Cholera Ryan Nguyen. Vibrio Cholerae (scanning EM) Our star: Vibrio Cholerae.
VIBRO CHOLERAE
description
Transcript of VIBRO CHOLERAE
VIBRO CHOLERAE
PUTRESCINE
CADAVERINE
H2N – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – NH2
H2N – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – NH2
CHOLERA BACTERIUM
(1,4-diaminobutane or butanediamine)
(1,5-diaminopentane or pentanediamine)
are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses.
two compounds are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis.
also found in semen and some microalgae, together with related molecules like spermine and spermidine.
PUTRESCINE & CADAVERINE
SPERMINEH2N – (CH2)4 – NH – (CH2)3 – NH2
SPERMIDINEH2N – (CH2)3 – NH – (CH2)4 – NH – (CH2)3 – NH2
First isolated from human seminal fluid, were they are highly concentrated
NITROGEN – containing
functional groups
AMINES
MELAMINE
1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom.
Structurally amines resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups.
Amines are central in organic chemistry. All known life processes depend on AMINO ACIDS, each of which contains an amine group.
AMINES
N
R2
R1 R3
CLASSIFICATIONS
PRIMARY
R – NH2An amine having one alkyl or
aromatic group bonded to nitrogen.
EXAMPLES
CH3 – NH2 methylamine
CH3 – CH2 – NH2ethylamine
SECONDARY
R2 – NHAn amine having two alkyl or
aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen.
EXAMPLESCH3 – NH – CH3dimethylamine
CH3 – CH2 – NH – CH3
ethylmethylamine
TERTIARY
R3 – NAn amine having three alkyl or
aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen.
EXAMPLESCH3 – N – CH3
CH3
trimethylamine
CH3 – CH2 – N – CH3
CH3
ethyldimethylamine
PREPARATION
WATER HEMLOCK
H │N CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CONIINE
Extremely toxic ALKALOID
OPIUM POPPY
O
N
CH3
OH
MORPHINE
Painkillers with strong hallucinogenic & addictive side effects
CH3│N
O║COCH2CH3
DEMEROLPainkillers similar structure to morphine
but less side effects
COCA
N CH3
O║COCH3
O ║O ─ C ─COCAINE
CACTUS
CH2 – CH2 – NH2
OCH3 CH3O
OCH3
MESCALINE
DART FROG
H3C
H2C
HO
HO
O
H
O NCH3
HCH3
O
C═ O
H3C
CH3
NH
BATRACHOTOXIN
Derived from D’ word BATRACHOS greek means FROG
GALAPAGOS
GUANIDINE
H2N – C – NH2
NH║
Guano deposits on GALAPAGOS Islands.GUANIDINE is the compound by which migratory bird excrete waste
Metabolic nitrogen.
USES
NN
CH2 – CH2 – NH2
H
HISTAMINE
Causes many of the symptoms of common cold and the itchy bump cause by insects bites, the effects of HISTAMINE
can be relieved to some extent by ANTIHISTAMINES…..
CH
O CH2 – CH2 – N CH3
CH3
diphenhydramine (BENADRYL)
C – CH2 – NH – CH3
OH
HO
HO H
EPINEPHRINE
Phenylpropanolamine
CH – CH – NH2
OH CH3
NH
SO2
SACCHARIN
Artificial sweeteners 100 times sweeter than table sugar
NOMENCLATURE
NOMENCLATURE The nomenclature of amines is
complicated by the fact that several different nomenclature systems exist, and there is no clear preference for one over the others.
The most important thing to remember is when to use the following :
1. amine 2. amino 3. aniline
RULE # 1 SIMPLE AMINES - can be
named by common nomenclature as ALKYLAMINE in which amine is added to the name of the organic group.
IUPAC NAMING – Is done by dropping the – e – of the alkane parent chain then add AMINE.
