Victoria University of Wellington 16 February 2016
The Internet of Things Introduction and IssuesBob Kinicki Computer Science Department Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, Massachusetts USA Victoria University of Wellington 16 February 2016 The Internet of Things (IoT)
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Cisco Commercial Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
A Few IoT Facts A researcher first used the phrase Internet of Things in 1999. The first Article about IoT in 2004 from MIT researchers called I0 (Internet 0). Why it is important to our future? Optimistic prediction: 7 trillion wireless devices for 7 billion people by 2020 Does it exist now? Some say Yes !! Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Birth of IoT? Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
A Few More IoT Facts In the second quarter of 2010 AT&T and Verizon announced that non-human objects - interconnected devices - came online in greater numbers than human subscribers. The Internet of Things is here, penetrating society quietly and efficiently" (Oxford, 2011). Engineers who have been preparing this technology have estimated that over 20% of the non-video traffic of the Net will come from Internet of Thing sensors in just a few years. (Vasseur & Dunkel, 2010). Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Vision for the Internet of Things
The IoT includes many objects (preferably smart objects) connected and communicating effectively with people on the Internet to help solve the problems of the world. These objects are uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols. The Wireless Sensor Network components of IoT are sets of objects that interact with each other and cooperate with their neighbors to reach common goals. The expectation is for IoT to have high impact both positively and negatively (disruptive technologies and potential threats). Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things IoT Applications Growth
There will be significant IoT adoption across many business verticals (e.g., agriculture, healthcare, manufacturing, retail, and transportation) as well as connected home deployments (i.e., video security, smart meters, lighting/temperature control, etc.). Connected healthcare, with applications such as health monitors, medicine dispensers, first-responder connectivity, and telemedicine, will be the fastest growing industry segment. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Smart Grid LoCal Project Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Smart Homes Connected Home Appshome automation, home security and video surveillance, connected white goods, and tracking applications, nearly half of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)connections by 2019. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things A Smart Light (Philips Hue)
Tunable light, 16 million colors Activated by smart phone or over Zigbee wireless Can serve as alarm clock Can synch colors to movies or possibly music Philips never anticipated the demand - sold out in three months at Apple stores! Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Smart Corks The RFID* read-write tags embedded into the corks use Philips' ISO I-Code SLI MHz chip with 1,024 bits of memory. RFID* = Radio Frequency IDentification Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Enabling Technologies
Technologies needed RFID Near Field Communications (NFC) Power-Aware Sensors* Mobile and Smart Phones Nanoscience and Miniaturization Smart Objects (intelligence) and Robotics M2M (Machine-to- Machine) communication New Operating Systems TinyOS, Contiki, Mist, RIOT, Brillo Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Corporate IoT Players Cisco IBM Philips Walmart Nokia (Finland) Google- announces Brillo as IoT OS! Europes biggest chip maker, STMicroelectronics, and the worlds third-largest chip maker, Texas Instruments, are to use the tiny Mist operating system developed by Swedens Thingsquare for use by devices on the Internet of Things. It should make it easier to connect anything from streetlights to thermostats. - March 13,2013 Wall Street Journal Tech Europe Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Brief Review of IoT Issues
Privacy/Security Concerns M2M Growth Predictions Development and Standardization of Protocols Wireless Sensor Network Issues CoAP Border Routers Traffic Flow Routing Power Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Privacy and Security Privacy, security and trust concerns must be managed within IoT protocols Big Brother security cameras, police state Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Coke Commercial Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Reaction to Coke Commercial
One Perspective Coke commercial about security cameras was so cool. Let's look at the world a little differently. Going to drink a coke in honor. Another Perspective Ad full of hidden security-cam moments:Coke proudly proclaims itself Official Soft Drink Of The Security State. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
M2M in Manufacturing Trending Monitoring Data Analytics Management Ethernet WiFi GPRS RS232 RS485 Operations Controllers hartcomm.org Field Units Culler Slide Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
M2M Motivation Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications imply networked devices exchanging information seamlessly without human intervention. IoT is a major driver for M2M applications. Smartphone pervasiveness makes them critical to IoT and mobile M2M communications predictions for the future are high: 2018mobile M2M will be 6% of all mobile data. 2020number of vehicles with built-in M2M connection capabilities will reach 90% of the market. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Cisco M2M Predictions M2M 10.5 billion connections by 2019
