(vflii) COMBINATION OF SENTENCES

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Simplesentencesmaybecombinedintoasinglesimplesentenceinways :

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(a) He ran away. He had seen the Principal coming'

Seeing (or having seen) the Principal coming' he ran away'

(b) He finished his duty' He took the bus home'

Having finished his duty, he took the bus home'

(c) She was filled with fear' She kept quiet'

Being filled with fear, she kept quiet'

(d)Thepoliceranafterthestranger.Thepolicecaughthim.Running after the stranger, the police caught him'

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$)- Present ParticiPle

Uil Past ParticiPle

Giil Perfect ParticiPle

combine ench "f the foltowing sentenaes into

one Simple sentence by using Pwrticiples :

1" I was reading the book. I found what Iwas looking for.

Tina was walking in the garden one duy.

She saw a beautiful flower'

He ran at top speed. FIe won the race.

Cinderella hurried. away with much haste'

she dropped one of her glass slippers"

The monster took Pity on the Princess- He

let her go.

6. We finished our work. We went for a walk

in the Park.7. I have submitted my report. I have nothing

more to state.

E. The tiger saw the goat tied to the tree' The

tiger attacked it.g. The gardener shouted at the boy. This

prev;ted hirn from breaking the flowers'

10. They saw the futility of war. They laid

down their arms.

te2l

one of the following different

Having been taken

1. While reading the book, I found what Iwas looking for.

2. walking in the garden one day,Tina saw

a beautiful flower.

3. Running at top sPeed, he won the race.

4. Hurrying away with much haste, cinderella

dropped one of her glass s1iPPers'

5. Taking pity on the princess, the monster

let her go.

6. Having finished our work, w€ went for a

walk in the Park.7. Havi.g submitted my rePort, I have

nothing more to state'

8. seeing the goat tied to the tree, the tiger

attacked it.

9. Shouting at the boy, the gardener Preventedhim from breaki.g the flowers'

10. seeing the futility of war, they laid down

their arms.

2.

3.

4.

5.

IICSE seff-study in Ens. Languase -9 & 10]

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He gave the orphans education. Heopened a factory for thern.

Besides giving the orphans education,he opened a factory for them.

(b) I warned him not to disturb the patient.He still did so.

In spite of my warnlngrthe patient.

(c) I did not succeed. I hadeffort.

he disturbed

made every

With all my efforts, I did not succeed.(d) The clown amuses us. He shows us

funny tricks.

The clown amuses us by showi^g usfunny tricks.

(e) She failed in her efforts. She heard thenews. She started crying.On hearing the news of her failure, shestarted crying.

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1. He got great honour. He saved the life ofthis child.

2. It rained hard. The roads were flooded.3. Sheeba amuses me very much. She tells me

funny jokes.

4. He is free from diabetes. At least he appearsto be so.

5. The jrry gave its verdict. The court listenedsilently.

6. His mother died. He heard the news. Hefainted.

7. You helped me. Otherwise, I would nothave passed.

8. His son died all of a sudden. He got a rudeshock. FIe never fully recovered.

9. I reached Delhi. I went to see my grand-mother.

10. He gave me an umbrella. He hadexchanged a book with me.

f CSE 1...,:.i lir.rrii:, !;: i::rr':; i.;,:i:.,,,.:it;::- I & 10]

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(a) The owner gave the orders. Theystopped the work.The owner having given the orders,they stopped the work.

(b) The game was over. The girls left forhofne.

The game being over, the girls left forhome.

(c) The tide was favourable. The ship setsail.

The tide being favourable, the ship setsail.

(d) The duy dawned. The people visitedthe Yamuna.

The duy having dawned, the peoplevisited the Yamuna.

(e) The rt.eather \A,as frne. We enjoyed theH,alk.

The lveather being f,ine, we enjoyed thern,a1k.

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1. The bank was open. I withdrew thenecessary amount.

