectcertainlyisto give

edmeaningandtoseemfor thefirst

toapartic ularevent buttoaparti-

fferentthingfromherappearance

hasalreadybeenpointedout she

t tothecontests.

oddessunderanunprecedented

saman-headedbull representing

beneathhimaf ish above aheron

gnifyingthemarshesthroughwhich

Theearliestreverseis anoriginal

t to d e pi c t fl i gh t P L A T I , 7 . T h e

ight herwingsfillingthespace

heldstiffly beforeher.Thelower

ontalbranchwhic hsheholdsinher

ell.Theinscriptionrunsaround

eattitude isvariedona litraof

. C . wherethegoddessisshowntothe

spreadbeforeherandbehind w ith

L A T I I , 1 . S h e se e ms t o b ea r

thoughthesmallscalemakesit

andsoftenedversionisfoundon

oseobverseisa poorcopyof

fA rethusa Nikehashereaf illet

no ob ectinthefieldbeforeher

2 .

orythatthecrabwasthe cantingdeviceofthe

in uestionby . ac roi , R evuebelgedeNumis-

p .5 I I .

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Type

Catanastaterisusedbothwith the

cessor aNikestridingtothe left

a te I I , ) w h i ch c o nt i nu e s to b e t he

nH ieroofSyracusedrovethein-

edthetown snametoA etnaandintro-

dessmayhavebeenderivedfrom

mpia thoughherappearanceis

lusionof f lightisc reated. nstead

to meetthevictor.B utsheand

ndCamarinawouldseemto be

rsfromtheirparticulartowns

ned asatSyrac use tothec ele-

evenifitwerethe mostsplendid.

eirfilletsand palmsareofferedto

umphed.Aretheythentheim-

oddessofO lympia orhavetheya

withherowntownThedevelop-

f Catanaisclearevidencethat

ovethebackofthe bullsometimes

kethatovertheSyracusanchariot

i th a w r ea t h P L A T I I , 4 . H e r e

hatof theNikeunderthecrabof

cific.Coupledwiththegoddesson the

ndforetellsthatthefavorof Nike

Shehas becomeagoddesswhose

arplaceispermanent andwe

eis trueofCamarina.

ovationoccursatCatana.The

man-headedbullissometimes

neelingattitude butnottouc hing

athemustbec onsidered likeher an

roughtheair.Nowtheimport-

s madesufficientlyclearbythe

etypeonthesucceedingcoinsof

M o n et e gr ec he d el la S ic il ia l . X , 1 2 .

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then mayperformthefunctionof

tisnot nownearlysoclearthat

elyemissariesofZ eus. tlooks

werebestowingvictoryaswellas

nofNikehasgrownmoregeneral

ed thecoinageofSicilybecame

Nike likeallothertypes wasaf fec ted

magination.Therearenobetter

tspecimensofearlyand late

ethanthe D emareteionof

I I , 5 , a nd t he s er ie s of d ec ad ra ch ms

ethedefeatoftheAtheniansin41

I I , 6 . W i t h ou t e mb a rk i ng o n t he b a rr e n di s -

erits wemayrec ogni ethatthe

increasedtheinterestofthe

nowdrawnwithgreatc are. tdoes

thathersignificancehasincreased.

hasbec omesoc onventionali edasto

hileNikehaddisappearedfrom

ardtheendofthe firstphaseofthe

21B . C . shec ontinuedtoac company

hetendencytomaintainasuc-

whichisanimportantelementin

arriedthisonethrougha periodwhen

gamesinthe eloponneseis

ableto serveforthegameswhich

ed.Thereisnopoint whichmarks

nwiththeO lympiangames socon-

kesimplyac uired byc onstantre-

lfunctionwhichmakesherasso-

sasappropriateas herconnection

c ulare perimentationwhic he -

nturythroughthe firsthalfof

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Type

subsidiarytothetypeis wide-

nedchariot inwhichgalloping

walkingones isconfinedtoSicily

coinsof Acragas Camarina

Gela H imera eontini butnotafter

anormus Selinus ThermaeHimerensis

1925 no. 214 . Thesee hibitmany

therto therightorto theleft

rto theleft sometimesshecrowns

thecharioteer sometimesshe

ndsometimesafillet sometimes

arioteerbuthandingthewreath

Messanasheisabouttoputthef illet

whilesheoffersawreathto him

A T V , 1 . A m or e e t r em e va r ia t io n wa s

onat Syracuse.Thegoddess

eadsofthe twonearhorsesonthe

elebratedfacingheadforobverse

poseshowsherstandingon thereins

a P L A T V , 2 .

aryingdegreesofartisticeffec-

ifytheearlieridea ofNike.R eal

however.AtSyracusetheartist

ewithanastonishingdisplayof

ikeflyingoverthe chariotholdsnow

tatabletbearingthenameof vaine-

A T V , ) . O b v i ou s ly h er o r ig i na l f un c ti o n

n.Alessstartlinguse ofthetablet

hereitappearsabovethechariotwith

inthisc aseNikeherself isthe

echariotagainatGelawhenher

akenbyaneagle thate uivalent

A T V , 4 . i na ll y a t Ca ma ri na N ik e

oteer butthisis nownomortal

se l f P L A T V , 5 . n t h e il l -d e fi n ed

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ebearer ofvictoryisreturning

Nikeasattachedtothe com-

event alreadynoticedinCatana

Sicily.The man-headedbull

of NaplesiscrownedbyNikein

cilianonesthoughthere isa

P L A T V , 6 . O n a 4 t h c en t ur y c oi n

aNikeisshownc rowningthehero

V , 7 a n d o n o ne o f a bo u t th e s am e t im e

l ie s o ve r t he c i ty s l i on P L A T V , 8 .

omewhatdifferentfromtheearlier

numberofsymbolsusedto accom-

andthoughsheisrelatedtoitinaway

raniumofH eraclea thecaduceus

eliaarenot itisbynomeans

relythemintmagistrate ssign like

organicpartofthe type.Thatshe

e ssymbolonlaterc oinsis of

isstrikinglyillustratedby goldof

onwherethelittlegoddessisplacedina

forsheisabouttobetrampledbythe

A T V , 1 .

herhand thec onnec tionisc loser.

rthageisa horse ortheheador

nerallycombinedwithapalmtree.

f lyingabovethehorse oritsfore-

a fi l le t P L A T V , 2 ) o r i n f r on t o f

h or s e P L A T V , 4 . T h is l i ke t h e

ontinuationofthedoctrineofCatana

possessionof thecity.

eryinterestingbut abnormal

msofTerinain taly whichis

kesofSicilyand isaffected

ypesonly. Thef irstissue ofabout

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Type

c uriousproblem forthestandingf igureon

s yetheridentityis innodoubt

s be si de h er P L A T V , 5 . T hi s ha s o f

tionsofNikeApterosatAthens and

anancientcultofwinglessvictory

rovableandnotparticularlylikely

teimportancetous foraf terthis

stsreplacedthefigurewitha maiden

A T V , 6 - 8 . T h re e o th e r pi e ce s o f th e f ir s t

tilabout450B . C . areinthreedif ferent

wreathandbranch theseconda

L A T V , 6 , t h e th i rd a w r ea t h al o ne

inthefoldsof herchiton.Theseare

e asisthesingle branchinthe

dersister andReglingisdoubtless

three unnamedfiguresarealso

medivinity.B utthereis nosug-

e erciseherfunction.Thereare

sanyprospectofwar atthisperiod.

etownis bareenough andwould

ectthebrilliancetowhichthecoins

vebeensomelocalmeaningwhich

mafaciesignificanceoftheobverse

n generaltothenymphTerina

theobverse.Thiscloseconnection

isemphasi edonthesucceeding

ydownto thesackingofTerina

e ri n a B e r li n 1 9 06 i s a n e h a us t iv e s tu d y of t h e

dse uencetheregivenareadoptedhere.

A th en ia n Co in n gr av er s in t al y ” N C 18 8 ,

easonableto supposethatthisearliestcoinshows

thecitygoddess suchasisevidentlater.W e

e re ma r k of a u sa n ia s I I I , 1 5 7 w h o e p l a i ns

artisticindicationofthereluctanceofthe

iketoleaveAthens.

h a s co l le c te d a ll o f i t in t o pp . – 5 .

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. C . Withonee c eptionthef igures

ntheir wreaths buttheyusually

poseshardly suggestthebearer

withwingsspreadonbothsides

, d o es i n de e d re c al l t he O l y m pi a n Ni k e se a te d

T , 6 , b u t o th e rs w h et h er s t an d in g o r

a r a s t he y f re u e nt l y ar e P L A T V ,

playfulnessaboutthem uiteoutof

onceptionofV ictory.Manyofthe

A T V , 8 a l i tt l e bi r d pe r ch e d on t h e

nnerwhichsuggestsherhumanity

oratleasta diversionofherdi-

thelatestO lympianNike. Regling s

e aconflationofdivinepersons

sis stronglysupportedbyonecoin

s winglesswhilealittleNikeflies

er P L A T V , 9 . T h is i s t he i d ea

the crownedbullsofCatanaand

ahaveonlycarriedit onestep

medaspecialrelationbetween

uallyidentifiedthetwo.

erhapstheclearestdemonstration

eartistthroughthe 5thand4th

upposethatitwas thedie-sinkers

thedeviceofpresentingtheircity

erselfbut thedeviceonceestab-

dgreatlatitudeinmodifyingit and

siwhodeservedsuchconfidence.

oustothe influenceofother

r is o n of L A T S , 6 V , 7 . T hi s

erinaistheonlyone whichdisplays

cethestandinggoddessofthefirst

fartists signaturesatTerina notpertinenthere

eationofsty leseeR egling op. c it. pp. 2 60

n d H . Ga eb le r T er in a ” N om is ma 1 90 7 , p p. 1 4 2 2 .

