Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

27
 U.S. Law Wills and Estates

description

Given to students in the University of Osnabrück's Foreign Law program.

Transcript of Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

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U.S. Law

Wills and Estates

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Terminology● Estate

➢ Property of the decedent

● Decedent➢ The person who died➢ NOTE – the person who made a will is the “testator”

● Administrator➢ Person chosen to administer estate➢ Sometimes referred to by generic term “personal 

representative”

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Terminology

● Descendant➢ Includes children, grandchildren, great­grandchildren, etc.➢ Also referred to as “Issue”

● Domicil or Domicile➢ Person's “legal” home➢ Important for choice of law issues

● Dower➢ Common law term denoting widow's right to husband's land 

(widower gets “curtesy”)

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Terminology

● Executor➢ Person designated in will to carry out wishes of testator.➢ May either be individual or bank/law firm with trust department.➢ Sometimes called “Personal Representative”

● Bequeath, Bequest➢ Gift of personal property transferred via will➢ Today the term “devise” is more common

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Terminology

● Heir➢ Technically this is the person who receives a share via 

intestacy laws. (“Next of Kin” is also used)

● Holographic➢ Will written entirely in testator's handwriting

● Intestate➢ Without a will➢ Laws that provide for distribution in event that there is no will 

are called “intestacy” laws.

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Terminology

● Living Will➢ Instrument dealing with person on life support

● Power of Attorney➢ Appointment of “agent” to act in drafter's place

● Probate➢ Process of proving validity of will and administration of the 

estate.

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Terminology

● Power of Attorney➢ Appointment of “agent” to act in drafter's place

● Probate➢ Process of proving validity of will and administration of the 

estate.➢ Many states have separate probate courts do deal with the 

distribution of estates.

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Source and Conflicts

● Estates Law is state law.➢ Law are similar on most basic points, may differ in fine details.

● Uniform Probate Code➢ Model code that all states have adopted, at least in part.

● Generally, testator can designate applicable law in a will.

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Wills and Estates

Intestate Succession

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Surviving Spouse's Share

● Determining the share of the spouse and Issue

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Spouse and Issue

● Note that these statutes protect the children of the decedent who are NOT the children of the surviving spouse.

● Length of marriage is not often considered in these statutes.

● Spouse's share may depend on how many children the decedent has.

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Next of Kin

● How is the remaining share divided? What happens when there is no surviving spouse?

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Representation

● Children of relative who would have been heir had they been alive receive the share the relative would have received.

● EXAMPLE – D is survived by Aunt and three cousins from dead uncle.

➢ Share is divided by two. Aunt gets ½ and the three cousins split the other half.

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Wills & Estates

Wills

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Wills … A Privilege

“Rights of succession to the property of a deceased  . . . are of statutory creation, and the dead hand rules succession only by sufferance.  Nothing in the federal constitution forbids the legislature of a state to limit, condition, or even abolish the power of testamentary disposition over property within its jurisdiction.”  Irving Trust Co. v. Day, 314 U.S. 556, 562 (1974).

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The Omitted Spouse

● The Elective Share➢ An omitted spouse has 

several options that vary from state­to­state.

➢ Many states allow the spouse to take a share equal to what she or he would have taken under intestacy laws.

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The Omitted Child

● Unintentionally omitted children are often allowed a share of the estate.

➢ Children born after death of decedent, children thought to be dead at time of will's drafting.

● Intentionally omitted children are generally barred from obtaining a share.

➢ This is consistent with common law stress on intent of drafter.

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Requirements for a Valid Will

● Legal Capacity● Testamentary Capacity● Testamentary Intent● Formalities

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Legal Capacity

● A person must possess a certain status to be able to make a testamentary disposition of property.

● Early U.S. law prohibited married women, aliens, convicts and Native Americans from executing a will merely because of their supposedly inferior status.

● Today age and marital status are the two primary considerations.

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Testamentary Capacity

● The second requirement for a valid will is that the testator must have had testamentary capacity at the time the testator executed the will.

➢ “Sound mind”➢ Wisconsin – W.S.A. § 853.01 – “Any person of sound mind ….”

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Testamentary Intent

● The will must reflect the testator’s intent.● The testator must intend that the very instrument he 

executed is to be his will and effective upon his death.➢ E.g., letter to attorney listing changes to will.➢ E.g., sham will as part of hazing ritual.

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Will Formalities: Purpose

● Ritual or Cautionary Function➢ ensure testator's intent

● Evidentiary Function➢ create reliable evidence of testator’s intent.

● Protective Function➢ make it difficult for person to exert undue influence.

● Channeling Function➢ increase testator confidence

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Attested Wills

● Attested wills, that is, wills that are witnessed, are the most common type of will.

● An attested will must be:➢ In writing, ➢ Signed by the Testator, and➢ Witnessed.

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Attested by Witness

● Most states require at least two witnesses.● Generally, there is no statutory minimum age for a 

witness.● Witnesses must be competent or credible at the time they 

attested to the will.➢ Wisconsin – W.S.A. § 853.07 – “Any person who, at the time of 

execution of the will, would be competent to testify as a witness….”

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Holographic Wills

● A holographic will is prepared in the testator’s own handwriting.

● In approximately ½ of the states, holographic wills are exempted from the attestation requirement.

➢ In those states testator's own handwriting is deemed sufficient to protect against fraud.

● Most states require these to wills to be dated.

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Oral Wills

● Many states do not recognize oral wills.● In states that do recognize oral wills, there are generally 

restrictions imposed, such as on:➢ The type of property covered – no disposition of real property.➢ The amount of property covered – small $ amounts.➢ Condition of testator – imminent death.➢ Number of witnesses – three, even if only two are needed for 

attested wills.

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Revocation

● Subsequent Writing➢ New will that expressly changes or contradicts a prior will.

● Act➢ “Burning, tearing, obliterating”

● Divorce➢ Most states only negate part of will that dealt with spouse, not 

entire will.