2. The sun rose. The fog disappeared.

3. It was a busy duy. I could not go to thetheatre.

4. The hunter fired his gun. The bullet wenthigh. The tiger sprang upon him.

5. It was extrernely hot. We could not do anywork.

6. The ship sank. The crew were drowned"

7 . The teacher was out of 'the room. Therewas a lot of noise.

8. The feast began. We were then all veryhuPPy.

9. Rain was scanty this year. There was a poorcroP"

10. The tiger roared. The boy started trembling.

Assignment

Ie3]

(ix) GoMBINATION'QF SENTENcES INTo A stNetE coMpLEx sENTENcE

To combine simple sewtewces into a singleComplex Sentertee

""

Simple sentences may be combined into aComplex Sentence in the followirg different Tnnys :

(i) By usi.g a Noun Clause(ii) By using an Adjectival Clause(iii) By using an Adverbial Clause,

Gt By using a Noun Clause :

(a) How he witl solve this riddte. This isnot known to me.

How he will .solve this riddle is notknown to me.

(b) He will not attend the party. He toldthis to his friends.

He told his friends that he would notattend the parry.

=" Covmbirce each set ,f Simple sentences into n."-co lex serctence contain fr u?t clwwse

".

T: God is truth. All religions teach this.2. Coming events cast their shadows before.

3. He is going somewhere. I do,'not know. Hisbest friends do not know.

, 4. He is innocent. That was the,,rv,erdict of thejuty. . r !,. ;,, t,,,

5. Perhaps better luck is in store,,'for. Lls. wehope so. .. ,, I :,:..

6. The rose is the sweetest of flowers. This issure.Tagore was our greatest poet. It is generailyagreed.It is not in man's po direct his ownsteps'. 'The teacher bs this in theclassroom.Your friend has succeeded very well. Thiswas the news to us. It gave us muchpleasure.

Self-Study !n Eng. Language -9 & 10I

I

(c) sachin is a very reliable batsman. Thisis known to all.It is known to all that Sachin is a veryreliable batsman.

(d) He speaks fast. othennrise, he is a goodteacher.

Except that he speaks fast, he is a goodteacher.

(e) His friend was run over by a scooter.He went to see him.

k)

Hearing that his friend was run over bya scooter, he went to see him.Hitler was going to invade England. Therurnour was not baseless.

The rumour that Hitler was going toinvade England was not baseless.

Lata is innocent. This is my belief.My belief is that Lata is innocent.

10. He has a strong desire to become a scholar.This is a fact. o,:::

i 11. I need no man's favour. I frankly told this-_

12. A despised enemy may turn' out adangerous rival. This has often happened.

13. He is going to Canada. He declared this tobe his determination.

74. He may be at home. I do not know.1.5.

_Plusrre is spread by rats. It is now commonly , :' believed. r

1. All religions teach that God is truth.2. The belief that coming events cast their

- ' 3. " Nbither his best friends nor I know that heis going somewhere. ,,

4- The verdict of the jrry was that he isinnocent.

."*;'$; we hope that better luck is perhaps in storefor us.

(fl

7.

8.

9.

[e5]

coh,I$nunmoN

also) :

.]..,|:

(a) He is an artist and a singer'

(b)HeisanartistaSwellasasinger.(c) He is both an artist and a singer'

(d) He is not only an artist but also a singer'

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Assignmen!*1.,. ,

1,. He is rich. He is magnanimous'

2. We love our parents' We honour our

parents.

3.Youshouldread.thisPoem.Youshouldlearn this Poem'

4.Welostourticket.Welostourluggage.5. She gave us food to eat. She Save us money'

6. He is hard. working' He is sincere'

7. God made the country. God made the town'

8. The thief was accused' He was also

convicted.g.Heloveshiswife.SheresPectshim.