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Type

6 , a n d on e c an h a rd l y do u bt t h at t h e

amodelfor thatfromTerina.B ut

v ishly followed anditisanisolated

eedomoftheartist isthemostim-

heappearanceofNikeintheperiod

dealing. H ewas uitec ompetent

sdesign andifhesometimes

ariotsofGelaand eontinic opied

asfromchoiceandneitherfrom

rcompulsionfromhigherauthor-

msofNike otherthanthosepop-

nehasonlytorecall thevariety

deof thetempleofAthena-Nike

twemustnote pec teverysc ulp-

tref lectiononthecoins. H ere

atypedoesappearnotc onnec tedw ith

tmentswithwhichwehavebeen

sis theuni uegoldpieceofAby-

y 4 t h ce n tu r y P L A T V , o s h ow -

m thatsheisabout tosacrifice.

conceptionoftheartistorwhether

roupwecannottell.Thereis a

Nikeisslay ingabull reappearing

s buttheonlyotheroc c urrenceof

Sualc unitipimonetalidellaV ittoriaderivatida

t a li a N um i sm at i ca N o . 2 M an t ua e b . 19 5 0 , p . I ,

onthatmostofthe typeswhichdonotderivefrom

ndSamothracearereflectionsoftheAthena-

encytoseecopyingineverysimilaritycomes

ofthetalentandthe functionofthedie-sinker.

keinvase paintingwhichpresentsmuchtoo

here. aul napp NikeinderV asenmalerei T -

th NikeSac rif ic ingaB ull ” ournalofH ellenic

86 , pp. 275 285 pointsoutthatthekneelingpositionof

C r e a



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a g ol d s ta t er o f a m ps a cu s P L A T V ,

i nl y a d ir e ct c o py m a de a b ou t 8 0 B . C .

ctiveoneandperhapsweshouldbe

twithoutpressingthesymbolism

victimisanobviouslyappropriate

y tohavethesacrificeperformed

mbolicellipsis veryunlikethefrank

eNikeof O lympia.Theremay

calconditionswhichmadeitall plain

buttheprec isemeaningislosttous.

ever thatthepurelydec orativeelement

satTerinaandmay uitepossibly

sitan aspectofthisthatNikenow

whereasatAbydusandin the

8

eof ampsacus P L AT V , 12

newmotifaltogether.Sofar the

inthecoinswe haveconsidered

othe smalleranimal andsuggeststhatthecoin

esonwhic haramisshownratherthanabull may

ofwhichthe bullisa latermodification.Smith

ervedappearanceofthegroup isonthebalu-

temple butthisis probablyaR omanrestora-

Catalogueof theA c ropolisMuseum Cambridge

.

r e t t , A n U n e d it e d Go l d St a te r o f a mp s ak o s ”

7 . T he w h ol e o f th e g ol d c oi n ag e o f a mp s ac u s is

theA meric an ournalofNumismatics5

L a mp s ak o s: t h e Go l d St a te r s S i l v er a n d B r o n e

theB ritishMuseumCataloguethattheNikeofTerina

tisc ertainthatshegenerallydoesso anditseems

uc himportancewouldbesub ec ttotheartist s

presentedas verylightandtransparentand

coinitwouldbecomeinvisible.Atleast there

enthemaidenof the ampsacuscoinandthe

eAthena-Nikebalustrade.

C r e a



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Type

ughithasbeenweakenedandgene-

eplac edbyanythingrec ogni ably

e c eptionstothisrule. O narare

Nikeisshownwithalargeround

, 1 . T h is a p pe a rs t o b e th e f ir s t nu m is m at i c

ectofNikewhichlaterbecomes

ustbec onfessed however thatsinc e

tthesametime asthedrachmof

ne d P L A T I I , 2 i t i nt r od u ce s t he

andperhapsothere amplesof

yhavehadamilitarymeaningwhich

sonto suspect.We arehelpedto

rybylate5th centurylitraeand

P L A T V I , 2 o n wh ic h Ni ke n am ed

esanaphlaston.Sinceitwascustom-

entattachedtothesternofa war

gnofvictory scholarsareagreed

hlastonsignifiesanavalvictory.

cidewhatvictorywouldbecele-

urybyH imera.We knowfrom

thatshe oinedGylippus.Shewashis

aswaitingto makehiswayinto

mwithacontingentandfurnishedarms

ater whensheattemptedto

theywereambushedbytheSicels

sandcutto pieces.Thefinaldefeat

efore wouldbeanobv iousc auseof

whenitisrememberedthatCamarina

se i n 4 1 T h uc y di d es V I I , 5 8 i t i s

esweresaying intheirownway

egreatissue ofdecadrachms and

a N um or u m V e t er u m , p . 2 1 , s u pp o se s t ha t t he

. C . isintended butthec oinc annotbesoearly .

planationfortheyouthridingagoatontheobverse

eanylaterattempttoidentifyhim.

C r e a



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reforthefirsttime unmistakable

r.

rlikesignificancehasbeenat-

erofCy icusshowingNikekneel-

ston w iththec ity sregulartunny

T V I , ) . T h er e i s di f fe r en c e am o ng t h e

andc onse uently astoitsmean-

theguessesofearlierwriters we

well whothinksitmayhavebeen

hevictoryofAlcibiadesoverthe

sin410. This ” saysMr. Green-

efirstinstancewhereNikeappearson

ctoryinwar.O nthecoinsofother

obe uptothisdateandonwards

derandtheDiadoc hi thegoddessof

nestB abelonendorsesthis udgment ”

herdatesthat havebeensug-

75since4 oseemstohimtooearly forthe

w ithoutc ommittinghimself toanyspec if ic

einhisClass I I , whic hhedates

use c ludingthelatersuggestions. inally

esheropinionthatthestaterisof fourthc ent-

scommemoratesthevictoryof

usovertheSpartansof fCnidusin

hsvariationof thedate thereisunani-

valvictoryisintended.W ehave

nedthatthe Nikeontheeastpedimentof the

mpiamaycommemoratea5thcenturymilitaryvic-

SelectionofGreekHistoric al nsc riptions O x ford

p .4 f . n o. 65 p p. 4 6 I 4 8.

geofCy ic us pp. 74f .

I , V o l . I , a ri s 1 91 0 pp .1 42 f .

g un g vo n y i ko s ” N o mi sm a V I I , p . 1 2 n o . 15 4

GreekandR omanCoins ” Transac tionsof the

tic Congress ondon 19 8 p. 24.

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Type

thatitisnotthef irstinstanceof this

ampsacus P L AT V , 12 gold

scertainlyclearenoughforshe is

farmsto thetopofwhichshe is

heearliergoddess sheisnudetothe

sinteresthasobviouslybeen uiteas

onastosymbolism.Atthesame

atshedoes notrefertoa specific

Theeventhasnotbeenidentified ”

lations wouldplac eitabout 55.

hen themilitary func tionofNike

hersymbolism wasalready

es.

o i n N C V I 1 8 4 ] p . 1 5 6 H . . B o r r e ll s a ys o n ly

nterestingcoinisseena victoryerectingatrophy

somevictorybywhichthepeopleof ampsacus

efitorinwhichits citi enshadparticipatedand

nativecity. Thesingleknownspecimenwas

ellc ommentsonthefac tthatthegoldof ampsac us

hat city thoughitisnot confinedtoSyria

sed . D oubtlessthiswidedispersionof thegold

the tendencytomaketheirapparentconnection

atetotheirintrinsicbeauty.

G ol d S ta t er s S i lv e r an d B r o n e C o in a ge s ” A N

8

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



GS

dertheGreatopensa newepoch

TheNikewhichappearsonthe

nnovationtoMacedonianissues

4 , w i l l b e di s cu s se d i n my f o rt h co mi n g s s ay s

ndertheGreat.

ofgreatimportanceforourpresent

liphaddisplayedaheadof Apollo

eityand amemorialofhisown

dapersonalone. NikeistoA le -

ariothadbeento hisfather.The

eofthistype isunprecedented.

ehadwidenedasit spreadfrom

taly whereherinc reasinggeneral-

mmemorateanykindofvictory

letelyabstractattribute always

ntosome specificevent. tistrue

ticulartemporaryassociationwith

deityorsomemintmagistrate and

asionallyappearsunderAle ander.

pearsonA le ander sc oinsembodiesa

fornowshehasbecomeoneof his

ndbelongstohim presentednot

rticularvictory buttosignifythe

hesetout forhimself.Theaudacious

fulfilled anditwasproperthat

coffinshouldhavebeendecorated

agoldenNike.

i n e Go l ds t at e r Al e a n de r s de s G ro e n Z f M 1 92 2 p .

. S ee a ls o L A T V I , 5 a t et ra dr ac hm o fT ar su s.

I I , 2 6 6.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

anceofgoodgeneralsbutnone

ellowsthathecouldbeconsidered

dtheambiguousindicationsgiven

eathbedshowedthatthere was

couldbe concentratedeitherhis

ontinuedpowerofhisfamily. t

attherewasnolackof individual

ers buttheiruneasycompromise

hilipandhisposthumousson

ualsovereignsprovedthathis

powertobechallengedbyany of

irewasstillhis asthevictoryhad

nsareevidence thesametypeswere

t h e l eg e nd B A X I A Q X A A E A NA O Y

gson ustaswellas thedeadcon-

etypeswereuniversallyknownand

onalcurrencywhichmightbe

uedwithoutraisingthedangerous

msof conflictinggenerals.Supported

ro andthecultthatwasbeginning

nuationoutlastedthelife ofthe

aslateas280B . C . atetradrachm

portstobethe issueofhisfather.

I I , however raisedaproblem.Though

mongtheMacedoniansoldiery

oftherestofthe worldcannever

ofA le ander sson. f theimperial

der snameitwouldc ertainlymake

ferior. O ntheotherhandifdifferent

hilipitwouldsuggesta mostunde-

eco-rulers.Thesolutionwasto

but onsomeofthec oins replac ethe

thatof hilip. twasanatural

n o . 15 0 . Al e a n de r s ta t er s a ls o a re f o un d a ft e r 0 0 B . C .

na g es o f D e m e tr i us o l io r ec t es O x f o rd 1 9 27 p . 25 n o .1 9 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



btlessacceptedbytheciti enry

t inthec aseofNike itreally

thec oinagewasthatofA le ander s

successors.Nofortuneandno

hilipcouldentitlehimtolayc laimto

mebesideher isappropriateatall

orerunnerhadmadeherthee -

I occurredin 17B .C. thatofAle -

B . C . W i t h t he i r vi o le n t re m ov a l pe r is h ed a l l

ityofthe empireforthelegitimate

orswerelefttoworkout theiropposed

ngeofconditionsispresentlyapparent

whohadalreadyreplac edtheheadof

c hmswithaheadofA le anderin

nowchangedhisreversetypesas

lverf irstA thena romac hos and

old aprow thena uadrigaofele-

lelikethatonthesilver. O neissueof the

e r 1 B . C . " a n d o n co i ns f r om

08and 04B . C . thefamiliarNike

f tolemy. Thise periment in

ac tic eof hilip I I wastakenup

e butw ith tolemyitwasofbrief

keisabandoned nevertoreappear

f gypt. Thatland therefore has

ehistoryof heruseasa type.

os c f . A gnesB aldw inB rett A thenaA lk idemos

V 1 95 0 , p p. 55 7 2.

