Victorian Sustainability Conference
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Transcript of Victorian Sustainability Conference
1Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Victorian Sustainability ConferenceVictorian Sustainability Conference
Earthship Brighton (UK) – The first building utilising TecEco eco-cements
I will have to race over some slides but the presentation is always downloadable from the TecEco web site if you missed something. John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA.
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The Problem – A Planet in CrisisThe Problem – A Planet in Crisis
TecEco are in the BIGGEST Business on the Planet - Solving Sustainability Problems Economically
TecEco are in the BIGGEST Business on the Planet - Solving Sustainability Problems Economically
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Demographic Explosion? Demographic Explosion?
?
Developed Countries
Undeveloped Countries
Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet is exploding.
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Atmospheric Carbon DioxideAtmospheric Carbon Dioxide
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Global Temperature AnomalyGlobal Temperature Anomaly
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Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint
Our footprint is exceeding the capacity of the planet to support it. We are not longer sustainable as a species and must change our ways
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Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint
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Victoria Before SettlementVictoria Before Settlement
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Victoria NowVictoria Now
Paper Mill - Soda liquor + Cl
Forestry - Cover removal
Farming - Pesticide, N & K
Cows - methane
Vehicles - carbon dioxide
Immediate and polluted run-off.Pollution.Carbon dioxide and other gases.Sewerage. Huge linkages
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Victoria with a Little Lateral Thinking & EffortVictoria with a Little Lateral Thinking & Effort
Less paper. Other Cl free processes - no salinity
Evolution away from using trees – paperless office
Organic farming Carbon returned to soils. Use of zeolite reduces water and fertilizer required by 2/3
Cows – CSIO anti methane bred
Vehicles – more efficient and using fuel cells
Porous pavement prevents immediate and polluted run-off. Carbon dioxide and other gases absorbed by TecEco eco-cements. Sewerage converted to fertilizer and returned to soils. Buildings generate own energy etc.
TecEco technology provides ways ofsequestering carbon dioxide and utilising wastes to create our techno - world
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Innovative New Materials VitalInnovative New Materials Vital We need to think at the supply and waste end when we design
building materials – not just about the materials utility phase in the middle
Making the built environment not only a repository for recyclable resources (referred to as waste) but a huge carbon sink is an alternative and adjunct that is politically viable as it potentially results in economic benefits.
Concrete, a cementitous composite, is the single biggest material flow on the planet with over 2 tonnes per person produced and a good place to start.
By including carbon, materialsare potentially carbon sinks.
By including wastes many problems at the waste end are solved.
Eco-cement example
MgCO3 → MgO + ↓CO2 - Efficient low temperature calcination & capture
MgO + ↓CO2 + H2O → MgCO3.3H2O - Sequestration as building material
Δ
C
C
C
CC
C
C
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TecEco & Integrated ProcessesTecEco & Integrated Processes Silicate → Carbonate Mineral Sequestration
– Using either peridotite, forsterite or serpentine as inputs to a silicate reactor process CO2 is sequestered and magnesite produced.
– Proven by others (NETL,MIT,TNO, Finnish govt. etc.) Tec-Kiln Technology
– Combined calcining and grinding in a closed system allowing the capture of CO2. Powered by waste heat, solar or solar derived energy.
– To be proved but simple and should work! Direct Scrubbing of CO2 using MgO
– Being proven by others (NETL,MIT,TNO, Finnish govt. etc.) Eco-Cement Concretes in the Built
Environment.– TecEco eco-cements set by absorbing CO2 and are as
good as proven.
TecEco
EconomicunderKyoto?
TecEco
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The TecEco Total ProcessThe TecEco Total Process
Iron Ore. Silicate Reactor Process
Silicic Acids or Silica
Solar or Wind Electricity Powered
Tec-KilnCO2 for Geological Sequestration
Oxide Reactor Process
CO2 from Power Generation, Industry or CO2 Directly From the Air
Magnesite MgCO3)
Crushing
Grinding
Screening
Magnetic Sep.
Heat Treatment
Serpentine Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
Crushing
Grinding
Screening
Gravity Concentration
Olivine Mg2SiO4
Magnesia (MgO)
MgO for TecEco Cements and Sequestration by Eco-Cements in the Built Environment
Other Wastes after Processing
Tonnes CO2 Sequestered per Tonne Silicate with Various Cycles through the TecEco Process
Chrysotile (Serpentinite) Billion Tonnes
Forsterite (Mg Olivine) Billion Tonnes
Tonnes CO2 sequestered by 1 billion tonnes of mineral mined directly .4769 .6255
Tonnes CO2 captured during calcining .4769 .6255
Tonnes CO2 captured by eco-cement .4769 .6255
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated per tonne mineral mined (Single calcination cycle).