10. She was praised' She was rewarded'

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(either....... oT, neith|r""' nor' otherwise' or) i

(a) Come in' Go ot'tt'

:Xlr#t:" in or 8o out' or' Come in

(b) Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender'

Neither a borrower nor a lender be'

(c)Takemedicine,Youwillsetbetter.

Take medicine, otherwise you wiII not

get better.

1. You must arrive in time' You must be fined

otherwise.Do not be a miser. Do not be a sPendthrift'

she did not come to school. She did not

send in an aPPlication for leave'

work hard. You will fail otherwise.

Will you have tea? WiIt you have coffee?

Do your work ProPerly' Leave my senrice'

He is mistaken. His brother is mistaken'

She must weeP' She will die'

you must make haste. You will miss the

train.l0.Takeexerciseregularly.Youwillloseyour

(a) Sonu Tnas found guilty. He TDas fined and

iailed for a Year '

sonu was found guilty, therefore, he

was fined and iailed for a Year'

(b) At the sight of a lion all animals run fl1y)oy,

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CoYwbdwe ewe*s set

sg byair

Cambine eacfu set CIf

C* wsgs*urud sefiteneeC*wfnowations :

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

2.

3.

Coniunctions ftherefore,

ofn.is tts

1.. It is raining outside' I will take

2. He cannot see' It is very dark'

3. He was obstinate' He was punished'

4. Her only son is dead. She is crying bitterly'

an umbrella.

rl

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SECTION - A

The Art of Composition Writing

Question I of the language paPer deals with

Composition writing which is usually considered

to be the toughest part of the language PaPet,according to leedbick by students who have

already ipp*ured for the I.c.s.E. examinations

over the y-"irr. It is, therefore, of vital importance

to read tlris section carefully to understand what

exactly is required and exPected by lhe examiners

to be able to achieve maximum marks.

The language paper deals with fizte distinct

Srpes of ComPositions :

, , (a) Descriptive(c) Argtrmentative(e) Ffleture CoxmPmsitiom

The length of the composition to be written is

approximat6ly 350 to 400 words. The above topics

*iir also test your ability to describe, narrate,

argue or visuairre. You are also free to treat the

topic chosen in any way You like'Remesmber ; You are aiming to achieve 25

E *ry impmrtaffit xxmarxas from this question, so keep

in mind the following points when you are seated

in the examination hall and when you Put Pen to

PaPer.

behind. F{e clairns to be your friend but

you d o not recognize him. Give a briefd escription of the conversation that took

place, how you managed to convince him

inat he haC btocked an the uzrong door and

what was the final outcome'

Now this question has three parts to attend

to:(a) what conYersation took place between

both of you ?

(b) How were ),ou able to convince himthat you were not the Person he

thought you rrere ?

(c) How was the ccnfusion finallYresolved. ? Did ),ou become friends withhim or ,Cid )'ou just Part waYS withhim apolog:::rng for his mistake ?

If you learne out even one of the three

parts, you are bound to iose marks you

could have achieved due to a careless

mistake.4. Even iI you feel you have understood the

topic ,you have chosen, read -it .once again

to make sure that You will be able toattempt the topic successfully and come

up with the required 350-400 words. To

write 200 wordi and then find yourselfrunning out of ideas will be a disaster as

you will not be able to comPlete your PaPerwithin the sPecified time'

5. This selection is to be made within the 15

minutes that you have been allotted to read

the question paPer. This saves yourvaluable writing ti '

Iv{aking a 'SkeEetcxt' the topie you have

chosen :

1. write 'ROUGH WORK" on the first Pageof the answer script and make a roughoutline of the ideas generating in yourmind. You can do this in two possible ways:

S ktakimg a wheeB m$ thoughts"

S By lis all the ideas Ystx have

mf"

DQ:$Selecti*S a ToPic :

1. Read. all topics carefully and attempt the

one you are most comfortable with.

2. You must have some background, knowled.ge about the topic you have

selected.

