Verschueren Environmental Consultancy B.V.
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Transcript of Verschueren Environmental Consultancy B.V.
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Why most plastics in category 5, 6 and 7 should be landfilled and not recycled
Drs. Ben Keet FRSCGeo & Hydro – K8 Ltd
e-mail: [email protected]
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Verschueren Environmental Consultancy B.V.
Geo & Hydro – K8 Ltd
Excel lence in Envi ronmental Eng ineer ing
Study for Ministry for the Environment
Investigation of brominated flame retardantspresent in articles being used, recycled and
disposed of in New Zealand.
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/hazardous/investigation-of-brominated-flame-retardants/investigation-of-brominated-flame-retardants.pdf
Flame retardants are present in many plastics.There are 9 main groups
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Brominated flame retardants make up 10 % by weight
In Europe alone50.000 tons in 2007
Brominated Flame Retardants
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs or BDE’s)
tetrabromobisphenol (TBBP-A)
hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)
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polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)209 congeners
Product CompositionPoBDE TrBDE TeBDE PeBDE HxBDE HpBDE OBDE NBDE
DeBDE
DeBDE 0.3-3%
97-98%
OBDE 10-12%
43-44%
31-35%
9-11%
0-1%
PeBDE 0-1%
24-38%
50-62%
4-8%
TeBDE 7.6%
-- 41-42%
44-45%
6-7%
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Commercial BDE’s are always a blend
Why a study into Brominated Flame Retardants ?
PBDE’s Classed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s) by Stockholm Convention
Banned in most countries:Penta BDEOcta BDE
Banned or to be banned:Deca BDE
In many countries:Hazardous waste if products contain over 0.25% BDE
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Natural breakdown and bio-accumulation of PBDE’s
• Natural dehalogenation of PBDE’s by UV radiation (photodecomposition)
• Results in more lower brominated PBDE’s.
• Bioaccumulation is stronger for lower PBDEs
• Deco Nona Octa Septa Hexa Penta Tetra
• Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation not well reseached.
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“the graph that launched a thousand papers” Meironyt D, Bergman A. 1999.
Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Swedish Human Milk,
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BDE concentration in House / Office Dust
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Study Location(s)
Number of samples
Total PBDEs (ppb) Deca (ppb)
Average Range Average Range
House Dust
10 pooled samples of 10 houses each
10,543 4,254 - 20,505 9,820 3,800 - 19,900
EWG study 10 houses 4,629 614 - 16,366 (41,203) 2,394 < 400 - 7,510
5 houses 3,699 1,412 - 11,426 1,232 916 - 1,472
25 houses 1,807 145 - 27,008 1,394 137 - 19,100
2 houses 267 129 - 405 180 100 - 260
Office dust
Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Italy, Denmark
7 Parliament buildings 2,371 437 - 7,100 2,129 330 - 6,900
3 internet providers 405 311 - 546 360 260 - 490
How to Detect BFR’s ?
Lab analysis
•Not av. In NZ•Expensive•Selective
X-Ray Fluorescence
•Portable•Sensitive to Br•Not selective
www.benkeet.com ©2010 Ben Keet 10 Figure E.1 Display of XRF analyser showing the bromine concentration of a wall switch (Mitre 10)
Estimated quantities of BDE in various sources of the New Zealand environment
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New Zealand BDE Profile (tonnes)
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Tonn
es
Being Recycled
Cumulativelandfill total
Entering Landfill
In-Use
Exports Total
Used in NZmade products
Imported infinished goods
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Results ng/L waterdissolved particle-bound
lims nr. 10/0426 10/0427 10/0428 10/0429
sample code BFR-SPE-HD BFR-SPE-GM BFR-FIL-HD BFR-FIL-GM
BDE28 1.8 <0.02 1.1 0.06BDE49 11 <0.02 11 0.3BDE71 <0.03 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02BDE47 82 0.04 86 15BDE66 <0.3 <0.3 <0.03 <0.02BDE77 <0.03 <0.02 <0.3 <0.2BDE100 12 <0.1 32 7.4BDE119 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1BDE99 54 0.1 169 44BDE85 2.7 <0.1 7.1 3.0BDE126 0.1 <0.02 0.9 0.1
BDE154+BB153 2.4 <0.04 21 4.8BDE153 2.3 <0.04 24 7.0BDE138 <0.05 <0.04 <0.05 <0.04BDE156 <0.05 <0.04 <0.05 <0.04BDE184 <0.05 <0.04 <0.05 <0.04BDE183 <0.05 <0.04 8.2 0.3BDE191 <0.05 <0.04 <0.05 <0.04BDE197 <0.05 <0.04 3.4 0.06BDE196 <0.05 <0.04 10 <0.04BDE209 0.4 <0.1 21 2.8
total BDE 168.6 0.2 395.0 84.6TBBP-A 3.4 1.7 2.26 0.94α- HBCD <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1β-HBCD <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1γ-HBCD <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
BDE+TBBP-A 172.0 1.9 397.3 85.6
Landfill lechate was sampled at Greenmount and Hampton downs.
At Hampton Downs, closed cell 1 daily 0.034 ng BDEs leave the landfill.
This equates to ¼ kg of BDE containing plastic leaving landfill each year.
This is 1 billionth of the total mass of plastics in the landfill.
Landfill are secure to sore BDE’s
BDE’s in Plastics
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Uncertain variables
% BDE in PP products made in New Zealand 0.12%
% BDE in EPS products made in New Zealand 1.47%
% BDE in PVC products made in New Zealand 0.01%
% BDE in LDPE products made in New Zealand 0.15%
% BDE in OTHER products made in New Zealand 1.68%
% BDE in finished products
PlasticNo.
5
6
3
4
7
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BDE’s
Recycling Polystyrene (No. 6)
Good or Bad?
Questions - Discussion
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Figure 3 Richard Moore, creator of Poly Palace in Porirua