EXAMPLESCH3 – NH2
methylamine
CH3 – CH2 – NH2
COMMON
IUPAC methanamine
ethylamineCOMMON
IUPAC ethanamine
EXAMPLESCH3 – NH – CH3 dimethylamine
CH3 – CH2 – NH – CH3ethylmethylamine
CH3 – CH2 – N – CH3
3HC
ethyldimethylamine
CH3 – N – CH3
CH3trimethylamine
EXAMPLESNH2
cyclopentanamine
NH2
CH3
2 – methyl – cyclopentanamine
NH2
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,4,6 – trichloro – cyclohexanamine
EXAMPLES
CH3 – C ═ CH – CH – CH3
NH2CH3
4 – methyl – 3 – penten – 2 - amine
CH3 – C ═ CH – CH – C ≡ CH
CH3 – CH2 NH25 – methyl – 4 – hepten – 1– yne – 3 - amine
RULE # 2 To name a substituted amine,
both the name and the location of the substituent must be identified.
Substituent on a carbon chain are located by a number, whereas those on a nitrogen are identified by a capital italic letter – N – .
EXAMPLESNH – CH2 – CH3
N – ethyl – cyclobutanamine
NH – (CH2)5 – CH3
CH2 – CH3
CH3 – (CH2)3
3HC
N – hexyl –3 – butyl – 6 – ethyl – 4 – methyl – cyclooctanamine
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
EXAMPLES
CH3 – CH2 – N – (CH2)3 – CH3
N – butyl –N – ethyl – 3 – pentanamine
CH3 – CH2 – N – (CH2)7 – CH3
CH3
N – ethyl –N – methyl – octanamine
RULE # 3 AMINE AS SUBSTITUENT NH2 – functional group is
treated as a chain substituent we called them as amino group and the amine is named as a derivative of the parent compound
following the IUPAC rules.
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
EXAMPLES
NH2 3 – aminopentane
CH2 – CH2 – CH2
NH2 OH
3 – amino – 1 – propanol
CH2 – CH2 – CH2
NH2 NH2
1,3 – diaminopropane
EXAMPLES
NH2
HO
3 – aminocyclohexanol
CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH2 – OH
NH2
CH2 – CH2 – CH3
3 – amino – 4 – methyheptanol
RULE # 4 AROMATIC AMINES Are usually given names (both common &
IUPAC name) based on aniline, the simplest aromatic amine.
Substituted anilines are named using an italic capital – N – to indicate the attached alkyl group to NITROGEN.
Substituents attached to aromatic ring are named based on the usual way we name them.
EXAMPLESNH2
aniline
NH – CH3
N - methylaniline
NH – CH3
N – methy – 3 – ethyllaniline
CH2 – CH3
PHYSICAL PROPERTI
ES
Low Molecular Weight AMINES are gases at room temperature that possess a characteristic ammonia smell.
Complex Molecular Weight AMINES are either liquid or solid at room temperature having a distinctive "fishy" or extremely foul decomposing smell.
Primary & Secondary amines are usually exhibit lower boiling points compare to tertiary and more complex structure amines.
Amines with fewer than six carbon atoms are generally soluble in water as the result of hydrogen bond formation between amine functional group and water.
ONLY ONE OF ITS KIND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
IONIZATIONGEN.
FORMULAAMINE + Water ↔ Alkyl ammonium ion + Hydroxide ion
Example
CH3 – NH2 + H – OH CH3 – NH3 + + OH ־
methylamine methylammonium ion
Hydroxide ion
EXAMPLESNH2
aniline
+ H – OH
NH3+
Anilinium ion
+ OH ־
Hydroxide ion
CH3 – NH – CH3 + H – OH
dimethylamine
CH3 – NH2+ – CH3
dimethylammonium ion
+ OH ־
NEUTRALIZATIONGEN.
FORMULAAMINE + Acid ---→ Amine salt
Example
CH3 – NH2 + H – Cl CH3 – NH3+ Cl ־
methylammonium chloridemethylamine
EXAMPLE
CH3 – CH2 – NH2
ethylamine
+ CH3COO – H
Acetic acidCH3 – CH2 – NH3+ CH3COO ־
ethylammonium acetate
EXAMPLE
CH3 – (CH2)5 – NH2
hexylamine
+ C6H5COO – H
benzoic acidCH3 – (CH2)5 – NH3+ C6H5COO ־
hexylammonium benzoate
AMIDES