3. Some topics usually have more than one

part to attend. Make sure that each part is

attempted taking into consideration that

markJ are distributed and awarded foreach Part seParatelY'

Ex : You are in the market when suddenly

someone taps you on the shoulder from

ICSE $etr-study in Ens. LansuaEe -9 & 10] [1e]

thoughtsI\heel of

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1. List your ideas in random order as theycome into your mind without numberinothem

There is a strong possibility that theexaminer may be a woman/may belongto that political party or may be s6 yearsold or above.

4. Avoid using lengthy yaragraphs. Keepyour paragraphs short depending on yoursubject matter (about g to 10 lines). Eachparagraph should deal with one idea at atime. If one idea tends to become toolengthy, break it up into , two or moreparagraphs. The paragraph should end insuch a way that the next paragraph canbegin with a sentence thit is"togicallyconnected with the final sentence Lr th;previous paragraph.

5. as?dwriti ng and ptrffi$ffix*tm€iffis* :Handr.r,riting creates the first impressionon the examiner. It also herps hi; /her t;judge, in the first instanc€,

-'what kind of

student you might be.be well and correctlybetween each word shoin a uniform manner. Avoid crossing outand overwriting. This makes yourpresentation messy and untidy. rf anycrossing out is necessary, a single stroke

"tthe pen over the word will be Jufticient.5. Graurnsar and spe Short simple

sentences are better ensure less ofspelling and grammatical mistakes. Thisalso helps you in expressing yourself betterand also gains you marks.

7 ' Quotati*ms : Quotations should be used tobring style into your writing but you mustbe careful to be sur( that you quotationfits into the appropriate pla^ce. Thequotation should also suit in" subjectmatter.

8. eE is:,*n ; Revising the written work is asrmportant as writing it. Go through thewhole composition

_very carefully rSokingfor mistakes, which ui" s*eaming to becorrected.

A good essay of 400 words would be best written if 100 wordsare used for the introduction of the subject , 2oo words todevelop the subject logically and 100 words for the conclusion.n;#:, ; i# ;,l,iJll J'il31;, of the subject, use the 2oo words by giving importance to the' strong points first and then the weak points.

2.

3.

Number them in the sequence you wantyour composition to develop in.Each idea should deal with one or morethan one paragraph.These listed points rnrill serve as a guide toyour composition and you will not bewasting time sitting and pondering overwhat to write next.

4. At all times you must keep yourselffocussed on the subject of th; topic. Todeviate from the topic means losing vitalmarks.

----I ----

\- - - - - - - - - - - ir

- - T 1ILNOTEJ ,

---E-- ----------J

DON'TS

Composition writing tests your ability to befluent in the language and arso the skiil inorganizi^g and presenting a written piece of work,so care must be taken to avoid the foilowing :

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Do not use high soundi^g words. Keepvour language simple. The examiner willbe able to understand your point of viewbetter. T is is important bec-ause there ise\-erv possibility that you will use these-,'',-ords in the wrong places, thus destroying,,-r-rLlr Sentence construction.l,--, nct *'rite anythi.g negative about youriar=rlrS or teachers. This may create l; badrrnF',:€sslcn about you in the mind of thee\.arrirrrrr, as the examiner will undou_bted^-, b= a parent and /or a teacher1-rr-. - -"-.L^l^-:t--

Do rrrt e'uF-ress strong opinions against\','orierl, pcjli,cai parties or aged pEople.

IICSE seff-study !n Eng. Language -g g':ii$f

Incoruect Coruect121. As r," ir r"t, * h;ffi_l A, l* i, fffi122' She neither washed her hands nor feet. i She washed neither her hands nor feet.123. Scarcely had he left then it began to rain. i Scarcely had he left before it began to rain.124. He did not break it nor lose it. : He did not break it or lose it.125' Be careful that he should not deceive you. j Be careful lest he should deceive you.126. Neither she sings nor dances. j she neither sings nor dances.1,27. Untrl he does not say so, I will not know. I Ur,Ut he says so, I will not know.128' I do not know that he will pass. i I ao not know whether he will pass.

