vertical-transportation (mechanical)

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Technology in Technology in Architecture Architecture Lecture 9 Vertical Transportation Elevators Design Considerations Elevator Selection Parameters Example Problem

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Transcript of vertical-transportation (mechanical)

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Technology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in Architecture

Lecture 9

Vertical TransportationElevators Design ConsiderationsElevator Selection Parameters

Example Problem

Lecture 9

Vertical TransportationElevators Design ConsiderationsElevator Selection Parameters

Example Problem

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Vertical TransportationVertical TransportationVertical TransportationVertical Transportation

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ClassificationClassification

Elevators Passenger Freight Special

service

Escalators

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TypesTypes

Elevators traction

gearless medium-high speed passenger

geared low speed passenger hydraulic

plunger hole-less roped

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Performance CriteriaPerformance CriteriaIdeal Performance: minimum waiting time comfortable acceleration rapid transportation smooth/rapid slowing accurate leveling rapid loading/unloading quick/quiet door operation good visual travel direction/floor indicators easily operated controls comfortable lighting reliable emergency equipment smooth/safe operation of mechanical equipment

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Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards

ANSI/ASME Code A17.1

NFPA 101 Life Safety CodeNFPA 70 ElectricalANSI A117.1 Barrier Free

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Elevator Design Elevator Design ConsiderationsConsiderationsElevator Design Elevator Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

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Passenger Elevator Passenger Elevator ComponentsComponents

Traction Elevator car cables elevator machine controls counterweight hoistway rails penthouse pit

S: p. 1395, F.31.1

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Traction Elevator Traction Elevator ComponentsComponents

Machine room 8’-6” minimum clear

Bottom of Beam (OH) 17’-6” – 20’6’’

Travel number of floors

Pit (P) 10’-1” – 11-5”

S: p. 1439, F.31.29

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Passenger Elevator Passenger Elevator ComponentsComponents

Hydraulic car plunger/piston/jack elevator machine controls hoistway rails penthouse/headway pit

S: p. 1400, F.31.5

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Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic Elevator ComponentsComponents

Machine room 7’-9” minimum clear

Bottom of Beam (OH) 12’-0” – 12’3’’

Pit (P)/Plunger 4’-0” Travel +2’-6”

S: p. 1402, F.31.6

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Design ConsiderationsDesign Considerations

Door openings >3’-6” for

simultaneous loading/unloading

<3’-6” for singular loading

S: p. 1405, F.31.11

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Design ConsiderationsDesign Considerations

Doors single slide (24-36”) center opening (42-

60”) two-speed, side

opening (42”) two-speed, center

opening (60”)

S: p. 1406, F.31.12

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Elevator Selection Elevator Selection ParametersParametersElevator Selection Elevator Selection ParametersParameters

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DefinitionsDefinitions

Interval (I) or lobby dispatch time average time between departure of cars from

lobby

Waiting time average time spent

by a passenger between arriving in the lobby and leaving the lobby in a car

equals (0.6 x I)S: p. 1421, T.31.4

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DefinitionsDefinitions

Car passenger capacity (p) passengers per car

S: p. 1422, T.31.5

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DefinitionsDefinitions

Handling Capacity (HC) maximum number of passengers handled in a 5

minute period when expressed as a percentage of the

building population it is called percent handling capacity (PHC)

HC= 300(p)I

S: p. 1422, T.31.6

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DefinitionsDefinitions

Average trip time (AVTRP) average time from

passengers from arriving in lobby to leaving car at upper floor

Note: car size floor to floor height

S: p. 1424, F.31.20

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DefinitionsDefinitions

Round-trip time (RT) average time required for

a car to make a round trip

S: p. 1425, F.31.21

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ParametersParameters

Building population typical area per person based on net area and

building type

S: p. 1423, T.31.7

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ParametersParameters

Office building efficiency net usable area as a

percentage of gross area

S: p. 1423, T.31.8

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ParametersParameters

Elevator equipment recommendations building type car capacity rise speed

S: p. 1432, T.31.9

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SizingSizing EquationsEquations

Handling capacity (HC): HC=300p/I

Interval (I): I=RT/N

5-min. handling capacity (h): h=300p/RT

Number of cars (N): N=HC/h

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Elevator Design ExampleElevator Design ExampleElevator Design ExampleElevator Design Example

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Example ProblemExample Problem

Design an elevator system for a 10 story, single purpose tenant, office building that provides an “good” level of service.

Construction level is “normal”

Floor height: 12’-0” floor to floor

Floor area: 15,000 net square feet (nsf) each

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1. Determine Percent Handling 1. Determine Percent Handling Capacity (PHC)Capacity (PHC)

Office building Investment

range 11.5-13 %say 12%

PHC=0.12

S: p. 1422, T.31.6

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2. Determine Interval (I)2. Determine Interval (I)

Office building “Good” service

I=25-29 sec

S: p. 1421, T.31.4

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3. Determine Building 3. Determine Building PopulationPopulation

Office building Single tenantNormal construction

range 90-110 sf/personsay 100 sf/person

Pop= 9 floors@15,000 nsf 100sf/personPop=1350 people

S: p. 1423, T.31.7

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4. Determine Handling 4. Determine Handling Capacity (HC)Capacity (HC)

PHC=0.12 HC=0.12 x 1350 people

HC= 162 people

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5. Determine Rise & Select 5. Determine Rise & Select CarCar

9 floors (above lobby)

12’-0” floor-floor

Rise=9 x 12’-0’

Rise=108’

Select Car:2500# car@400 fpm

S: p. 1432, T.31.9

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6. Determine Average 6. Determine Average Trip Time (AVTRP)Trip Time (AVTRP)

12’-0” floor-floor

2500# car400 fpm9 floors

AVTRP= 64 sec

S: p. 1425, F.31.21

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7. Determine Round 7. Determine Round Trip Time (RT)Trip Time (RT)

12’-0” floor-floor

2500# car9 floors 400 fpm

RT= 112 sec

S: p. 1428, F.31.23

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8. Verify Single Car Capacity 8. Verify Single Car Capacity (p)(p)

2500# car

p= 13 people

S: p. 1422, T.31.5

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9. Determine 5-minute 9. Determine 5-minute Handling Capacity (h)Handling Capacity (h)

h=300p/RT

h= 300 x 13/112

h= 34.8 people

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10. Determine number of cars 10. Determine number of cars (N)(N)

N=HC/h

N= 162/34.8

N= 4.7 cars say 5 cars

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11. Confirm Interval (I)11. Confirm Interval (I)

I=RT/N

I= 112/5

I= 22.4 sec

Required I 25-29 sec

Design exceeds performance requirements

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12. Repeat Until 12. Repeat Until Performance CompliesPerformance Complies

Try 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)

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11. (Re)Confirm Interval (I)11. (Re)Confirm Interval (I)

I=RT/N

I= 112/4

I= 28 sec

Required I 25-29 sec

Design meets performance requirements

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12. Repeat Until 12. Repeat Until Performance CompliesPerformance Complies

Performance is in compliance

Use 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)

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Elevator Lobby Elevator Lobby RequirementsRequirementsElevator Lobby Elevator Lobby RequirementsRequirements

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Lobby ParametersLobby Parameters

Proximity to other cars single zone multizone

Proximity to emergency exits/egress stairs

Adjacent to main lobby

S: p. 1438, F.31.27

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Lobby SizingLobby SizingSize based on peak interval 15 or 20 minute peak time 5 sf/person

From previous example using 15 minute peak

h=34.8 people/5-min. 104.4 people/15 min.

Area= 104.4 people x 5 sf/person = 522 sf

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