N o ui o uo r ra t o p r r ou s T v T r oM s ua o v A th e ns

p. 9 no. 6 l. I , 16.

p . I f . n o s. 6 1 6 4 l . I I , 2 5 . O mi ss io n of t he

tesadatebefore 06B . C .

sfurnishedbyalittlebron eofC leopatraV I I

1B . C . w ithamostinappropriateNike. Svoronos

I , 20 .

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

tolemy snewreverseswereap-

. C . , a n u np r ec e de n te d N ik e u i te u n re -

wasstruckbyAgathoclesof

tehisvictoryovertheCarthaginians

I , 6 . T h is g o dd e ss l i ke t h e kn e el i ng

P L A T V , 1 2 i s n ud e t o th e w ai s t an d

othetopofatrophy. twouldbe

coinwasinfluencedbythe earlier

ethattheearlier everfounditsway

remarkedthatthisgoldandsilver

reverydifferentfromtheearlier

romthecontemporarycurrency

tforissuesofSeleucus f romSusaand

presentlyconsidered.W hateverits

ianissuesharesw iththe ampsac ene

hedecorativeelementis uiteas

.

orsilveris agolddidrachmof

ayoungheadinelephant ssk inheaddress

thereverse aw ingedA thena armed

P L A T W I , 7 . T h i s i s n oa b st r ac t

mac hos orA lk idemos imitatedf rom

lemy . Thestrik ingsimilarityof the

nectionofAgathocleswiththe

lsoplaceshiminthe successionto

whichmaywellhavebeenhisam-

ovetousofhonor.Arthur .

eocc asionforthisc oinwastheperiod

emy sof f icerduringtheA fric an

eswasleftwithoutarivaland

hepositionof aD iadochuson

Sic iliaNumismatic a. DieGrundlagendesgriec hi-

au f Si ci l ie n e ip i g 1 9 2 5 l . 2 , 7 .

icilianNumismatic s ” NC1894 pp. 2 7 242.

C r e a



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hec onstantaimofA gathocles a

shhispositionamongtheMacedonian

wingin theirfootstepsthathetook

r 05B . C . Themostinteresting

pefor usisthat theadditionof

thenagivesthesamek indofc onflation

whichwehavealreadymet at

scommonintheR omanempire.

tolemywasthefirsttobreak

ander independentpathswere

meofhisrivalsalso.There are

anceforusin theearlyhistory

3 0 5 B . C . an d O I B . C . T he f o rm e r is t h e

okthetitle ofking Cassanderin

usinThrace Antigonusandhisson

eleuc usinB aby lonia and tolemyin

wehavealreadydealt Cassanderdoes

ysadheredto thetypesandname

esamec anbesaidofA ntigonus but

nterestingthoughephemeralvari-

etriuswonagreatnavalv ic toryover

yprusandin thatyearAntigonus

neaontheO rontestoserveasthe

thefirsttetradrachmissuedfrom

inotherrespectsindistinguishable y

holdsnotaneaglebutalittleNike

on h i s he a d P L A T V I , 8 . T hi s i s

greatstatueofZ eusatO lympia

ntotheowl onthedidrachmasapossible re-

ctuallylaybehindthefantasticaccountinD io-

, f . ofA gathoc leslettinglooseow lsinthefac eof the

ncouragehissoldiersat thebattleofTunis

dmilc ar.

o . 1 w i th t h e br i ll i an t d em on s tr a ti o n p p . 84 8 9 t h at

ecoinsofAntigonusthoughtheyneverbearhis

C r e a



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e

reproduc tiononaR omancoin andit

cethat Antigonusgottheideaof

hisson sgreataccomplishmentin

theseas. tmustbeadmittedthat

pissomewhatobscure. fZ eusbe

dNikehisagentwhyis healsothe

ytheproblemwassettledtothe satis-

lympiaandAntigonusadopted

ess. nanycasehisnaturalcon-

lfatonc e andhissubse uenttetra-

kethosefromallhisother mints

e handofZ eus.

tremestepofannouncinghis

once. romhisnewlyfounded

-the-Tigrisheputout goldpieceswith

th e i ns c ri p ti o n B A X I A Q X X E A Y -

ornotthiswaslaterthanthe tolemaic gold

inguishedbytheuseof theroyal

remainedthedeviceof Seleucus

llhismints. tisalsotobedistin-

nventionusedinthe nameof

eakc hildwhoseonlyhopelay inthe

theissuerisnowasuccessful

abylonbecamethestartingpoint

ghtw ith usticefeelthatv ic torywas

about 0 B . C . headopted atthe

NicephoruswhichAntigonushadin-

ptureandSc ulptorsof theGreeks f ig. 607.

gonusdisposesofthe suggestionofB abelon

C V ) t h at i t w as S e le u cu s w ho s e t up a t D a p h ne b y

heidianZ eusofO lympia againstthetestimonyof

X X I I , 1 , 1 t h a t i t wa s An t io c hu s V . B a b el o n s

ssumptionthat thetypewithNikewasfirst

. 1.

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Newellsuggeststhat takenincon-

esofbron eappearingatthesame

aybeconsideredasreferringto

he ast. ikethec oinofA nti-

dliketheelectrumof ampsac usand

s V , 1 2 V I , ) N i ke i s he re u se d to s ig ni fy

bstractbut somespecificmilitary

dateofcapitalimportanceis

t th e b at t le o f p s us A n ti g on u s an d D e m e -

eatcoalitionoftheirrivalsand

simachususedthisoccasiontocopy

ndputhis ownnameonthegold

e. Seleuc usmayhavebeeninf luenc ed

Nikeonthe handofZ eusatSe-

herinthatpositiononhisf irsttetra-

ieriaandA ntioc h. B uthec ele-

strikingfashion. romthemintsof

esse tentSusa heissuednewtypes

itofhimselfontheobverseand on

n g a wr e at h o n a tr o ph y P L A T V I I ,

th oc le s c oi n P L A T V I , 6 i s to o

fwehadto supposethatSeleucus

os .1 f .

o ya l G re e k o r tr a it C o in s N e w o r k 1 9 7 p . 2 1 .

S M p p. 89 9 .

, n o s . 0 0- 0 2 p p . 15 4 1 59 . W hy s ho ul d th e ty pe b e

motefromthe victory sitnotbecausehe was

of Greekarmstoonearhome nSyriahis

erfectlyclearproofof hispowerandwhathad

sneighborsthatthepowerhad beenboughtat

c edonianlives The asthadnosuc hsuscepti-

herethecelebrationof psuswaspairedwithhis

nadrivinganelephantchariot referringtoreal

ories andSeleucusistherebydisplayedascon-

ofhisempire.

C r e a



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e

masterstheremotenessofSyra-

lty.B utitis clearnowthattypes

ts buttheselectionofofficials

withmeaningratherthanwith

cificconnectionbetweenthecourts

us buttheSyracusanwascertainly

nwiththeH ellenistickingsinthe

beenac uaintedw ithhisc oins. twas

cidedthathistypeshouldbeimi-

whichdecreedthattheimitations

Susaand ersepolis. Wec annot

mentwasresponsibleforthemodi-

stingthoughnot itwouldseem of

ce. oronething thegoddessis

ngnudeto thewaist foranother

teadof hammerandnail.B oth

todirectrelation withtheNikeof

dthing insteadofgreavesattac hedat

kthereisnowa shootwithleaves

gehasameaningitesc apesusnow.

edifferenc eine ec utionwasbeyond

ol.Thestifffoldsof thedraperyshow

moreimportantstill therevisedpose

e insteadofthealmostfrontal

keproducedbytheright armhanging

etthedisplayofwings torightand

t producesananatomicalim-

eucusdidaswellto keephistypefrom

moreaccomplishedartistsofthe

onewhomadeuseof thebattleof

eemthatD emetriushadmuc htoc ele-

w ithhislife. B uttherewasonec ir-

eryimportantforhimtokeep

fhisantagonists. H isfather sbid

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hthavefaileddisastrously but

dthesea.Thoughthevictoryof

astitseffectswerenot diminished.

dtheconservatismofAntigonusand

bletypes ofanti uity

, 2 . t s f ir s t ap p ea r an c ei s l i ke l y to h a ve b e en a t

alamisinCyprus butTarsus Mile-

ppliedthesetetradrachmsuntil

ontrolof thosec ities andbetween

aandAmphipolisc ontinuedtostrike

mphatichisdefianceofthosewho

D emetriustransferredNiketothe

hefashionof herwings hercloth-

esareallliketheNikeofA le ander.

ustonthepointofalightingononeof

inherrighthandalongstraighttrumpet

toannouncethevictorywon.The

reverseofthe tetradrachmforms

ent.AgainstthevictorofSalamisand

howoulddaretoc ontend The

e i al l y th e d is c us s io n o f th i s ty p e p p . 2 3 8 .

p. 5 3 8arguesstrongly forthev iewthattheship

ssels theac rostoliumtornaway. f itwerenotfor

riousnotchedappearanceofthestolosone

ethattheship wasD emetrius ownandthatthe

gtheattack sinceweknowthattrumpetswere

o s e at S a la mi s D i o d o ru s X X , 5 1 2 . B u t w e k n ow

sed toannounceavictory—though knowof

valv ic tory . C f . theartic le Tuba byA . Reinac h

uit sgrec uesetromainesV , pp. 522 528espec ially

lationofthistype withtheNikeofSamothracein

c ussed doesnotc onc ernushere. tisnowapparently

hestatueistoo latetohavebeena monument

areissueofgoldwiththesameobverse Newell

I , 12 issuedsimultaneouslyw iththef irstSalamistetra-

omac hostothelef t e ac tly reversingthef igure

C r e a



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C.thecitiescontinuedtostrikethem

e. Thus though ysimac hushad

ersistedinthecountryhe hadruled

beenforgotten.

whosef inalfortuneitwastoc on-

mac hus diedav iolentdeathhimself

thegreatgroupthathad been

er. fwec onsidertheiruseofNike

atsomethingoftheessential

stratedinthisminorfashion:

nalityandimaginationwhichled

whathe hadreceivedwithout

tolemy sfar-sightedembrac ingofa

oughtaboutanentirebreakwith

usconservatismofAntigonusintent

dvantageofappearingAle ander s

innovationofhisson D emetrius

himselftoreplacethevictoryof

ofhisown f inally thec alc ulating

sand ysimachuslookingfora

esstheimportanceoftraditionand

ethenewagewhichtheyintended

wasas greatinhisfortunesas

ehadbeenasgreatinhisambitionandhis

swastheonlyonewhosedescendants

eir coinsbut beforedealing

toreturntoSicily.Thesuccessor

as whoheldthepowerf rom288to

familiarSyracusandeviceonhis

onwhichNike isdrivingagallop-

I I , 6 . H i er o I 2 74 2 16 B . C. u s ed th e

es e ck e l . 2 4 ) , a n d Ni k e wi t h a

uadrigaforhissilverandthatofhis

A T V I I , 7 . B u t b e t we e n th e se i n st a nc e s of

C r e a



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Type

andevicecomestheperiodfrom

yrrhus theadventurouswanderer

oil findingthathiscampaign

South talywasprogressingless

e wasdivertedbytheopportunity

Siciliansinawar againstCarthage.

esof hiscareer theconceptionwas

ce butthespiritin whichhe

yprovedtobetoobiga taskfor

truckforhimat Syracusebearing

iantranslationof theNikeof

T S V I I , 8 9 V I I I , 1 . t was in two de-

varietiesofNike onewithone

y theotherwithbothwings

gawreathandtrophy.B othhave

nlikethesobrietyofA le ander s

eannouncementofaspecialtitle to

ander dif feringonly inthefac t

trictedbothintimeandspace.

yrrhuswasamightyfigureand this

on uerorwouldprobablynothave

manywhowatchedhisrevolutionary

ent. tisonlyaf tertheevent when

tionbetweenhisambitionsandhis

ate assertionofaclaimtovictory

onceit.

