Vertebrate Pest Management for Pitahaya growersVertebrate Pest Management for Pitahaya growers Niamh...
Transcript of Vertebrate Pest Management for Pitahaya growersVertebrate Pest Management for Pitahaya growers Niamh...
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Vertebrate Pest Management for Pitahaya growers
Niamh Quinn, PhD
Human-Wildlife Interactions Advisor
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Vertebrate pest issues in Pitahaya
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Today…….
• Gophers
• Squirrels
• Birds
• Rabbits
Ed Williams, La Ag Comm.
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Gophers
Ed Williams, La Ag Comm.
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Damage• Root damage
• Girdle plants
• Mounds are tripping hazard
• Irrigation
Photo courtesy of Dr. Roger Baldwin
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I have a gopher in my orchard! What are my options?
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• Hire a PMP
• Do it yourself
– Repellants
– Trapping
– Toxicants
– Fumigation
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Repellants
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Trapping
• Time consuming but very effective
• Best option for DIY grower
• Non-toxic method
• Economical
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Where to purchase equipment
• Most hardware stores
• http://www.traplineproducts.com/
• http://www.wildlifecontrolsupplies.com/
• http://store.gopherslimited.com/
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The science of trapping
• Macabee vs Gophinator
• Covered vs uncovered
• Attractant vs no attractant
• Trained vs untrained
• Gloves vs no gloves
• “above” ground traps vs “in” tunnel traps
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Macabee vs Gophinator
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Gophinator
• Powerful trap
• Grips the animal high on the body
• Trigger arm offset to prevent upward pressure on gopher
• Rotating pincer arm that clamps to stationary arm
– More secure capture
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Maccabee vs GophinatorCovered vs uncovered
Trap type and cover type comparisons
0%
10%
20%
30%
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100%
Spring-Summer Autumn
Cap
ture
rat
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Goph cov
Goph uncov
Mac cov
Mac uncov
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• The increase in efficacy associated with covered trap sites during spring was negated by the increased time required to set covered trap sets.
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Attractant vs no attractant
Number of captures per 100 trap nights
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Anise oil Carrot oil Grapefruit Peanut butter No attractant
Num
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Trained vs untrained
0%
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100%
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
Mea
n ca
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e ef
fici
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0%
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30%
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Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
Mea
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e ra
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Gloves vs no gloves
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Saturday :Types of trap
• Turf damage
– Gophinator
– Maccabee
– Black hole and box
• Less turf damage
– Cinch trap
– Gopher Hawk
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How do I trap?
• Materials
– Traps
– Probe
– Gloves
– Wire
– Flags
– Kneepads
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Saturday:Technique
• Active mounds
• Probe for tunnel
– Watch out for back-filled tunnels
• Leave probe in mound
• With hori-hori, dig hole
• Examine burrows for
– Size
– Turns
– Divides
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California ground squirrels
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Damage
• Generally do not feed on plants
• Can dig among roots and expose plants to sun
• Irrigation
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Control tests on Richardson Ground Squirrels -Montana
(M. Sullins & D. Sullivan, Proc. 15th VPC, 1992)
Product Efficacy
Rodentorch 40.6%
USDA Gas Cartridge 90.8%
Aluminum phosphide 83.7%
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New technologies
Species Device Author Efficacy
Belding’s Ground Squirrel PERC Orloff 76%
California Gound Squirrel Cheetah Baldwin -7%
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Burrow Blocker system
www.BurrowBlocker.com
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• Cost
• Logistics (other equipment)
• Limited site suitability
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Ground squirrel control
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Rabbits
• Not generally a problem for mature plants
• Can eat young plants
• May lead to death of plant
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Fencing• Long-term and effective
• Poultry netting (chicken wire) supported by light stakes will provide adequate control
• Mesh size should be no larger than 1 inch in order to exclude young rabbits.
• Use 48-inch-tall wire
• Bury the bottom at least 6 to 10 inches into the ground
• Bend a few inches of the fence bottom outwardly
• Bury the bottom of the wire fence OR stake the bottom edge to deter rabbits from passing beneath it
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• Use tight-fitting gates with sills to keep rabbits from digging below the bottom rails
• Keep gates closed as much as possible
• Inspect the fence regularly to make sure rabbits or other animals haven’t dug beneath it
• Cottontails and brush rabbits won’t jump a 2-foot fence
• Jackrabbits ordinarily won’t jump a 2-foot fence unless a dog chases them, or they become otherwise frightened
• Discourage jumping by increasing the above-ground height to 3 feet
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Birds
• Damage directly to fruit
• Reduces marketable yield
• Health and safety risk
Photo courtesy of Gary Tanizaki
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Photo courtesy of Gary Tanizaki
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Netting
• Bird netting is pretty much essential
– Individual trees
– Entire groves
• Can be costly
• If done correctly it can last multiple growing seasons and be very effective
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• When covering individual trees it is important to ensure that the netting is not touching the fruit
• That the plant is completely enclosed in the netting and gathered at the bottom
• Tie securely at the trunk at the bottom of the tree
• Use PVC pole to help extend netting
Ph
oto
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urt
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Ingl
es
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Protecting individual fruits?
• Might work
• Not generally suitable
• Vertebrate pests are very persistent
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Entire groves
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Be vigilant-make repairs!
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Don’t leave the door open!