(up from 3.3 billion in 2014). Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
M2M Impact Connected Health consumer segment will be the fastest M2M connections growth at 8.6-fold (54 percent CAGR) from 2014 to 2019; Annual global M2M IP traffic will grow 15-fold over this same periodfrom 308 petabytes in 2014 (0.5 percent of global IP traffic) to 4.6 exabytes* by 2019 (2.7 percent of global IP traffic). * The exabyte (EB) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. 1 EB= 10006bytes = 1018bytes = B = 1000petabytes = 1 million terabytes Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Internet Layered Architecture
Diverse Object and Data Models (HTML, XML, , BacNet, ) 7: app Application (Telnet, FTP, SMTP, SNMP, HTTP) 4: xport Transport (UDP/IP, TCP/IP) 3: net Network (IP) 6LoWPAN 2: link Link Serial Modem X3T9.5 FDDI 802.3 Ethernet 802.5 Token Ring 802.11 WiFi LoWPAN 802.3a Ethernet 10b2 802.11a WiFi 802.11b WiFi 802.3i Ethernet 10bT ISDN Sonet 802.11g WiFi 802.3y Ethernet 100bT 802.11n WiFi DSL 802.3ab Ethernet 1000bT GPRS 802.3an Ethernet 1G bT 1: phy Culler Slide Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
The Old Protocol Stack Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
The New Stack with WSNs Border Router BR WSN Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Standardization of IP Stack
Important Stack Pieces: CoAP vs MQTT-S, DTLS *6LoWPAN, RPL RPL (Routing Protocol for LLN) uses Trickle. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
M2M with Sensors CoAP versus MQTT-S {IBM} WSN needs neighbor object discovery. Node exterior to WSN queries sensor. M2M can include sensor as a server. Issue is sensor power usage. Event-based preferred over periodic scheduling. Use publish-subscriber scheme (often with a broker at the BR). Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Publish-Subscribe Concept
external request sensor Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things 6LoWPAN Header Compression using 802.15.4
Standard IPv6 header is 40 bytes [RFC 2460] Entire MTU is 127 bytes[IEEE ] Often data payload is small Fragmentation Interoperability means that applications need not know the constraints of physical links that might carry their packets IP packets may be large, compared to max frame size IPv6 requires all links support 1280 byte packets[RFC 2460] Allow link-layer mesh routing under IP topology subnets may utilize multiple radio hops per IP hop Similar to LAN switching within IP routing domain in Ethernet Allow IP routing over a mesh of nodes Options and capabilities already well-defined Various protocols to establish routing tables Energy calculations and 6LoWPAN impact Culler Slide Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Chaos at the Stack Bottom
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Border Router Issues Border Router BR WSN Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
CoAP in WSN BR Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
CoAP CoAP manipulates Web resources using the same methods as HTTP: GET, PUT, POST and DELETE. CoAP is a subset of HTTP functionality re-designed for low power embedded devices such as sensors (for IoT and M2M). CoAPs two layers are: Request/Response Layer Transaction Layer Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
CoAP Saves Energy Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
WSN Issues Routing Protocol in LLNs (RPL) WSN traffic patterns Trickle and others Power Usage Issues Idle Listening in IEEE (WiFi) is unacceptable! Power Aware MAC (Media Access Control) protocols above IEEE Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Sensor Traffic Flows Traffic patterns and data flow within a Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) are highly directional. The three standard WSN traffic patterns are: 1. multipoint-to-point traffic (MP2P), 2. point-to-multipoint traffic (P2MP), 3. point-to-point traffic (P2P). WSN routing protocol: RPL (Routing Protocol for LLNs) Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
RPL with Trickle Trickle algorithm establishes a density-aware local broadcast with an underlying consistency model that guides when a node communicates. The algorithm controls the RPL send rate where each node hears a trickle of packets (enough to stay consistent). Trickles basic mechanism is a randomized suppressive broadcast. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Power Aware MAC Protocols
WSN lifetime is determined by battery lifetime which is dominated by transmit and receive energy usage. Duty cycle idea is to minimize sensor radio active time to < 1% ( i.e., sensor should be asleep more than 99% of the time.) Often assume BR has power. Hence more focus on receiver energy usage. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Examples: LPL and SCP-MAC
Border Router All receivers synched Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things
Final Thoughts There is large corporate interest in the Internet of Things because its potential impact (positive and negative) on our lives will be high. IoT interoperability is essential and requires protocol standards developments and agreements. IoT research will provides many opportunities and challenges. Due to the far-reaching potential of IoT applications, IoT research needs to be interdisciplinary. Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things Connecting with Things
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Questions? Kia Ora! Victoria University of Wellington Internet of Things