Seleucusarenumerousbut for

atinterest.Thegold typeisfound

2 8 0 2 6 1 B . C . , ” a n d fo r A nt i oc h us I

nebron earetobeassoc iatedw ith yrrhus

edofZ eusforobverse onew ithareverseof

. R e i na c h P y r r h us e t l a Ni k d e T ar e nt e N e ap o li s

2 1 f i g. 1 , t h e ot h er w i th N i ke h o ld i ng a t h un d er b ol t b e lo w

earsalsoonc ontemporarybron esof theB ruttii

. ) .

5 .

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. C . . Z e u s N i ce p ho r us p r ov e d ve r y

randcontinuedtotheend ofthe

ntchange thoughtheNikesome-

sometimestotheleft.Acomparable

yAthena arthenoswhoappears

fAle anderB alasfromAntioch

ndisf re uentlyusedbyhissuc c essors.

lasalsowasissuedfromAradusa

hesitsinmuchthesameattitude

ac husandholdsalittleNiketothe

I , 5 . T yc h e ce r ta i nl y r ep r es e nt s t he c it y i ts e lf

specialcircumstancetomakeit

ouldbeportrayedasthe granter

w tismorelikely thatthisismerely

dconventionalrecognitionofthe

sociatedvictorywithhercity-

heseriesofmunicipaltetradrachms

B . C . A bron eTyc heNic ephorushad

ochus V fromSeleucia-on-the-

eimportanceofthe city whichwasthe

issoclearthatthe townmight

rerofvictorysincethefortunesof

tsloyalty.

ofaSicilian themeisfoundona

truckatSusawhoseobversehas

on itsreverseNikedriv ingagalloping

ell spreferenc eforassigningitto

erthanA ntioc hus V theidentif ication

0 5f . 1 0 8.

e Se l eu ci d M in t o f An t io ch N e w o r k 1 9 18 p . 4 8

.

o i s d e Sy r ie p p . 7 1 f . 5 4 8 5 5 5 R . H . M c D o w e ll C oi n s

is A n n Ar b or 9 5 p p . 19 f . 4 4 .

41 2 l .X X X I , 18 .

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Type

edela uye mayhavebeenpartly

Carystusin uboeawithNikeleft

beingapparentlyaportraitofAnti-

uncertaintiesinvolvedmakeituselessto

dela uye sv iew issupportedby

headofA ntioc hus V asobverse

rse. Whatevertheproperdating

gaboutthesecoinsistheir

htheSyracusanchariotsofthe

nsplantedisnomore thana

estingtypeofNikeand atrophy

, ) w a s n ev e r re p ro d uc ed i n i ts o r ig i na l f or m

ations.Thefirstappearson three

estruc kbyA ntioc hus atSeleuc ia

I , 2 . T ho ug h th ey a re f ro m di ff er en t mi nt s t he

ustsurelyhavebeeninf luencedbytheearlier

ydif ferentitis Notonlyhasthesober

eplacedbyasentimentalfacing

egoddessof thereverse so uietand

m hasbeentransformedtoa

abelon remarkedthatshebears

anwhoiserectinga trophyon

on a ta s o f Ma c ed o n P L A T V I I I , )

othreferto thedefeatsofthe

ewhichwereimportanttriumphs

yofA ntigonuscamein277B . C . "

y in275B . C . Newell ob ec tsto

ussoearly andputsitabout

wouldbeatardyreminisc enc eofagreat

ec e p . 10 , 1 8 l .X I X , 2 .

de S yr ie p . 72 5 56 5 58 .

I I I . C AH V I I , p .10 6.

o m an R u l e i n A si a M in o r r i nc et o n 1 9 5 0 p . 7 1 1 2 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



esays thenewtypesmayhaveborne

aspecif ic implic ation. twouldbe

ureinstanceofa particularvic-

ype butatleastthere isgeneral

hanthedesignofAntigonus

kentoaccountforits strikingand

rsonthreedenominationsof

us atSeleuc ia-on-the-Tigrisc a.

A T V I I I , 4 . A lt ho ug h th e pr of il e of S e-

hasbeenreplacedby headsofthe

nthe reverseisinthe opposite

odoubtthat thisisan intentional

terntetradrachms fortheob ect

enNikeandthetrophyturns out

especimens tobeabull shead

thefirstSeleucus.Newell sug-

yhavebeentheassemblingof the

winbacktheeasternlands origi-

atorandthathis namesakere-

sanomen andanencouragement

Nikehere then hasadoublee -

onandpious hope.V eryoften

thehopeof victoryoutrunsits

pearsoptimisticallyonthecoins

eswereanythingbuttriumphant.

sheadandthepalmwhic hNikebears

gto theold.Thegoddesshas

tementshedisplayedunderAnti-

arreplicaof theoriginaltype w ith

ee pectedfromthedifferencein

wokings andfromthefactthat

isplaysthec arethatisspentona

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Type

tionforourpurposeis atype

no m in a ti o ns o f b ro n e P L A T V I I I ,

toSeleucus atSeleuc ia-on-the-

.C. withoutperfectassurance since

enticalwiththoseof Seleucia

havenotbeenrecordedfromthe

. B utthe uestionof themintisof

andtheidentityofthe kingmay

ensethesymbolismisonlythatof

e plicit. nsteadof thek ing sname

nowthe kinghimselfwhoiscrowned.

misthe same theunprecedented

onachinmilitarygarbseemsto

nandperhapsthefactthatthe type

Seleucus orbyhissucc essors

thatthereis asingleoccasionfor

however asNewellpointsout there

ailable:onewhenSeleucusdrove

ridateswhohadpreviouslyde-

theotherwhenhedrovebackhis

iera whohadtakenadvantageof

nvadeMesopotamia.Thesecond

tesoc learasthef irst butbothgive

ecisionofthisnew type:though

en whenthekinghimselftakesthe

stype then wemayclassw ith

atingaparticularvictory.

commonbutuninspired.Se-

dAle ander sgoldtypetobron e

s n am e at S us a P L A T V I I I , 6 a nd

uckatNisibislargebron esinhisown

eDiosc uriasobverse whilethe

tdifferentfigureofNikewalking

athinherrighthand apalminher

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thesevarietieswasusedbyagreat

chs. nsomecasesNikecrownsthe

esheholdsherwreathovertheSeleucid

lyimportantvariationinher

casionssheisdrawntothe right

B ythelaterk ingsthetypeisused

f or b ro n e P L A T V I I I , 8 . n b ot h

eraltypesavailable andnever

cimportanceofNikeonAle ander s

rallyariseswhethertheseNikeshad

nsorwhethertheyhadbecomea

ecannotgiveanyclearanswer.

ucidsweresofulloffightingthat

hievedapassableimitationof a

ofthetimes issoveryfragmentary

educedfromthesilenceofthe

otdenythat aparticularNikemay

ottenbattle onemustadmitthat

ntheconvention. ore ample

eat cbatanashowingaNiketothe

riefc areerf rom 62 I 60B . C . saw

dia whichmightaccountforthe

tthepredecessorofhisissueisthat

om c batanabearingthesameNike and

I , 1 2 . T he a v ai l ab l e sp e ci m en s a re t o o mu c h wo r n to

de S yr ie p . 20 6 1 56 – 1 56 6 D e m et ri us I I , D a m as cu s

husX I I , D amasc us. Thereversalofpositionmayhave

ic ant c f . thecountermarkofD emetrius w ith

h us w i th N i ke l . A NS M N , 1 9 45 p p . 7 4 4 .

ngthatamongtheearlySeleuc idsonlySeleucus I

usethisreversewitharoyalportraitasobverse. The

heads.

surperTimarc husishardlyane c eption. Nikeis

buthisreignf rom162 160B . C . producedasingle

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Type

materuler stypehasits political

ymbolism. A gain D emetrius I I

ef romDamasc usforfouryears

Hisw inningof thetownin96 5B . C .

f these buttheyear88 87B . C . was

thelastof themistobee plained

deviceonceadopted. inallyitmay

yofa kinglaterthanSeleucus was

oberecordedonanissue ofbigsilver.

A le anderthereisasenseof the

lity.Thisis certainlylargelythe

ofour sources.Nobodyinhis

s I I orA ntiochus V asafeeble

eraldeclineisa reality.Themon-

nlowergoals theygoverned

theirgainswereslighterandmore

smoref re uentandmorev ital. Nike

coinsbutshewashardlya goddess

orialwithouthonesty ahope

mismaticclich fromwhichthe

becomeconventional Nikewas

thepartlyHelleni edlands. There

whenherappearanceonthe coins

greateror lessertriumph but

suchoccasionsmightbeforpo-

thingtothe historyofthetype.The

esarefiguresoflittlebeautyand no

ameistrueforthegreatma ority

eitherastypeorsymbol onthe

ities.Theyarenumerous andfor

esting. Therearec ases however where

teSeleuc idMintsinA ke- tolemaisandDamascus

p p. 78 8 2 117 1 20 2 4 3 I .