1.431 1.876
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Five calcination cycles.) 3.339 4.378
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Ten calcination cycles). 5.723 7.506
Simplified TecEco ReactionsTec-Kiln MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 - 118 kJ/moleReactor Process MgO + CO2 → MgCO3 + 118 kJ/mole (usually more complex hydrates)
Magnesite (MgCO3)
CO2 from Power Generation or Industry
Magnesium Thermodynamic
Cycle
Waste Sulfuric Acid or Alkali?
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Why Mangesium CompoundsWhy Mangesium Compounds Because magnesium has a low molecular weight,
proportionally a much greater amount of CO2 is released or captured.
This, together with the high proportion of water in the binder is what makes construction the built environment out of CO2 and water so exciting.
Imagine the possibilities if CO2 could be captured during the manufacture of eco-cement!
%5284
44
3
2
MgCO
CO
%43101
44
3
2
CaCO
CO
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TecEco Kiln TechnologyTecEco Kiln Technology
CO2
Grinds and calcines at the same time.
Runs 25% to 30% more efficiency.Can be powered by solar energy
or waste heat.Brings mineral sequestration and
geological sequestration together Captures CO2 for bottling and sale to the oil industry (geological sequestration). The products – CaO &/or MgO can be used to sequester more CO2 and then be
re-calcined. This cycle can then be repeated. Suitable for making reactive reactive MgO.
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A Post – Carbon AgeA Post – Carbon Age
Prehistoric Classic Renaissance Industrial Revolution Contemporary Post Carbon Age
Recyclable Recyclable
CO2
Wattle & daub Stone Mud brick Etc.
Stone
Stone Brick
Concrete Concrete Steel Aluminium
Eco-cements
We all use carbon and wastes to make our homes!
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TecEco CementsTecEco CementsSUSTAINABILITY
DURABILITY STRENGTHTECECO CEMENTS
Hydration of the various components of Portland cement for strength.
Reaction of alkali with pozzolans (e.g. lime with fly ash.) for sustainability, durability and strength.
Hydration of magnesia => brucite fo strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability. In Eco-cements carbonation of brucite => nesquehonite, lansfordite and an amorphous phase for sustainability.
PORTLAND
POZZOLAN
MAGNESIA
TecEco concretes are a system of blending reactive magnesia, Portland cement and usually a pozzolan with other materials and are a key factor for sustainability.
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Eco-Cement compared to Carbonating Lime Mortar. Eco-Cement compared to Carbonating Lime Mortar. The underlying chemistry is very similar however eco-
cements are potentially superior to lime mortars because:– The calcination phase of the magnesium thermodynamic cycle takes
place at a much lower temperature– Magnesium minerals are generally more fibrous and acicular than
calcium minerals and hence a lot stronger.– Water forms part of the binder minerals that forming making the cement
component go further.– Magnesium hydroxide in particular and to some extent the carbonates
are less reactive and mobile and thus much more durable.– A less reactive environment with a lower long term pH. (around 10.5
instead of 12.35) Because magnesium has a low molecular weight,
proportionally a much greater amount of CO2 is captured. Carbonation in the built environment would result in
significant sequestration because of the shear volumes involved.
Carbonation adds considerable strength and some steel reinforced structural concrete could be replaced with fibre reinforced porous carbonated concrete.
19Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
TecEco Binders - Solving Waste ProblemsTecEco Binders - Solving Waste Problems
There are huge volumes of concrete produced annually ( 2 tonnes per person per year )
The goal should be to make cementitious composites that can utilise wastes.
TecEco cements provide a benign environment suitable for waste immobilisation
Many wastes such as fly ash, sawdust , shredded plastics etc. can improve a property or properties of the cementitious composite.
There are huge materials flows in both wastes and building and construction. TecEco technology will lead the world in the race to incorporate wastes in cementitous composites
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TecEco Binders - Solving Waste Problems (2)TecEco Binders - Solving Waste Problems (2)
TecEco cementitious composites represent a cost affective option for both use and immobilisation of waste.– Lower reactivity (less water, lower pH).– Reduced solubility of heavy metals (lower pH).– Greater durability.– Dense.– Impermeable (tec-cements).– Homogenous.– No bleed water.– Are not attacked by salts in ground or sea water.– Are dimensionally more stable with less cracking.