' 1'29. Though he is poor, but he is honest. i rnough he is poor, yet he is honest.130. I know nothing else than this. I know nothing else but this.131' Unless he does not work hard, he cannot j Urrl"r, he works hard, he cannot pass.

Pass. ;

132' He is both a teacher as well as a trader. i u" is both a teacher and a trader.133' supposing if Bose comes here, what will i supposing Bose co es here, what will youyou say to him? i ,ry io him ?

734. wanted a nurse for a baby over thirtyyears.

135. wanted a stool for a lady with three legs.736. r saw many dead soldiers riding across

the battlefield737. The horse belongs to the washerman with

the short bushy tail.

wanted a nurse over thirty years for a baby.

wanted a stool with three legs for a lady.Riding across the battlefield, I saw manydead soldiers.

The horse r\rith the short bushy tail belongsto the washerrnarl.

, 138, Do not find fault in hi;;;.' 739. He makes fool of you., 1 40. He is a man of word.

747. Good night ! How are you ?'l'42. I shall inform this to the police.1'43. our house comprises of five rooms.

(D MISC-,s

Do not find fault with his work.He makes a fool of you.He is man of his word.Good evening! How are you?I shall inform the police of this.Our house comprises five rooms.

Incorrect

Cor ect

[ICSE seff-study in Ens. Lansuase -9 & 10J[1 14]

)

after every line of the address, finishi^g offthe last line with a full stop or you can leave

it without any punctuation marks. But cfire

must be taken that if you are not using punctuation

marks in the address, then you must not use

punctuation marks in the subscription also e.8,

It is always advisable to use the block formwhile writing the address instead of theindented form, as given above.

: t r .-':"ii : i::lr ll

The date is written below the address afterlesaing one line. There are many ways ofwriting the date and it is a well-noted fact thatstudents often get confused. So only one safe

way is suggested here. You are advised torepeatedly practise this way of writi^g the date :

Laxmi Niwas

56, Civil Lines

Lucknow 226003

8th March,2007

You must note the followi.g :

1. 8 followecl by th, the th must be written on

the line"

2. March is written in full. Do not use

abbreviations like Mar. or APt. or Sept"

3. March is followed by a comma. The year isw,ritten in fuIl. Do not write 07 instead of2007.

In informal letters the salutation depends on

the relationship or closeness with the Personto rr-hom ),ou are writing the letter. Study the

:.-rllcrr-ing and you wiltr get a fairly good idea

r-rl hcrt- to salute whom :

FtTrniltt nte tfibers and close relatiT)es :

f, ear Dacdr,-, Dear Murnmy, Dear sisterr,;- r r:.a, Dear brother Mohit Or Dear Aparna,

Dear Mohit (if you,qP,the elder brpth€r), etc-

Close friends .' , :

Dear Trevor, My dear Trevor, My dearest Trevor.

Acquaintawces iDear Mr Maugham, Dear IvIr Dias, DearMrs Chatterjee, Dear Ms GuPta.(White addressing acquaintances,' we alwayswrite the surname of the person.) i

Opening SentenceThe letter is written :

1. In response to a letter received by You ,

2. To inform the Person about something,

3. To just keep in touch or connected, i

4. To advise a friend /brother/sister on a

certain problem, j

5. To express bereavement,

7 . To sympathize with a friend,8. To apologise,

9. To congratulate.

Giwen belout fr,re so?t&e examples *f *pen'{wg

serctences :

1. I am sorry I could not write to you earlier

as I was PreParing for my exams .o........... .

2. I am glad to have received your letter at

Iast and am delighted to learn that

I was delighted to go through the contentsof your letter and

Received your letter and was very huPPy

to learn that

Thank you very much for your lovely gift

I was shocked to learn of the sad demise

of o...............