C r e a



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isontheseries oftetradrachms

8 7 B . C. P L A T V I I I , 7 t o4 6 5

edthatthisappearanceof largersilverf rom

ucksuchambitiouspiecesbefore

edbythedestructionofherrival

mptingto supposethattheNike

ypecommemoratedthatevent

edthatherassociationwiththe

eheadadornsthisobverse hadal-

bythec oinofA le anderB alasal-

thoughtheattemptof thatk ingasallyof

swasa failure.O nwhatever

smade Nikenowbecomesthe

nearlyacentury.Theaphlaston

ht handcertainlytestifiestothe

therornot itcelebratesaparti-

ureiscarefullydrawnandat-

withtheseemlinessanddignityof

dwithsomewhatmoregrac e. B utsuc -

notnowindependentartistsnor

Theirdutywas unvaryingre-

iciallyprescribed andifthestart

totheeye beforeitreac hesitsend

ee ampleofwhatofficialdomcan

I I I , 9 . O n e ha s on ly t o re me mb er t he

kesof O lympiaandTerinatosee

e pre-Ale andrineandpost-

esymbolismwasreasonably ustified

reerofAradusmay nothavebeen

rimportanceandgeneralsuccess

her arespectabletitletoher

ellaneaNumismatic a:Cyreneto ndia New ork

l . I , 1 5 B M C ho en ici a p p. X V f . 2 – 3 5.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Type

entsortisthatof theissueof iden-

ithradates upator 120 6 B . C .

ontusand aphlagonia:A misus

I , o , C om an a C ha ba ct a a od ic ea C a be ir a

heobversehasanaegisw ithMedusa s

erringtothesupposeddescentof

eus thereverse Niketotheright

Thegoddessisuglyandthere is

positione cepttheoddwayin

hbehindher asthoughshewere

ynotablepointaboutheris that

twiththeissuingauthorities— for

pendentvictoriesnordefeats—

ngof ontuswhotook thismeans

swithhisown. nthesameway

anempirecasesofostensiblecivic

tofthe imperialpropaganda.

n eagueshowhowentirelydevoidof

me. ntheperiodbetweenthe

e eaguebyD emetrius oliorc etes

olians 288 245B . C . , andprobably

otianresistancetotheinvadingGauls

c oinswerestruc kw ithaheadofyoung

Niketotheright SNGCopenhagen

7f . . Theobverseisusualenough H erac les

ad oftenappearedontypes.The

orthefigureis anAthenaNikeofa

Agathoclesinthe fourthcentury ”

whichshebearsproclaimher the

s butthew ingsandunhelmeted

n R e c u e il g n r a l de s M on n ai e s gr e c u e s d A s ie

a ri s 1 9 25 , C h ab ac ta : l . X I , 2 , C o ma na : l . X I ,

I I , 1 7 C ab ei ra : l .X I I , 2 1 A ma st ri s l .X V I I I ,

.X X V I , 1 2.

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



remindusofthe strangefactthat

be associatedwithwarasdistin-

sof victory sheisveryrarely

interestingcombinationof

orunusual featuresinother

hwepresentlyfind.

dof oseidonontheobverse

th e re ve rs e P L A T V I I I , I ) .

ouslyof thesameseries haveashieldas

sentedaswalkingratherthan

I I I 1 2 . T he t ri de nt i n he r ha nd m ig ht

avalvictory butsincenosuch

etype couldpossiblyapply we

entis nomorethantheusual

god oseidon whosef igureappears

sof the eague. This then isthe

ceofNikeendowedwiththeattri-

utNikeherselfcreatesadifficulty.

beginningof theissue whichhasbeen

97B . C . theyearof lamininus

tCynoscephalae.Thiswouldcertainly

pe sincetheB oeotianswerethe

uttheywerefarf romenthusiastic

eldedtoRomanpressure andindeed

oughtatCynosc ephalaein hilip s

nning therefore theappearanc eof

vena dubioussatisfactiontothe

mewentonitsproprietywouldhave

btfulsincerelationswith lamini-

nthene tyear andin192B . C .

c rossedtheA egeantoGreec etheB oeo-

ntheChronologicalSe uenceof theCoinsofB oeotia

. 88 9 2 . H e a d ca l ls t h e ob v er s e Z e u s b u t o s ei d on s e em s

l .V I , .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

magainstR ome. Hisdefeatandtheir

eepatleast aportionofthem

s in 1 7 B . C . a n d wh e n R o me p r ot e st e d

up. etthenumberofmagistrates

sthatthisserieswasofconsiderable

gh indeed toac countforthewhole

aetothedissolutionofthe eague.

ableifoneassumesthatNikehad

evoidofrealsignificance.

.C.fortheserieshas recently

eyel butthisisonlyane c hange

245B . C . sawtheB oeotiansforc ed

ansasthe resultofabad defeat

oeia. A tsomedateaf ter2 9B . C . —

theye tricatedthemselvesfrom

nand oinedDemetrius I , ing

tappearanc eofNikein197B . C . would

45B . C . itwouldbealmostinc redible.

af ter2 9B . C . therewereevents

asB oeotianvictoriesbut again

placeonlyontheassumptionthat

erithad ceasedtobeappropriate:

eaning.

ellenisticcity however which

ingeniousadditiontothesym-

nsomeoftheabundantdidrachms

arasrideshis inevitabledolphin

eNikewhoc rownshim P L A T

he d e mi g od T a ra s wh o i s o f co u rs e t h e

altedtotheusualpositionofZ eusor

horand therecipientofvictory.This

butasa metaphorofthecity

fherowncreationit isapretty

or ie d eB é o ti e au I I S i c le a va nt n ot re r e a ri s 1 94 2

2 n .2 .-

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



sa conceittowhichweneednot

ce. oronethingNikeis onlyone

tTarasmayhold foranother its

romthefourthcentury tothe

12-209B . C . embrac estimeswhen

ovictoriesofherown.B utitis

ntumcouldcontinuetothe end

f thatvarietyandindependence

whichroyaldominanc ehade tin-

Desc riptiveCatalogueof theCollec tionofTarentine

l a st o o nd on 1 94 7 l . X V I I I , 5 6 0.

X I f . 97 5 9 8 o.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



answhosurroundedtheH ellen-

nshadanindependentnumismatic

ere isnoGreekparallelto the

tmoftheRepublic. etc ontac tw ith

yaffec tedtheRomanstoo andshortly

establishedin theSouththefirst

rsonasilverdidrachmstruckin that

c it y o f Ta r en t um P L A T X , 2 .

ectedevenontheaesgrave arl ink The

eStructureoftheCoinageof theR omanR epublic

rk 1 95 2 p .4 9.

tlyaccumulatedaroundthe uestionofthe

lver.Thegenerallyacceptedtheorythatthe

269 B .C.hasbeenchallengedbyH aroldMat-

nsonw ithanimpressiveandstillgrow ingbody

69B .C.isthedateof strikingoftheR omano-

TheDateof theR omanDenariusandother and-

Coinage roc eedingsof theB ritishAc ademy 19 2

iana-V ic toryD idrachmsandtheD ec adrac hmsof

pp. 6 – 67 . Theresultingrev iseddatesfor uadrigatus

remuchmoreuncertain.MattinglyandR obin-

orthedenarius whichMattinglylaterbroughtdown

r ” N C 1 94 9 p . 6 6 , b u t . G . M il n e pr e fe r re d 2 05

p. 61 6 ) a nd i nk ac ce pt s2 o o p. ci t. p p. 16 5 1 . N ew

eevidenceisfurnishedbythe rincetone -

Sicily.Thecontroversydoesnotreallyconcern

rkedthatthepartof ink sargumentwhic hrelies

ningofthe NewStyletetradrachmsofAthens

ossibletomaintain MargaretThompson TheB e-

ty leCoinage ” A NSMNV , New ork 1952

emintsofR omansilverisdiscussedby

st A g e of R o m a n Co i na g e ” R S 1 9 4 5 p p . 6 5 7 7 a n d

f theRomanRepublic anCoinage ” NC1949

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



o f A ga t ho c le s P L A T V I , 6 i s

oughthisisnotmerelya copybut

composition. nplaceofthe

palmbranchtowhichV ictoryis

llet.The acte tendsbotharms

dso thatitisviewedmorefrom

perly totheleftinsteadof dis-

bilityof thef igureispreservedbythe

ndwreathtotheright withserial

nscriptiontothe leftfillthespace

satype closertotheR omanthan

thintimeandinform. A bron eof

rightholdingathunderbolt.The

ymbolisconvincinglyconnected

s. TotheTarentinedie-sinkersofhis

c reditmustgoforthesucc essfulalter-

etoeliminatethe trophywithout

yvacant. Thedesignersforthe

etohanda NikefromTarentum

esure butsuitableasabasisforthe

ersofSouth taly.Theirelimi-

thesignof the pirote ing

se butthesubstitutionofthe

cesanarrangementsufficiently

ffronttothevan uished.Alto-

beginningtoV ic tory sc areeron

aterissuedanothercoinof Syra-

so - ca l le d u a dr i ga t us P L A T X , )

thunderboltdrivinga uadrigato

it . n . 5 8 ab o ve , p . 2 1 f i g . 2 .

ontemporarytypefromTarentumdoeshavea

p. c it. f ig. 1 , mayweassumethatthisonewasstruc k

vertheR omans theotheraftertheirdefeatat

C r e a



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e

ictorybehindhim.Thecomposition

ecutionpoor.Thetheologyalsois

ga disappointingcontrasttothe

rlybeentheworkofa goodGreek

vestandardmuchraisedbythe

X , 4 i n tr o du ce d t o re p la ce t h e ha l f-

alsooriginatesatthemintofRomeand

nof Agathocles group.North

entedthegoddessfullyclad.She

earlyspecimensherweightisstill on

kneebent.Thegestureof crown-

attitudethanthatof thedidrachm

pewasclearandapparentlysatis-

foritpersistedforalongtime getting

reless.

fthe denariuswastheD ioscuri

ernativewasD ianadrivingabiga

nalaterc ametobereplac edbyV ic tory

5 . O f c o u rs e t hi s l i k et h e ty p e of t h e u a dr i ga t us

eek withoutbeautyorspecial

able.

riationsofthechariottype:a

dofbiga V ic toryc rowningthe

heseoccuratdifferenttimesand

eR omanprinciplesandpractice

however oneconcentrationof

r di n g to e s li e H . N e a tb y T h e B i g at u s ” A A 5 5

ic le TheRoman V irtues H arvardTheological

, 1 0 – 1 1 7 M a tt i ng l y su g ge s ts t h at t h e V i r t ue s a m o ng

a mayhavehadtheirrootsinoldRomanreligion

minentatthetimeofincreasingGreekinfluence.

manelementitdoesnotappearintheearliestR oman

er abundantev idencethatac ultofV ic tory f lour-

c f . DarembergetSaglio D ic tionnairedesA nti-

or ia p p .8 6 8 9 .