TecEco Technology Converting Waste to Resource
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Lower Solubility of Metal HydroxidesLower Solubility of Metal Hydroxides
Pb(OH) Cr(OH) 3
Zn(OH) 2
Ag(OH) Cu(OH) 2 Ni(OH) 2 Cd(OH) 2
10 -6
10 -4
10 -2
10 0
10 2
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n o
f D
isso
lved
Met
al, (
mg
/L)
14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Equilibrium pH of brucite is 10.52 (more ideal)*
Equilibrium pH of Portlandite is 12.35*
*Equilibrium pH’s in pure water, no other ions present. The solubility of toxic metal hydroxides is generally less at around pH 10.52 than at higher pH’s.
There is a 104 difference
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ChangeChange“It is not the strongest of the species
that survives, nor the most intelligent; it is the one that is most adaptable to change (Darwin, C., 1859).”
Drivers for Change:– The necessity of converting waste to
resources– The demand for sustainability– The introduction of robotics into construction.– Improved materials.– More economic materials
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DriversDrivers
Producer Push
The opportunity cost of compliant waste disposal Profitability and cost recovery Technical merit Resource issues Research objectives
Consumer Pull
Environmental sentiment Cost and technical advantages?
Government Influence
Carbon Taxes Provision of Research Funds Environmental education
Huge Markets Cement 2 billion tonnes. Bricks 130,000 million tonnes
• TecEco cements are the only binders capable of utilising very large quantities of wastes based on physical property rather than chemical composition overcoming significant global disposal problems, and reducing the impact of landfill taxes.
• TecEco eco-cements can sequester CO2 on a large scale and will therefore provide carbon accounting advantages.
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The Solution must be Economic.The Solution must be Economic.
With record energy prices the argument of Hawken and Lovins in the book Natural Capitalism that sustainability makes good business sense has never been more vindicated
Moves towards ensuring a sustainable future by changing the materials we use have to be more economic than not changing them.– Otherwise, given human nature, they will not happen
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Economically Driven SustainabilityEconomically Driven Sustainability
The challenge is to harness human behaviours which underlay economic supply and demand phenomena by changing the technical paradigm in favour of making carbon dioxide and other wastes resources.
Sustainable processes are more efficient and therefore more economic. What is needed are sustainable process that also deliver sustainable materials and innovation will deliver these new technical paradigms.
ECONOMICS
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Cultural Change and Paradigm Shifts in TechnologyCultural Change and Paradigm Shifts in Technology
Increase in demand/price ratio for sustainability due to educationally induced cultural drift.
#
$
Demand
Supply
Increase in supply/price ratio for more sustainable products due to innovative changes in the technical paradigm.
Equilibrium shiftECONOMICS
Greater Value/for impact (Sustainability)
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To Make Carbon and Wastes Resources the Key is To Change the
Technology Paradigm
To Make Carbon and Wastes Resources the Key is To Change the
Technology Paradigm“By enabling us to make productive use of particular raw materials, technology determines what constitutes a physical resource1”
1.Pilzer, Paul Zane, Unlimited Wealth, The Theory and Practice of Economic Alchemy, Crown Publishers Inc. New York.1990Changing the technical paradigm will affect the supply of and demand for more sustainable materials
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Materials – The Key to SustainabilityMaterials – The Key to Sustainability
Biosphere - Geosphere Techno - World Materials are the link
between the bio-geo-sphere and techno-sphere and the key to sustainability. They are everything between and define the take and waste.
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A Killer Application for Waste?A Killer Application for Waste? Wastes
– Utilizing wastes based on their chemical composition involves energy consuming transport.
– Wastes could be utilized as resources depending on their class of properties rather than chemical composition.
• in vast quantities based on broadly defined properties such as light weight, tensile strength, insulating capacity, strength or thermal capacity in composites.
• Many wastes contain carbon and if utilized would result in net carbon sinks.
TecEco binders enable many wastes to be converted to resources. Two examples:– Plastics– Sawdust and wood waste
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Sustainability SummarySustainability Summary A more holistic approach is to reduce energy
consumption as well as sequester carbon. To reduce our linkages with the environment we
must convert waste to resource (recycle). Sequestration and recycling have to be economic
processes or they have no hope of success. We cannot stop progress, but we can change and
historically economies thrive on change. What can be changed is the technical paradigm.