I was extrgmely sad to hear of ................I must sincerely apologise for ................I heard incidentallY that You were

10. My heartfelt congratulations on yoursuccess in the examination ............o...... .

Do yrot use outdated operui?tg sentewces like ,'

L. Hope this letter finds 'you in the best ofhealth as I am the sa4ile here.

ryf.gl

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

3,

Laxmi Niwas,

56, Civil lines,

Lucknow-226003

Yours faithfully,Steven Lee.

Laxmi Niwas

56 Civil Lines

Lucknow 226003

Yours faithfullySteven Lee

ICSE $e$f-$tu#y ir.r ffir"rg" 1eregrnagm -9 & 10]

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2. Hope this letter"frnfls youhealth

- :l hon, are you ? I am fine::. -iame for you.

] . r-s the most important part of the letter as

: ,xea-l"s with the subject matter of what the;--esfron demands. Keep in mind these points: ie rvriting the body of the letter :

R.ead the question once again and planrr-rut what you are going to write in thebody,

: T-he body of the letter must be divided intoparagraphs. Remember, a letter withoutp aragraphs becomes directionless andb,oring to the reader.

r \\'hile writing formal letters, stick to thepoint without beating about the bush.Rememberr 1lou are writing to a Personholding an important position in a placeof public dealing and he does not havetime for pleasantries.

+ Be courteous even in letters of comPlaints.Remember, you are complaining to him toget a mistake rectified and not to annoyhim unnecessarily, because he may not bepersonally at fault.

5. Be sincere and realistic in your writi^g.

,*={:Bil,*:$t-i t,rc ffirt ffi :

The last sentence of the letter is bringing yoursubject matter to a conclusion so it must sumup what you want to say in a precise manner.You may convey love to family members andgood wishes to friends and acquaintances.

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1. Do give my regards to Aunty and Uncleand love to all at home.

2. Looki^g forward to hearing from yousoon.

3. I am really excited and looking forwardto your visit.

1. Do write back soon.

5. Keep in touch, as you are very dear to me.

6. I'll end here norw with lots of love to yott.

-ltrCSE 5jr,ii':,.;],ir.r,j:r i.i i.:-u-r.-: ,.-i;:.r.jij.:j,iJ* 19 & 10]

7. I know you are busy but do write to mesornefimes.

8 " Now remember, stav connected"

9 " My best wishes are always with you.10. Do let me know if I can be of any further

help.

This part of the letter is also important as itrequires you to be courteous and, once agai.n,depends on your relationship with the personyou are writing to.

Look at the followi^g table to understand this:

Your af f ectionate son / daughter / nie ce /nephesr- i brother / sister, etc.

Yours affectionately

Your lovirrg son / daugh ter / niece/ nephew /broth er / sister, etc,

Yours lovinglyYours truly

Clsse friends :

Yours sincerely

Yours lovinglyYour loving friend

Acquaintances :

Yours faithfullyYours sincerely

: : t,,'-' ; 'L;.:

The signature or name of the writer comesbelow the subscription as given under:

Informal letters :

Forma1 letters :

Only first name is used.e.g. Akanksha.Full name is used withdesignation if required.e.g. Akanksha Khanna.

NOTE

1 . 'Yours' does not have an apostrophe before the 's' and itis always used with 'affectionately, lovingly, truly.

2. The leave-taking must be on the left hand side of the letter atthe bottom.

3. Only the first letter of the subscription begins with a capitalletter and is followed by all small letters. Note how it has beengiven above.

4. Always place a comma at the end of the subscription i.e. if you

have punctuated the address in the beginning of the letter.

[2e]

(vI) PREP ITIONS AND.T}IEIR USES

A preposition is a word placed before a Noun(or Pronoun) to show the relation in which oneperson or thing stands to another person or thing.It is usually placed before the word it controls,the most common bei^g the words showing time,space, position and direction relationship.