C r e a



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ntioningasshowingtheR oman

satthee penseoffinesse.Ade-

latesecondorearlyfirstcentury

v ingabigaofelephantsoverwhich

m 1 P L A T X , 6 . T h e el e ph a nt s a re

pturedinthebattleof anormus

eyer sanc estor . CaeciliusMetellus

harnessedtothechariotof upiter

-sinkercouldsay.

ently throughouttheRepublic but

e conventionsastocallforno

c eptions however inthetimeof

nbothcasestheR omanreverseis

insurgents.Thefirstis adenarius

oryseatedwiththeinscription

L A T X , 7 . M o mm s en i d en t if i ed t h e re v er s e

theaedic ulaofV ic toriaV irgo

derin194B . C . toc elebratehis

uredoesindeedhavetheappear-

butitmusthavebeenunder-

swell fortherearerare denarii

reverse butwiththeinscription

. A c learerc asestillisthatof thede-

depictedseatedona pileofarms

nd i ng b e hi n d P L A T X , 8 . T h is

omevic toriousinthewar again

he insurgentsonwhichthelegend

T A I A . T h is t y pe i s a pp a re n tl y

bolforthereare AthenianNew

eisararity . Thisoneisnocloserelativeof theseated

ina yetitisplausibly suggestedthatthecult

vedfromthatof theNymphsofSouth taly

o o p .c i t. p . 8 7 f i g. 7 4 5 ) .

, p . 2 5 T yp e V .

I , l .X C V I I I 8 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

easeatedfigurewithswordand

P L A T X , o . T h e co i n wa s s tr u ck

gureisusually takentobeaR omangeneral

yersisnamed O I NTO X . A sidef rom

thehypothesisthatoneof the

edtousea pictureofhimselfbeing

ndthelac kofaQ uintusof the

opertime thereispositiveevi-

otahuman.MissThompson swork

achmshasmadeit clearthatthis

ededbyonestruckbyX enokles

whic halsotheseatedf igureappears

ke. Comparisonwiththeseated

of theA etolian eague 279 168

tedif ferenc einsc aleandindatew ill

theniancoinalsoshowsa national

vinitybeR omeornotis doubtful

heyearof Q uintus whoseinclusion

stratesisthe chiefreasonfor

ec e. nanyc asetheauthorof the

ntofasimilar groupwithaseated

tory.

aidthattheimportanc eof theRoman

onortheideasbehindthem and

ublicancoinshavetheirownat-

value butnoonecan feelthat

ersareasskilfulastheir Greekpre-

nterestingevents andtheymore

ngconceptions butitis the

hichisofimportance nottheform.

sofawell-knownfigure therefore

TheNewSty leCoinageofA thens New ork

p p . 5 9 6 1 .

o Ae t ol i a l . X X X , 5 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ec tvery little. O neinnovation how-

k:thesubstitutionofa bustof

gu r e P L A T X , 9 . T h is a p pe a rs

andwasusedbyA ugustus. Thein-

ait gaveopportunitytoshowthe

thoughwhetherthiswasactually

ispute— butthelossin dignityis

wasneveraserious competitorof

frecordingthegreatdeeds of

ertainthatV ictorywouldoccurprom-

ntseries.AstheR epublicdrew

contemporaryeventsbegantointrude

andsomeV ictoriesofthecivil

sillustrativeofthe propagandaof

hatof thegoldandsilverstruck

u ll a i n 82 8 1 B . C . p o ss i bl y i n At h en s

triumphal uadrigac rownedby

X , I ) . A l th o ug h t he g r ou p i s a di r ec t d es -

uadrigas thesignif ic anc eisentirely

ongerthe vehicleofacompeti-

himtotriumphbyitssw if tness. t

hohasalreadytriumphed moving

ebratethattriumph.Theearlier

orebeenentirelyreplaced.

stbeemphasi ed wasevidence

mportance.He claimedV ictory

sboldandsimplethanA le ander s

hisdefeatoftheSamnitesSulla

hegavethe name udiSullanae

R o m an C oi ns C hi ca go 1 96 0 , p . 67 l . X V , 1 5 1 7.

evethatthefigure wasSullaonthegrounds

eappearanceofacontemporarysceneonacoin.

tlycharacteristicofSulla.Seetheremarksof

ub li c I , p p. 4 61 f. n . .

C r e a



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e

uc hmorethanc ommemorating a

twasastatementthathisvictory

isfortuneorhisvalor. nthis as

mpeyapedhischiefanda rareaureus

mphal uadriga thoughhere

es andanaddedfeatureishisyoung

hem.

c toryshouldhaveaprominentplace

usCaesar.Thetransitionbetween

erialc oinageismanifestintheuseofhis

whereno livingR omanhadever

poseddescentofthe uliangens

eneasisthereasonfortheuseof

f Ae n ea s a s a r ev e rs e t yp e P L A T X , ) .

lformofV enusV ic tri , notonly

dshield butalsoholdingaV ic tory

Theobviousanalogywiththe

Seleucidsisnoaccident. ikethe

aesarisassertingforhisfamilyaspec ial

swhobringsvictory. .Aemilius

neyerswhostruc k thisc ommontype

nisticreminiscence:Venusseated

A T X , 2 . B u t a m o r e re m ar k ab l e ty p e

m o re c om p li c at e d P L A T X , ) .

pposedthistoreferto themythof

ouldbean unparalleledrepresentation

wouldsuppose veryobsc uretothe

re planationisthatof c khelwho

e dreamofSulla reportedby

) . O n h i s w ay t o h is c on t es t w it h M ar i us

ofthemoonputtingathunderbolt

s I 2 7 f el i ci t at e m di e i u o S am n it i um T el e si n i u e

Sullaperpetualudorumcircensiumhonoravitmemo-

neSullanaeV ictoriaecelebrantur.

, p p. 46 4 4 66 I I , l .C X , 1 .

C r e a



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mtostrikehis enemies whowere

Thewingedfigureinthemiddle

boli ingthatofwhic hthedreamwas

arkablethingaboutthisis thetime

Caesarwaswellknownforthehonor

yofMarius andonewouldlittle

rominentonatypeofoneofhis

eemstobethat B ucastruckcoins

sar sdeathin4 B . C . fB abelon

turethatB uc awasthesonofM.

la itiseasyto seewhyheshould

ator sassassinationtoproclaim

ouse.

hermatters thebrief regimeofCaesar

re.H isarrangementswererevised

yhisheirin manywaysthatdo

hatisof importanc eforourdis-

f typesisnolongerthe resultof

tispartof aconcertedplanforthe

ion. A sSutherlandputsit I tisa

heveryoutsetthat A ugustus , w ith

essorsforat anyratetwocenturies

choiceofappropriatetypesas a

nceintheconductofempire.

pec tedthataftertheyearsof the

ththeirgatheringofrivalforcesand

whenthebattleof Actiumandthe

adc oncentratedpowerinasinglehand

nthecoinsto celebratewhatwas

p . 5 4 5 n o t e s a n d 2. N . B r e i te n st e in S u ll a s

o lo g ic a 19 7 p p . 18 1 1 8 6.

reatimportancehavestudiedtheAugustan

rom mperiumtoA uctoritas Cambridge 1946

ostitutional uestions andC . H. V . Sutherland

p er i al o l ic y 1 B . C . — A .D . 6 8 o n do n 1 9 5 1 d e a l in g

heimperialpropaganda. O p. c it. p. 28.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

pointofhistory.Asa matteroffact

nd15of29B . C . threev ictorieswerec ele-

n theA c tianandtheA le andrine

houldbe thethirdofthese

eresourcestotheR omanpower

ed ratherthanthesec ond whose

vedwiththatofAntonyandthe

ereweremany however—V ergil

samongthem—whorec ogni edA c -

andthetraditionhasleft uswith

thatActiumwasO ctavian svic-

venbeforethec elebrationof thetriumph

hadbeguntoshowappropriate

earetraditional:abustofV ic tory

l . , 1 a n d V i c t or y i n a bi g a B M C

V , I , 1 2 ; b u t th e ot he r th re e ar e of m or e

orywithwreathandpalmalighting

X , 4 , a f i ne g r ou p t o co m me m or a te a

esecondshowsthegoddessw ithwreath

t p. 18.

arguedthatthey orsomeofthem belongtothe

ndto taly c elebratingthev ictoriesoverSe tus

c it. pp. 49f. n. 4. Sutherland op. c it. p. 186 c on-

thismaybetrueof theCA SA R D I V I c oins

th M CA SA R shouldprobablybegivento

ts.

tionisarousedbythewordingofSutherland s

entationofthe V ictoryofSamothrace madefamous

beforebyDemetrius oliorc etes op. cit. pp. 29f .

ustus typesshouldrec alltoustheearliertypeas

ensandreproductionsareavailabletoany nu-

readilyavailableinanti uitythatamorerecent

e acopyoranadaptationofan earlierone

kasksaptly didtheemperorshaveaCabinetde

ot maytherepetitionof types theimportanceofwhich

betakenasproof thattheearlierinstanc ewasstill

e laterwasissued

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



go be P L A T X , 5 , a n d th i s ha s

fthegoldenV ictoryofTarentum

theCuria ulia " beforewhich

Theonlyrealbasisfor theidenti-

cappearanceoftheattitude butit

heoriginal mighthavebeena

mby yrrhusincelebrationofhis

80B . C . tobec ome bytheironyof

entofempirefortheR omanswhose

. Thepopularitywhichthe

some thoughdoubtful supportto

nga famousmonument.

peof Augustusisasilver

istamystic aandserpents longa

i lv e r P L A T X , 6 . T h e ad d it i on

thec istaandtheinsc riptionAS A

eminderthatthoughA siahadnotbeen

ypt herrestorationtotheempirewasan

uerorwhoseportraitappearedon

ec annotbeconsideredgreatart they

dpleasanttotheeye.

