Via contains the address at which the originator is expecting to receive responses to this request....

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Via contains the address at which the originator is expecting to receive responses to this request. Mandatory To contains a display name and a SIP URI towards which the request was originally directed. Mandatory Display names are described in RFC 2822 From also contains a display name and a SIP URI that indicate the originator of the request. The From also contains a tag parameter which is used for identification purposes. Mandatory Call-ID contains a globally unique identifier for this call. Mandatory CSeq or Command Sequence contains an integer and a method name. The CSeq number is incremented for each new request within a dialog and is a traditional sequence number. Mandatory Contact contains a SIP URI that represents a direct route to the originator usually composed of a username at a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). While an FQDN is preferred, many end systems do not have registered domain names, so IP addresses are permitted. The Contact header field tells other elements where to send future requests. Max-Forwards serves to limit the number of hops a request can make on the way to its destination. It consists of an integer that is decremented by one at each hop. Content-Type contains a description of the message body. Mandatory Content-Length contains an octet (byte) count of the message body. SIP Headers

Transcript of Via contains the address at which the originator is expecting to receive responses to this request....

•Via contains the address at which the originator is expecting to receive responses to this request. Mandatory

•To contains a display name and a SIP URI towards which the request was originally directed. Mandatory

•Display names are described in RFC 2822

•From also contains a display name and a SIP URI that indicate the originator of the request. The From also contains a tag parameter which is used for identification purposes. Mandatory

•Call-ID contains a globally unique identifier for this call. Mandatory

•CSeq or Command Sequence contains an integer and a method name. The CSeq number is incremented for each new request within a dialog and is a traditional sequence number. Mandatory

•Contact contains a SIP URI that represents a direct route to the originator usually composed of a username at a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). While an FQDN is preferred, many end systems do not have registered domain names, so IP addresses are permitted. The Contact header field tells other elements where to send future requests.

•Max-Forwards serves to limit the number of hops a request can make on the way to its destination. It consists of an integer that is decremented by one at each hop.

•Content-Type contains a description of the message body. Mandatory

•Content-Length contains an octet (byte) count of the message body.

SIP Headers

SDP MessagesSession description

v= (protocol version) Mandatory

o= (owner/creator and session identifier). Mandatory

s= (session name) Mandatory

t= (time the session is active) Mandatory

i=* (session information)

u=* (URI of description)

e=* (email address)

p=* (phone number)

c=* (connection information - not required if included in all media)

b=* (bandwidth information)

z=* (time zone adjustments)

k=* (encryption key)

a=* (zero or more session attribute lines)

r=* (zero or more repeat times)Media description

m= (media name and transport address) Mandatory

i=* (media title)

c=* (connection information - optional if included at session-level)

b=* (bandwidth information)

a=* (zero or more media attribute lines)

Normal SIP InviteINVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Request Method

Called Number Destination (Qwest) IP Signaling Address

Breakdown of the Invite Message – INVITE Request

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – Via Header

Via Header

This is a Mandatory Header

Source IP Address

Signaling Port Number of the Source IP Address

The Via Header is used for translation rules and Session Agent matches.

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6

From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – From Header

From Header

This is a Mandatory Header

From Address

This is used to make a match in the Local-Policy.

Maps to the ISUP Calling Party Number

Maps to the ISUP Generic Name

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6

To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – To Header

To Header

This is a Mandatory Header

Destination Number Destination (Qwest) IP Signaling Address

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>

Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – Contact Header

Contact Header

Contact Address

This is used to send the reply back to the sender.

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>

Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – Call-ID Header

Call-ID Header

This is a Mandatory Header

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]

CSeq: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – CSeq Header

Command Sequence Header

This is a Mandatory Header

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITE

User-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – User-Agent Header

User-Agent Header

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitch

Date: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – Date Header

Date Header

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMT

Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – Allow Header

Allow Header

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFER

Content-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – Content-Type Header

Content-Type Header

This is a Mandatory Header

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdp

Content-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – Content-Length Header