Prepositions are used with reference to tirneand reference to space. With reference to time, theymay denote a point of time or a period of time.A point of time will tell you a particular time as go'clock 8 p.m., etc. whereas a period of time as gyears, 8 months, etc.

t ili, 'i,ii ij.' i;.r,! ioi-:,i'i t,S. $-'i;,t$g;

, ',i, ir. i..:i

,r i Used for a point of time.The function will be held at 7 o'clocksharp.

You were called at 7 a.m. Why are youlate?

They lrft fo, the city at sunset.

Used for a period of time in whichsomething happens.The function took place in the eaening.You u)ere called in the morning.

This place ceased to exist in 1972.i

" ri used with particular dates and days.She died on Sunday.

The shtp reached the harbour on the 1,0th

,f Moy, 1965.

, 1'r'itilil;i., i:*,,:=..:iir. .

r ' i Also denotes at the end of a period oftime.

lustin utill return in a uteek. (At the endof the week)I utill leaae in a month. (At the end ofthe month)Denotes anytime before the expiry ofa period.

lustin will return within a uteek. (Couldreturn in three days or six days,anytime before the end of seven days.)

781

' tfsed when we refer to a point ofIustin will return before 1_0th(Before a fixed time)

Denotes at the end of a period ofin the past.She returned after n month. (Whenmonth was over)He gaae the book back after I remihim. (In the past)Denotes at the end of a period ofin the future.She will return in a year. (After theis over)

Denotes not later than.We will leaae this place by 6 o'clock.after 6 o'clock)

Means up to a certain period.We will be staying in Delhi tiilMonday. (Not after next Monday)

, used for a point of time.

She has not been in touch sinceMonday. (Point of time)

For Used for a period of time.The boy has been ill for tuto days. (pof time)

: Used for a point of time, but canpreceded by

^ verb in any tense.

I utill be busy from tomorrow onwards,

With Referemee To Space

1_. At, Im :

At - used with the names of small toand villages.

Ei:: , used with the names of big cities, staand countries.He ,liaes, at Meerpur in Maharashtra.I liae,at faheerpur in Bihar.

The Prime Mini.ster liaes in Delhi in Indi, , r'i,'t,

IGSE 's*if-Study in Eng" LanguaEe -9 &,':l [m5

enotes rest or position inside

TrTt);ni,oitirg in the room.(At rest)She Tt)as in the hsll. (At rest)Denotes motion towards the inside ofsomething.He cfrme into the room. ( Motion fromoutside to inside)I walked into the hall. (From outside thehall to inside the hall)

i 'qll . .

used when we refer to something atrest.We Tt)ere made to sit on the floor. (At rest)The serl)ant snt on the carpet (At rest),: Generally denotes motion.The cat sprang upon the table. (Showsmotion)

,%/6zr,qag, zVaz rZe frer. (,frowsnnotion)

Means, hy the side of ,or ,outside of.,

He sat beside me to discuss the probrem.His speaking ill about me is beside thepoint.

Means, 'in addition to,Besides Mira, alt of you are also inaited.Besides being rich, she is arso famotrc.

Ife stood behind the door.

used after verbs in the passive voiceto denote the agent or the doer.

Tl,r, boy u)as saaed by the,stranger.

5he wns searched by the police.Denotes the instrument with whichthe action was carried out.The serpent u)as kilted with a stick.He cut the log with nn nNe.

Between is used for two persons orthings"

Refers to position or place.The police ran after the thieaes.Also refers to position or place.

shnre this biscuit behneen the two girls.shanker and Raai fought beiweenthemSelUeS, ., ,-, iri, i.\.r' ,., , .

a **iUsed with'rriore, i,ffio persons orthings.The four the packet ofbiscuits fl . i

There is sqidtv.to be,,fuanpuF, euen amongthieaes.

Means, ' in a higher position,Death is hanging abozte rny head. (Over)I utas surprised to see my name abooe his.Means, ' a lower rever than the other.,He is much belout me in rank,I liae in the flat belout his.