2 2. . H e ro di an V , 5 7 V I I , I , .

edbyA dolpheReinac h P yrrhusetlaNik de

191 ) , pp.19 29.Thearticleisan astonishingpiling

other.O fitsmanyingenioussuggestionsnot

we areleftwithnomoreevidencethanthat of

dianinthepassagesc ited. etH . B ulleintheartic le

osc her e ikondergriechisc henundr misc henMythologie

g 1 89 7 1 90 2 c ol s. 5 4- 5 6 c an c on cl ud e th at t he re c an b e

producetheV ictoriaoftheCuria. Thecoins

ourma orvariationsandonemightwellaskby

ceptoneasoriginaland re ecttheothersas

thefac tthatthef igureisshowntolef t toright

thatit hadastatuarymodel sincestatuesmay

s anythingthatisviewedfromthree sidesmust

onc ethatpositionistaken thedetailsc anberesolutely

o p . ci t . p . 1 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

nthelatercoinageof Augustusis

dbeengrantedthat honorablename

onstitutionhadbeenarrangedin

oeigncon uestbutinternalorgani-

hisattentionandforthe successof

semployed.Tensionwith arthia

owar wascomposedbydiplo-

ofhis lieutenantsagainsttheGer-

callforadvertisement. etasan

oesappear. Spanishmints beginning

erw iththeC lupeusV irtutis P L A T

aninterestingc ombination. oronething

neaththestatueof V ictoryinthe

foranothertheideasarec omplementary .

ntedto Augustus virtutis cle-

etatisc ausa anditmightbeunder-

oryofAugustuswhichhadmade

inthenewage and c onversely that

y ualitiesthathehadbeenvic-

tpoint inthetheologyofour

giftof thegodshadbeenfamiliarf rom

ssitwas alwaysassumedthat

dofthosewith suitablepowers.

eA le ander ofsuc hsurprisingpower

victorywouldalwaysbehis. B ut

ervedbymoral ualitiesaswell

ea convertingareligiousconcept

veryfamiliarinthelinesofV ergiland

cessfulstatementofa novel

notbeclassedasartisticsuccesses.

ementofthedesignandit must

n T h m e d e l A r t i m p r i al r o ma i n: l a V i c t oi r e d A u-

d a r ch o l og i e et d H i s t o ri e d e l E c ol e f ra n a i se d e R o m e

.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ts inscriptionshallmakeitclear

newiththiscirclethefigureof the

killofthe die-sinkers.Thetype

t likeagreatteatray isawkward

L A T X , 7 , b u t it i s b et t er t h an t h e

t o b e di v in g o ve r i t P L A T X , 8 .

hatofthe oldNikeflyingabove

butthenewgroupis hopelesslyun-

eproportionsismoresuccessful.

usreturnedfromGaulaf terreorgani ing

tly inthene tyear aportrait

ndiiofRomewithalittleV ic tory

n hi s h ea d P L A T X , O ) . T h e di s -

anon thefamiliargroupswitha

Nike butitdoesnot seemtohave

snot repeatedandthesurviving

ngstothelateryearsof Augustus:

nattitudethathad notbeenseen

heoccurson agold uinariusof

L A T X , 9 a nd m ay h av e re fe re nc e to t he

annoniaforwhichofficialcredit

hoseauspiceshefought.Sheis as

a rareintruderinanotherwise

therk indsofV ic torywereusedonthe

yw ithatrophy " threevarietiesof

obe butitwastheseatedgoddess

typeforthatdenomination.

s er v es s p ec i al m e nt i on P L A T X I ,

he astandborrowedafamouseastern

e T r i um v ir i mo n et a le s un t er A u gu s tu s ” N Z 1 9 4 6 p p .1 1 7 f.

n . 2.

n os .2 9 – 2 97 l .5 . 3 , 1 4 .

n os . 42 4 4 26 l . 9. 1 8 2 0 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



saltogetheraveryattrac tiveone. t

delyused.

essappearsonlyonthe gold

f irstyearC laudiusinventedatype

ampleofsyncretism.Afigureiden-

C A V GV STA hasthew ingsofV ic tory

s theserpentofSalus andsheveils

k e th a t of u d or P L A T X I , 4 .

utes anappropriatecreationof

asusedonbothgoldand silverand

ilesimpleV ictorywasalmost

rewereperfectlysuitableoccasions

asionofB ritain. Nero stypesof

ndarenotremarkablee c eptthat

nsishigh.Theperiod oftheCivil

wasthepric eofsurv ival—orperhaps

oducedfewnoveltiesintheideaof

lbutunderstandableattemptsto

or anotherofthecontestants

s V I C TO R I A G A B A A V G ”

T O N S 12 1V I CTO R I A M V E S AS AN . 12 2Mi no r

on eofGalba:R omeholding

h o ld i ng a a l la d iu m a n d V i t el l iu s h as

t o ry i n sc r ib i ng O B C V E S S R V o n a

P L A T X I , 5 . T h is i s a c om p li c at e d

ethingtotheV ictorywithatrophy

n o. 6 1 48 n o. 21 1 50 n o. 1 l .2 7. 5 1 7 2 5.

bolismhasbeenanaly edbyGrant P a

rsityof dinburgh ournal1949 pp. 229f f. Seealso

p. 127.

M C , l . 2 o a n dt he go ld u in ar ii l . 3 . 2 , 2 4.

5 . o I .

I .

71 nos. 61f. l. I , 1 , 1 4.

6. .

6 .

C r e a



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e

oclesandsomethingtotheclupeus

sumablythedesignerintendedto

ouldendthewar herfootisona

av ingthec iti ens. B utthesymbolism

rneeditbe. O rthodo ywasmain-

I C T O R I A A V G V S T b u t in f a ct

ov ic tory .

aspec tsof theRoman mperial

drepetitivecharacter.Thishasits

est butitmuchreducesthe

vesomethingnewtosay. nthe

sianmostoftheV ictoriesareadap-

sometimes uiterecentones. There

ctoryl.crowningtheemperor

6 w hi c h is e i th e r a de r iv a ti v e of b r on e o f S e-

A T V I I I , 5 o r a r e ma r ka b le c oi n ci d en c e. T h er e

aringtheV ictoryonacistamystica

adbeenusedon a uinariusof

P L A T X I 7 . V i c to ry t o th e le ft

h y P L A T X I , 8 i s a n ob v io u s ec h o

pe P L A T X , 4 m a d e n ov e l by

egoddessand alteringthedetails.

ote.V espasianhadnohesitation

t y pe o f h is r i va l V i t e ll i us P L A T X I I ,

esdopresentnewgroups:ononeV ic tory

legionaryeagletotheemperor ”

mthe alladium. B ut forthe

moreor lessliteralanduninspired

pes.Astimegoesontheminor

twouldbe uselesstoreviewthem

sof ad unctsorofpostureand

Grant R omanA nniversary ssues Cambridge

. 5 .6 .

.2 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



withotherfigures buttheyhave

ficanceofthegoddessand

ofartisticmerittheyhaveto

eningofthedivinepersonwhich

earlyseeninthegroupsofV ic tory

gustusthemeaningwasplain and

timportancetohim.Tiberius

notsosharplydefinedandthatofWi-

t h O B C V E S S R V s t il l l es s s o. T h er e

icitinthemselvesbutmoreambi-

omitianhasasestertiuswhich

E G R onashield. resumably

espoilstakenfromthe Germans.

o f Tr a a n V i c t or y wr i te s D A C C A , ”

V I C D A C P L A T X I I , ) , o ne is dr iv en

escribeis af terall. Thec on uest

ec orded isitanimmortalandeternal

cord orissheherself insomesense

c asion The uestionisstillmore

sof CommoduswhereVictory

holdsasty lusw ithwhichsheis

balancedonherleftknee.Shehas

butbelowher wheretheygiveevery

dentif ic ation arethewordsV I CT

X I I , 4 . t s ho ul d be r em ar ke d in p as si ng t ha t

epublicandidrachm thisseated

aconventionthatwasmain-

esforgenerations.

ein timetohaveamerelytopical

anentry inthe erialeDuranum

ry obvictoriasarabicamet

mma imam—victoriaeparthicae

o l . 72 .7 .

l .1 4 16 l .1 6.2 1 4.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

enearlierthanthe erialethereis

reistruckbySeptimiusSeverus

ventionalfigurewithwreathand

I A A R TH I C AM AX I M A P L A T X I , 9 .

efertothe actualphysicaleventand

atthefiguremustbe asymbolof

yintendedasacorrectiveisthe oc-

V I C TO R I A A T R N A o cc u rr i ng a s

phraseofverydubiousmetaphysical

rovedbyConstantine sV I C -

P E TV A . B utthedevelopmentwastheother

ommoduswefindaseriousdivorce

properfunctionona sestertiuson

e d V O D E , t h a t i s V O T S D E C N -

P T S.1 3

rationisthatforeshadowedby

thetypesw ithtwoV ic tories. The

eretheyaresimplyheraldicsup-

erianshowsthesimplestform

edSCandthemainlegendisV O TA

A T X I I , 2 . B u t t he n or ma l pu rp os e of t he s hi el d

hedec ennialor uin uennialvows

donhis behalf.SoAntoninianiof

eoccupiedwiththeimperialdate

TX whiletheenc irc linginsc riptionis

L T S X X . O n e m ig ht u rg e th at a s vi ct or y wa s

achievedandthetentocome the

st andthefuture butitseems

sinkerorthe userbotheredmuch

V i c t o ri a a r th i ca a n d ki n dr e d V i c to r ia e ” a l e Cl a s-

, 1 9 4 2 p p . 81 — I O I .

2 5 n os .1 49 f.

. 0 5 n o s. 6 47 f.

. o ff . 12 .

2 8 n o. 17 8.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



s.ThetwoV ictoriesweresimply

metricalpattern theeasiestdesign

nd.Sometimestheshieldis omit-

eopposed eitherclaspinghands

A T X I I , 5 . T h e d i sa p pe a ra n ce o f

dcanhardlybemademoreso even

numberisraised tothree.

haveanewelementtocontribute

ed:thepresenceofthe defeated.

ev e ru s i s ty p ic a l P L A T X I I , 6 :

C A s h ow s wh i ch c on t es t i s i nt e nd e d an d a t th e

captive.Sometimestherearetwo

evictimisbeingtrampledbyV ictory

ntius I , ” sometimesdragged

ommonbron esofTheodosius and

I I , 7 w he re t he i ns cr ip ti on S A V S R E l -

eekstogivethesanc tionof thegeneralwelfare

merebrutality.Theemperorfre-

ofV ictoryinthesescenesandshows

tantius whenhecallshimself

H O ST V M O r D E B E L L A TO R G N T V M B AR B A R O R V M .1 9

sthatof V ictoryguidingtheship

asontheConstantinianbron esin-

P O L I S P L A T X I I , 8 o rw it ht he

her onthebron esofConstans

P L A T X I I I , 1 o f th e se ri es i ns cr ib ed

P A R A T O . T h is l as t e a m pl e sh ow s ac om -

R I C V . , p . 10 , n os .7 99 f.

llionsallowsthemsometimesto presentmuch

ation.Numerianisshownon horsebackattack-

ne ualitybeingc ompensatedbytwoV ic tories

V . 2 p . 1 94 n o . 40 1 G n e cc h i no . 1 l a te 4 7 .

