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Vertebrate Tissues
Mrs. StahlZoology
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Tissue• A group or mass of similar cells working
together to perform a common function.• The study of tissues= Histology• Animal Tissues:– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue• Covers or lines something and typically consists of
sheets of cells that have surface specializations adapted for their specific roles.
• Functions: Size, shape, and arrangement directly relate to these specific functions– Absorb- lining of the intestines– Transport- Kidney tubules– Excrete- Sweat and Endocrine Glands– Protect- The Skin– Contain nerve cells for sensory reception- taste buds on
the tongue.
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to protect
Classified based on thickness and shape
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Classification of epithelia
• According to thickness– “simple” - one cell layer– “stratified” – more than one layer of cells
(which are named according to the shape of the cells in the apical layer)
• According to shape– “squamous” – wider than tall– “cuboidal” – as tall as wide– “columnar” - taller than wide
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Epithelial Tissue
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Epithelium-Human Stomach
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Simple Squamous• Single layer, simple, flattened.• Function- diffusion and filtration• Location- air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries,
covering visceral organs (hollow organ), lining body cavities
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Simple Cuboidal• Single layer, cube shaped• Function- secretion / absorption• Location- Lining of kidney tubules,
ducts of glands (salivary and pancreatic), cover the surface of the ovaries
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Simple Columnar• Single layer, elongated cells with the nucleus
located in the same spot• Function- protection, absorption, secretion• Location- lining of the digestive tract and uterus,
gall bladder– Some have fingerlike projections called microvilli
which increase surface absorption– Contains scatter goblet cells functioning in the
secretion of mucus
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“ciliated” literally = eyelashes(see next page)
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Stratified Squamous• Multi-layered, thicker• Function- protection• Location- lining of body cavities like the
mouth and outer layer of the skin, nasal cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal (non-keratinized). Keratinized -> epidermis of the skin
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Stratified: regenerate from below
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Pseudostratified Columnar• Stratified appearance but really a single
layer with nuclei at various levels giving the layered look, ciliated, have goblet cells
• Function- secretion and cilia aided movement
• Location- lining air passages -> trachea, auditory tubes of the reproductive system
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Transitional Epithelium• Thick, layered cuboidal cells,
stretchable forms a barrier to block diffusion• Location- lining of urinary bladder
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Special Features of Epithelium• Cilia- hair-like appendages attached to the apical surface
of cells that act as sensory structures or to proton movement
• Goblet Cells- specialized cells that produce mucus to lubricate and protect the surface of the organ.
• Villi- fingerlike projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some organs. Increase surface area allowing for faster and more efficient absorption
• Microvilli- smaller projections that arise from the cells surface. Increased surface area, bushy appearance.
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Connective Tissue• Characteristics:– Most abundant tissue in your body (made up of ground
substance (fluid and semi-solid) and fibers– Binds structures together, stores nutrients, cells
reproduce– Provides support, protection, framework, fills space,
stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection– Extracellular matrix- a bed of secreted organic material
of varying composition that binds separated cells of tissue. Nonliving material between cells.
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Classes of Connective Tissue: note the cell types and great variety of subclasses
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2 General Types
• 1. Loose Connective Tissue: strong, flexible fibers of the protein collagen are interwoven with fine, elastic, and reticular fibers, giving its elastic consistency and binding capabilities.
• 2. Fibrous Connective Tissue: Densely packed collagen fibers and they may lie parallel to one another creating very strong cords (ex- tendons and ligaments)– Tendons- connect muscles to bones– Ligaments- connect bones to bones
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Connective Tissue• Originate from embryonic tissue
called mesenchyme-> rises from the mesoderm, an embryonic germ layer (stem tissue)
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Common Cell Types
• Adipocytes- adipose tissue cells• Fibroblasts- most common, secrete collagen
proteins that are used to maintain a structural framework, play an important role in healing wounds.
• Osteocytes- bone cells, are trapped within the bone matrix (the hard part of the bone), has tentacle like dendrites that allow it to maintain contact with neighboring cells / communicate.
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• Mast cells- tissue of the immune system of vertebrate animals. Mediate inflammatory responses-> allergic reactions. They are scattered all over the connective tissue. Chemical mediators produce responses-> inflammation, swelling, contraction of smooth muscles, increased mucus production
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Adipose • Large cells• Function= protection, insulation,
stores energy• Location= beneath the skin, around
kidneys, eyeballs, abdominal membranes
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Cartilage• Cells= chondrocytes• Hard, flexible, supports ears, skeleton of sharks
and rays• Hyaline- most common, covers ends of bones
and joints, respiratory passages• Elastic- flexible and elastic, external ear, larynx• Fibrocartilage- very tough , large, menisci
(cartilage where two bones meet), intervertebral disks
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Bone Cells• Osteocytes• In the lacunae (cavity or depression,
especially in bone)• Support and protection• Surrounded by calcium phosphate
and calcium carbonate= making the tissue really hard
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Blood • Plasma-> made up of mostly water but
suspends red blood cells , white blood cells, and platelets.
• Transports various substances throughout the body of an animal.
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Nervous Tissue• Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves• Composed of:– Neurons- impulse conducting cells– Neuroglia- protection, support, and nourishment– Peripheral Glial Cells- form sheaths and help
protect, nourish, and maintain cells of the peripheral nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord)
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Muscle Tissue• Muscle cells= myofibers• Function: movement, digestion,
organ function• 3 kinds: Skeletal, Smooth, and
Muscle
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Skeletal• Attached to bones and makes body
movement possible in vertebrates• Smooth-
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Smooth• Rhythmic contractions create a
churning action (stomach), help propel material through tubular structures (intestines), and control size changes in hollow organs (uterus, urinary bladder)
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Cardiac• Wall of the heart• Results in the heart beating
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Tissue Repair• Regeneration- replaces dead or
damaged cells with the same type of cell, restoring normal function• Fibrosis- replaces damaged tissue
with scar tissue, which holds the tissues together but does not restore normal functions.