Means, 'From one side to the opposite.,I liae across the street. (On the opposite

-ydea1)The boy ran across the road. (From oneside to the other)He laid the load across his shoulders.(On both sides of )

Denotes 'in the direction of ,

They moaed towards the settingsun.

she ran toutards the police stationfo, help.

Indicates a piercing action andalso the happening of something.The sutord ran through him.(Pierci^g action)The deal fell through. (The dealfailed)The deal came through.(Succeeded in making the aeh)Refers to a surrounding position.He looked nround himself qndthen batted.

' The path around the statue Tt)asconcrete.

. . .*:, j .;...

Indicates a position above somethingi ,or sornebody.

sentence,

g,&: 101[7e]

Indicates a position below somebodyor something.I put my suitcase under the table.

" r:,'i ,-.i. Indicates opposition of some kind.; . ili {*.8

The car slammed against the tree.He leaned against the wall.She did it against her wishes.I went against him because he wasselfish.

: "r, . r . ,j , , _ Through any part of the lengthof or from one end to the otherend.I took a walk along the broken path.The trees Tnere planted all along theroadside.

PHTTASE PREPOSITIONS

According toIn regard to

1 1. The boys are confident ".i- " a huge victory.72" The police sleut s are capable ,. .':. . .. .

tracking him dornrn. . t13. I saw the monkey charge {:":.'..r: . . the house.74" we have lived : this house ..i.:u. six years

now.15. Let us divide the ey ..:.,..... ourselves.76. Our path was stre . i :,'. ".:. difficulties.77. Neelam is extremely popular ,"'.i:"1,':.','the

sfudents. ,

18. A su,ord is hanging ."i.-;:... his head.79 . Soldiers stood . . . . :. :.":''[rirn.

20 " Rishi congratulated us .. .. ..;. .' our success.

1. to4. from7 . since

10. with13. into16. with1,9. around

2. with5. at, in8. about / for

11. of11. in , for77. among20. on

In comparison withalong with

in spite ofon behalf ofin the event ofin view ofin place ofon account ofby reason offor the sake ofin course ofin lieu of

With a view to in compliance withWith reference to in accordance withWith an eye to away from

7. He has no taste . nnusic.

2" We were amazed ..i. * * his insoierlce.3. He is confined " .:.'.rr . ... bed.4. The purse was ftrll .. . .",,';'n... n... money.5. I do nct agree ....':,"..""""...". )rour proposal.6. We stepped . . . . .. .i-;,.... the temple.7 " The dog was . .'-.,y,'i. his heels.B. They are confident .....".:.... winnirg the

match.9 . She feil ..... .. ..... .. G the roof,

11. He is averse ....;:,."n""... study"72. FIe was cured ..... r . . . . the disease.13. Do not interfere c.,.... me ........... this matter.74. We'II come ...e.....:...." 6 o'clock.15. The old lady is overcpme .,... .', " . . grief.76. Aiway-s "get . " .,-;i;:.".:

"Sunrise.

77. Don't laugh .....;.'..:.."." others.1 B. Agra is famous ,... . +r. . . . the Tuj"79" She will return .i'...."..";.;.:. a week.20. I was invited ........."*i"...u dinner.

o Insert suitable prepositio,ns tt

1. Does this book belong ...: ': .' ... you?

2. I saw him felling a big tree .,..... j. an axe.3. These people are always quarrelling . ,:.::. . .

themselves.4. Himani borrowed a pen ...,.,"r... me.5. I met him ....,.!.... Alipur ..".Lrv.r,.. Kolkata.6. She studied .:{,"ror.. midnight.7 . I have been waiting here ...:'.,.:.. 6 o'clock.8. Nobody cares .:-i:',..i... a weak, old man.9 . Shobha burst . .r.\.',}\t' tears.

10. Mohan was charged ...,-".,r.:. the murder ofRajan.

[ICSE setf-studv irt Enq. tamua;ame -g & 101