. , p . 15 6 n os . 29 4 f. p . 15 8 n o. I I . C ar au si us

n o. 5 0 .

p p. 4 76 f. n o. 2 7 .

n o s. 2 , 2 4 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e

riginalpagancharacterwhichhad

edbytheissuesof thefirstChristian

sheherself isdif ferent butherethe

phoeni whosesignific anc eis

mesalabaruminstead thestandard

am whosesignificanceisnot.The

einwhichtheformergoddessis

ofanewdeitybywhomhernature

fec ted. romnowon w ithin-

sheisonlythelessercompanionof the

piremaderashe perimentswith

mismaticdesigns thefacing

metimessoportrayed— with

oldpieceof Constantinehasthe

ng holdingthefamiliarshield P L A T

. A no t he r d es i gn o f D i o c le t ia n s ho w s a V i c to r y fl y in g

vetwoemperorsenthronedtothe

I I , ) . T h is i s s om e wh a t mo r e at t ra c ti v e.

ndeditself toV alentinian andhis

ittleV ictoryisreallyabsurd

, 4 .

eriodisnotableforthegreat

typesused anditisrare thata

herearetwophenomenathatcall

sebyTheodosius ofaseparatetype

wasstruc k inallmetalsandwas

r- in -l aw u do i a P L A T X I I I , 5

yherdaughterGalla lac idiaandby

ulc heria. twastheoldseatedV ic tory

orespectssheisnew. nthef irstplac e

thoughthesimilartypeonthe gold

rvesthetraditionofshowingher

r changeismuchmoreimportant

he shieldisnownovotivedate

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



m. V ic toryhas infac t bec omean

is uitease plicit.Theo-

sreignw iththegoldtypesfamiliartohis

tionofhis vicennaliaheintroduced

andingtotheleftand supporting

T X I I I , 6 . T hi s pi ou s an om al y u ic kl y

0years untilthereignofZ enoat

thiswasthesolidustypepare c el-

o nl y wi t h th e d at e V O T X X M V L T X X X ,

amiliartitleV I CTO R I A A V GG. The

so becomefi ed.Theformerhas

nhershielda datewhichisnotal-

yspossiblewhenit canberead

I , 7 . S o f ar a s t he h a st y a nd c a re l es s d ra wi n g

shec ontinuesthethoroughlyoutdated

othewaist butsheisc onverted for

tleChristogramin thefield.O n

rstobewalkingforward perhaps

fthegoddessalightingon aglobe

herrighthandshebearsthec onven-

erotherisaglobuscruc iger P L A T

. A ll t h re e V i c t or i es a r e th e re f or e e p r es s ly c on -

on.Thepaganfiguredoes indeed

helargebron eswhichZ enostruc k

hemiserableminimiwhichhad

ebron ec urrenc y. Shef liestothe

yand isaccompaniedbythe

M Aor G O R I A R O MANO R V M P L AT X I I I , 9 .

ficationsfortheChristiani ed

oundergo. O ne aminorone was

tedascepterwiththeChristian

ross. Theother ama oranda

thecoinsof ustin theprof ile

ingoneleaningwiththerighthand

C r e a



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e

gaglobuscrucigerinthe left

I , 8 . T h e re ma r ka b le t h in g i s th a t t ho u gh t h e in -

R I A A V GG thef igurewearsthemale

The ingenuityofA.A.V asiliev

gestedthattheoccasionwasthereli-

eof519. Whetherornottheyare

iststhroughthereignof ustinian.

ateverreason thoughhekepttheinscrip-

withthe oldfigureofConstantinople

misandtrienswere preserved

essionofTiberius I in578. Heused

esofhisgoldand soputanend

of pagansymbolismontheR oman

C am b ri d ge 1 9 50 . x c u rs u s. T h e Ar c ha n ge l v o ry i n

theCoinsof ustinthe irst ” pp. 418 420.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



L A T S

. e n ki n s R . A . G . C ar s on a n d G. e R i d e r fo r

mthe B ritishMuseumandtheCabinetdes

indicatedtheillustrationistakenfroma published

I I , p . 1 n o. 1 9. a ri s. . .

l . V , 9 . o nd on . .. . . . .4

ia l . X V I , 7. o n do n . .. . 4

I I , p . 4 5 n o . 7 8 .. . . . . . . . 5 7

o I . 5. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 5

8 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5

2 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

n o. 1 3 . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 5

ieM n envonSyrakus

. AN S. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . 7

9 n o . 4 . A NS . .. . . . .. . . .7

n o . 46 . AN S . . .. . . . . . . . .

y p. 100 no. 16. ANS. . . 8

a y p . 7 , n o . . o nd on . .. . 8

loydCollec tion805. ondon. 8

M o ne t e gr e ch e d el l a Si c il i a l . X ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

862. ondon. . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. i t w i ll i am M u se u m

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 8

p . 4 , n o. . o nd on . .. . . . O

6 . o n do n .. . . . . . . . . . . . O

p p . 18 4 f. n o . 7 6 . o n do n . I

1 7 6 n o . 20 1 . o n do n . 8 I

p. 104 no. 49. ondon. . .. 12

n o . 7 . o nd on . .. . . . .. . . 2

1 72 n o . 18 8 . o n do n . . .. . . . . 2

n o . 59 . o n do n . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2

5 n o. 4 . o nd on . .. . . .. . . . 2

y p . 9 6 n o . 25 . AN S . . .. . . 3

. 2 29 n o . 8 . o n do n . .. . . 1

1 , n o. 8 8. o nd on . .. . . .. . . . . 3

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



.

at e r. C as t i n AN S . . .. . . . . . . . . . 3

6 o . o n do n . . . .. . . . . . . . 3

o n do n .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3

. o n do n . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

b . o n do n . .. . . . . . . . . . 4

o nd on . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 4 1 6

o nd on . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 4 5

A NS . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 4 5

o n do n . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

p . 2 n o. o . o nd on . .. . . . 6 5 6

92 4 l . , o . o nd on . .. . . .. 7 5 6

. X I X , 9 . o nd on . 17 2 0 2 4

8 7 7. o n do n . . . .. . . . . . . . 8

y p . 8 1 n o .5 0 . o n do n . . .. . 1 8

l . V I , 1 6 . o nd on . .. . . . 9 2 7

A mp h ip o li s . AN S . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2

Tarsus. NewellTarsosunder

2 A N S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Sic ily p. 195 no. 78. A NS.

Numismatic a l. 21 724

a.NewellWesternSeleucid

. A N S . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 2 5

s. Newell asternSeleuc id

, 1 4 . AN S. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . 27 4

is . N ew el l D e m e tr i us l . I ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

t w il li am l . X X X I I I p as -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . O

dus. B abelonRoisdeSyrie

.

. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 3

M C S i ci l y p . 2 0 , n o . 4 3 . 1

. 2 1 , n o . 5 4 2. A NS . . . . . . . . . I

M C Th e ss a ly l . X X , 7 .

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

b id . l . X X , 8 . o n do n . .. . 2

CThessaly l. X X , 8.

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



idrac hm. c f . B MCR e-

-on-the-Tigris. SM l. X V ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 4

. S N G i t w i ll i am 2 1 .

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ca -o n -t h e- T ig r is . W S M l . I ,

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 5

a-on-the-Tigris. SM l.

o . AN S. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 6

S M l . X X I I , 4 . AN S. 6

wellMiscellaneaNumis-

AN S . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9

tioc h. NewellSeleuc idMintof

4 . AN S . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7

M C h o en i ci a p . 3 ,

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 9

. cf . B M C o nt us l . V , 2 .

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 0

e o t ia l . V I , 7 . A N S. . . . . . 4

I , 8 . AN S .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

william 05.ANS.... ...42

. X X I V , o 1 1 .A NS .. . .. . .. . .. 44

l . X X V , 1 5 . A NS . . . . 45

l . X I I I , 8 1 2 1 5 . AN S . . .. 4 6

l . X X I I I , , 2 4 7 . .. . . .. . 46

c f . ibid. l. X X X , 8. A NS. 47

ibid. 1. X CV , 15 16. A NS. 47

c f . ibid. l. X CV I , . A NS47

. i bi d . l . V I , o . A NS . . . 49

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. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 4 8

M C R e p u bl i c I I , l . C X ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

M C R e pu bl ic I I , l . I V ,

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

. i bi d . l . I V , o . AN S . .. 5 0

I V , 2 . AN S. . . . .. . . .5 0

fB M C m p ir e , l . 1 5

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 5 2

c f .i b id . l . 4 1 9 . AN S . .. 5

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f . ibid. l. 15 20. A NS. .

l. 9 8. A NS. . . . . .

l . 9 5 A NS . .. . . .

ib i d. l . I , 1 2 . A NS .

id. l. 20 5. . . . . . .

M C m p ir e , l . 1 6 1 4 .

l. 2 , . A NS. . . .

. ibid. l. 25 I . ondon.

d l. 1 5A NS. . . . . .

. ibid. l. 6 , 6. A NS. . . .

M C m p ir e I , l . 6 7 8 .

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

ibid. l. 5 . A NS. . . . . .

1 . o nd on .

us. B MC mpireV , l.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

cf . B M C m pi r e I , l . 2 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

. R I C V . . p . 6 0 n o s.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M C m pi re I I , l . 0 1 .

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

M C m p ir e V , l . 1 05 8 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

e n V I I p . 4 1 n o . 1 7 6. A NS . .

narius. c f . B MC mpireV ,

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

C X , p . 2 4 n o . 86 c . A NS .

I I , p . 2 4 n o . 12 . AN S .

e n V I I , p . 4 0 6 n o . 9. A NS . . .

i b id . p . 0 5 n o . 65 2 . AN S .

I C V , a rt 2 l . X I I , 1 5.

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

C X , p . 77 5 d . A NS . .

fT o ls t oi l . 4 1 6 1 4 0. A NS .

dus. c f . ibid. l. 5 47. A NS.

l . 5 6 1 6 2 . AN S .

a nt in e l . I , o I . AN S. .. .

l . o 6 5 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T ol s to i l . 8 1 9 2 1 .. . . . . . . . . .

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Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt

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