Content-Length Header

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – SDP Messages

This is the SDP information within the Invite

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – SDP Messages

IP address for RTP

Protocol Version Mandatory

Owner Mandatory

Session Name Mandatory

Time the session is active Mandatory

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0

m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – SDP Media Message

Port for RTP

101 = Telephone Event

18 = G.729

8 = G.711 ALaw

0 = G.711 MuLaw

m=Media Name Mandatory

INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 69.7.163.154:5060;branch=z9hG4bK400fc6e6From: "8069664170" <sip:[email protected]>;tag=as42e2ecf6To: <sip:[email protected]>Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 102 INVITEUser-Agent: MatrixSwitchDate: Thu, 22 Dec 2005 18:38:28 GMTAllow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFERContent-Type: application/sdpContent-Length: 268

v=0o=root 14040 14040 IN IP4 69.7.163.154s=sessionc=IN IP4 69.7.163.154t=0 0m=audio 26784 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 101

a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000a=fmtp:101 0-16a=fmtp:18 annexb=no - - - -

Breakdown of the Invite Message – SDP Media Attributes

DTMF via RFC 2833 is shown as a Telephone Event (101) with values 0-16

Codecs

18 = G.729

8 = G.711 ALaw

0 = G.711 MuLaw

This is how G.729A (without silence suppression) is designated

How does the SIP Invite Map to an IAM?

INVITE sip:[email protected]:5060 SIP/2.0f:"Kevin Hyden"<sip:[email protected]:5060>;tag=6ac1e3a4aa1f4e549ab21eaea153ed20m:<sip:[email protected]:5060;transport=udp>t:<sip:[email protected]:5060>i:[email protected]:31810 INVITEv:SIP/2.0/UDP 67.133.234.161:5060;branch=z9hG4bK1e891a7df195a14ccd9df344e4583880-0Max-Forwards:70Allow:INVITE,BYE,ACK,CANCEL,PRACK,REFER,OPTIONS,REGISTER,NOTIFYc:application/sdpRemote-Party-ID: <sip:[email protected]>;party=calling;id-type=subscriber;privacy=offAnonymity: uriProxy-Require:privacyl:124

v=0o=- 256000 25600000 IN IP4 67.133.234.141s=-c=IN IP4 67.133.234.141t=0 0m=audio 48744 RTP/AVP 0 8a=ptime:20

Called NumberGeneric Name

Calling Party Number

DOES NOT MAP TO CHARGE NUMBER (CGN)

Example of an Invite With Caller ID BlockedINVITE sip:[email protected]:5060 SIP/2.0f:Anonymous <sip:PrivateNumber@localhost1>;tag=38fb29dc743e09a87fa0f40ce1e92906t:<sip:2128507797@localhost2>i:[email protected]:19718 INVITEv:SIP/2.0/UDP 67.133.234.161:5060;branch=z9hG4bK844bec9bcb061c035deaefe92fe1007e-0Max-Forwards:70Allow:INVITE,BYE,ACK,CANCEL,PRACK,REFER,OPTIONS,REGISTER,NOTIFYc:application/sdpRemote-Party-ID: <sip:[email protected]>;party=calling;id-type=subscriber;privacy=fullP-Asserted-Identity: sip:[email protected]: id; userAnonymity: uriProxy-Require:privacym:<sip:[email protected]:5060;transport=udp>l:124

v=0o=- 108600 10860000 IN IP4 67.133.234.140s=-c=IN IP4 67.133.234.140t=0 0m=audio 53016 RTP/AVP 0 8a=ptime:20

DOES NOT MAP TO CHARGE NUMBER (CGN)

Called Number

Generic Name

No Calling Party Number will be present in the ISUP IAM

Example of G.711

INVITE sip:[email protected]:5060 SIP/2.0f:"Kevin Hyden"<sip:[email protected]:5060>;tag=f0af9415bfb610da4ba208f2cf39fe8em:<sip:[email protected]:5060;transport=udp>t:<sip:[email protected]:5060>i:[email protected]:45023 INVITEv:SIP/2.0/UDP 67.133.234.161:5060;branch=z9hG4bKcee1d96ac551c44bc1efe13065f6ff3a-0Max-Forwards:70Allow:INVITE,BYE,ACK,CANCEL,PRACK,REFER,OPTIONS,REGISTER,NOTIFYc:application/sdpRemote-Party-ID: <sip:[email protected]>;party=calling;id-type=subscriber;privacy=offAnonymity: uriProxy-Require:privacyl:124

v=0o=- 132000 13200000 IN IP4 67.133.234.140s=-c=IN IP4 67.133.234.140t=0 0m=audio 40294 RTP/AVP 0 8a=ptime:20

Packet Size (this not codec dependent)

Note that the Packet Size is not always specified, and is defaulted to 20ms unless otherwise noted.

G.711 Mu-Law (PCMU)

G.711 a-Law (PCMU)