CO2 and wastes need to be redefined as resources. New and better materials are required that utilize
wastes including CO2 to create a wide range of materials suitable for use in our built environment.
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Policy SummaryPolicy SummaryGovernments cannot easily legislate for
sustainability, it is more important that ways are found to make sustainability good business.– “Feel good” legislation does not work.– Deposit Legislation works but is difficult to implement
successfully.– Carbon rationing would be difficult to achieve globally.– Need to underpin Kyoto with a real price for carbon.
It is therefore important for governments to make efforts to understand new technical paradigms that will change the techno-process so it delivers sustainable outcomes
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The Largest Material Flow - Cement and ConcreteThe Largest Material Flow - Cement and Concrete
Concrete made with cement is the most widely used material on Earth accounting for some 30% of all materials flows on the planet and 60 - 70% of all materials flows in the built environment.– Global Portland cement production is in the order of 2
billion tonnes per annum. – Globally over 14 billion tonnes of concrete are poured
per year.– That’s over 2 tonnes per person per annum
TecEco Pty. Ltd. have benchmark technologies for improvement in
sustainability and properties
TecEco Pty. Ltd. have benchmark technologies for improvement in
sustainability and properties
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Embodied Energy of Building MaterialsEmbodied Energy of Building Materials
Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm (last accessed 07 March 2000)
Concrete is relatively environmentally friendly and has a relatively low embodied energy
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Cement Production = Carbon Dioxide EmissionsCement Production = Carbon Dioxide Emissions
0200,000,000400,000,000600,000,000800,000,000
1,000,000,0001,200,000,0001,400,000,0001,600,000,0001,800,000,0002,000,000,000
M etric Tonnes
Year
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Emissions from Cement ProductionEmissions from Cement Production
Portland cement used in construction is made from carbonate.
The process of calcination involves driving off chemically bound CO2 with heat.
CaCO3 →CaO + ↑CO2 ∆
Heating also requires energy.– 94% of energy is still derived from fossil fuels.– Fuel oil, coal and natural gas are directly or indirectly burned to
produce the energy required releasing CO2.
The production of cement for concretes accounts for around 10%(1) of global anthropogenic CO2.
(1) Pearce, F., "The Concrete Jungle Overheats", New Scientist, 19 July, No 2097, 1997 (page 14).
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Average Embodied Energy in BuildingsAverage Embodied Energy in Buildings
Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm (last accessed 07 March 2000)
But because so much is used there is a huge opportunity for sustainability by reducing the embodied energy, reducing the carbon debt (net emissions) and improving properties.
Most of the embodied energy in the built environment is in concrete.
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Landfill – The Visible Legacy of Not RecyclingLandfill – The Visible Legacy of Not Recycling
Landfill is the technical term for filling large holes in the ground with waste. Landfills release methane, can cause ill health in the area, lead to the contamination of land, underground water, streams and coastal waters and give rise to various nuisances including increased traffic, noise, odours, smoke, dust, litter and pests.
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TecEco Binders - Utilising WastesTecEco Binders - Utilising Wastes An important objective should be to make cementitious
composites that can utilise wastes. TecEco cements provide a benign environment suitable
for waste immobilisation. Many wastes such as fly ash, sawdust , shredded plastics
etc. can improve a property or properties of the cementitious composite.
There are huge materials flows in both wastes and building and construction. TecEco technology leads the world in the race to incorporate wastes in cementitous composites
39Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
The Impact of TecEco TechnologyThe Impact of TecEco TechnologyTecEco magnesian cement technology will be
pivotal in bringing about sustainability in the built environment.– Tec-Cements Develop Significant Early Strength even
with Added Supplementary Materials. Around 25 = 30% less binder is required for the same strength.
– Eco-cements carbonate sequestering CO2
– Both tec and eco=cements provide a benign low pH environment for hosting large quantities of waste
The CO2 released by calcined carbonates used to make binders can be captured using TecEco kiln technology.
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TecEco Challenging the WorldTecEco Challenging the World The TecEco technology is new and not yet fully
characterised. TecEco cement technology offers
– a new tool– sustainability in the built environment not previously considered
possible. The world desperately needs a way of sequestering large
volumes of CO2 such as made possible by eco-cements. Formula rather than performance based standards are
preventing the development of new and better materials based on mineral binders.
TecEco challenge universities governments and construction authorities to quantify performance in comparison to ordinary Portland cement and other competing materials.
We at TecEco will do our best to assist. Negotiations are underway in many countries to organise
supplies to allow such scientific endeavour to proceed.