VERTEBRATES. YOU MUST KNOW… THE FOUR CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS TRAITS WHICH DISTINGUISH EACH OF THE...
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Transcript of VERTEBRATES. YOU MUST KNOW… THE FOUR CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS TRAITS WHICH DISTINGUISH EACH OF THE...
VERTEBRATES
YOU MUST KNOW…• THE FOUR CHORDATE
CHARACTERISTICS• TRAITS WHICH DISTINGUISH EACH OF
THE FOLLOWING GROUPS: CHONDRICHTHYES, OSTEICHTHYES, AMPHIBIA, REPTILIA, BIRDS, AND MAMMALIA
• ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOWED ANIMALS TO MOVE ONTO LAND
• HOW THE THREE CLASSES OF MAMMALS DIFFER IN THEIR REPRODUCTION
CONCEPT 34.1• CHORDATES
HAVE A NOTOCHORD AND A DORSAL, HOLLOW NERVE CORD
• VERTEBRATES ARE MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM CHORDATA
• 4 CHARACTERISTICS• NOTOCHORD – APPEARS DURING EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE DIGESTIVE TUBE AND THE DORSAL NERVE CORD
• DORSAL, HOLLOW NERVE CORD – FORMED FROM A PLATE OF ECTODERM THAT ROLLS INTO A HOLLOW TUBE
• PHARYNGEAL CLEFTS – GROOVES THAT SEPARATE A SERIES OF POUCHES ALONG THE SIDES OF THE PHARYNX. THEY ALLOW WATER TO ENTER AND EXIT THE MOUTH WITHOUT GOING THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
• A MUSCULAR TAIL POSTERIOR TO THE ANUS
CONCEPT 34.3• VERTEBRATES ARE CRANIATES
THAT HAVE A BACKBONE
LAMPREYS• OLDEST LINEAGE
OF VERTEBRATES, JAWLESS PARASITIC FISH WITH A SKELETON OF CARTILAGE
CONCEPT 34.4• GNATHOSTOMES
ARE VERTEBRATES THAT HAVE JAWS
• JAWS EVOLVED FROM MODIFICATION OF THE PHARYNGEAL (GILL) SLITS
• CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES – FLEXIBLE ENDOSKELETONS COMPOSED OF CARTILAGE, STREAMLINED BODIES, DENSER THAN WATER, WILL SINK IF THEY STOP SWIMMING – SHARKS AND RAYS
• CLASS OSTEICHTHYES – BONY FISHES, COVERED WITH SCALES, POSSESS A SWIM BLADDER – TROUT AND SALMON
CONCEPT 34.5• TETRAPODS ARE
GNATHOSTOMES THAT HAVE LIMBS AND FEET
• CLASS AMPHIBIA – INCLUDE FROGS, TOADS, SALAMANDERS, AND NEWTS
• GAS EXCHANGE CAN OCCUR ACROSS THEIR THIN, MOIST SKIN – MAY HAVE LUNGS
• MAY HAVE AQUATIC LARVAL STAGE WITH GILLS AND METAMORPHOSIS TO AN ADULT (FROGS)
• HAVE EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION AND EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT IN AN AQUATIC ENVT (EGGS WITHOUT SHELL)
• AS LARVAE, AMPHIBIANS HAVE A TWO-CHAMBERED HEART (1,1). AS ADULT, THREE-CHAMBERED HEART (2,1).
CONCEPT 34.6• AMNIOTES ARE TETRAPODS
THAT HAVE A TERRESTRIALLY ADAPTED EGG
• AMNIOTES CONSIST OF MAMMALS AND REPTILES (ALSO BIRDS)
• AMNIOTIC EGG WAS IMPORTANT EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT FOR LIFE ON LAND
• EGGS HAVE SHELL THAT RETAINS WATER SO IT CAN BE LAID IN DRY ENVT
• EGG HAVE AMNION (FLUID), CHORION, ALLANTOIS, AND YOLK SAC (GAS EXCHANGE, WASTER STORAGE, AND TRANSFER OF STORED NUTRIENTS)
1. REPTILES – TURTLES, LIZARDS, SNAKES, ALLIGATORS, CROCODILES, EXTINCT DINOSAURS
• MODERN REPTILES HAVE SCALES CONTAINING KERATIN (REDUCE WATER LOSS)
• OBTAIN OXYGEN THROUGH LUNGS• ECTOTHERMIC (REGULATE TEMP
THROUGH BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS RATHER THAN METABOLISM)
• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION AND AMNIOTE SHELLED EGG
• NITROGENOUS WASTE IS URIC ACID• HEART IS THREE-CHAMBERED (2,1)
2. BIRDS – WINGS, FEATHERS, ADAPTATIONS FOR FLIGHT
• LAY AMNIOTIC EGGS• HAVE KERATIN-CONTAINING SCALES ON
THEIR LEGS• LIGHT, HOLLOW BONES, FEWER ORGANS• FEATHERS AND A LAYER OF FAT
INSULATES BIRDS• FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART, HIGH
METABOLISM• ENDOTHERMS – MAINTAIN A WARM,
CONSISTENT BODY TEMP
CONCEPT 34.7• MAMMALS
ARE AMNIOTES THAT HAVE HAIR AND PRODUCE MILK
• MAMMALS POSSESS MAMMARY GLANDS
• HAVE A BODY COVERING OF HAIR• HAVE A FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART• ARE ENDOTHERMIC• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION, ARE BORN• PROPORTIONALLY LARGER BRAINS
THAN OTHER VERTEBRATES• ALL HAVE TEETH OF DIFFERING SIZE
AND SHAPE
1. MONOTREMES – EGG LAYING MAMMALS THAT HAVE HAIR AND PRODUCE MILK – PLATYPUSES, ANTEATERS
2. MARSUPIALS – BORN EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT AND COMPLETE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN A POUCH WHILE NURSING – KARGAROO, OPOSSUM
3. PLACENTAL MAMMALS (EUTHERIANS) – LONGER PREGNANCY, COMPLETE THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN THE UTERUS – DOGS, HUMANS
• HUMANS BELONG TO THE ORDER PRIMATES ALONG WITH MONKEYS AND GORILLAS
• OPPOSABLE THUMBS, LARGE BRAINS AND SHORT JAWS, FORWARD-LOOKNG EYES, FLAT NAILS, WELL-DEVELOPED PARENTAL CARE, COMPLEX SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
• HUMANS – INCREASED BRAIN VOLUME, SHORTENING OF JAW, BIPEDAL POSTURE, REDUCED SIZE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEXES