Vernacular architecture in jammu and kashmir
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Transcript of Vernacular architecture in jammu and kashmir
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STATE:
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
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INTRODUCTION
Kashmir, also known as the paradise on landand is famous for its hillsides, excellent water
bodies , its rich culture, Mughal gardens,
Shikaras, House boats, Handloom Industry, its
mouth watering cuisine.
J&K is the top most state of India.
It is surrounded by Himalayas, with China onone side & Pakistan &POK On the other.
It basically comprises of three district :
Jammu: mainly a plain area.
Kashmir: mainly a valley area.
Ladakh: mainly a hilly area (hill desert).
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The spatial structure of the city
has evolved in harmony with thewater bodies and the topography.
The rivers edge is defined by the
buildings standing on retaining
walls rising out of the water. The main movement spine is
formed by the river and parallel
streets on both banks, connected
across by a series of bridges.
Narrow cross lanes run
perpendicular to the river.
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TYPICAL DWELLING
The buildings were generallythree to four storey high, withbasements contained within theretaining walls along the riverside.
The plans were generally squareso that a minimum of externalwalls were exposed and heat wasconserved in the cold winter.
Bay windows(dub) are presentoverlooking the river or main
street . The dub is generally located on
the southern side so that the sunwas available in winter.
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
The oldest surviving examples of traditional vernacular architecturein the city of KASHMIR dates back to early 19th Century.
This architectural style is solely represented by the residences of thecity and broadly falls into two distinct categories; based on thestructural system involved. These two systems are:
Taq Construction
Dhajji-Dewari or Timber Braced (patch-quilt) System
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TAQ CONSTRUCTION
In this system ofconstruction 2-3 ft. thickbrick masonry pierssupporting wooden floorbeams formed the basicstructural system of thebuilding.
The distance between two
brick piers used to benormally around 3-4 ft andwas known as a TAQ.
The gap in between eachTAQ would be filled in witheither a window opening orbrick masonry.
The roof comprised a layerof earth covering over birchbark and wooden planksresting on wooden rafters.
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DHAJJI-DEWARI CONSTRUCTION
The dhajji-dewari
construction is based on abraced timber framedstructural system, in whichnormally 4-9 inch thick brickor stone masonry is used toinfill the gaps.
Normally this system islimited to upper floor levelsor attics ( kani ) of thebuilding
Timber bracings
used in upper
floors , ground
floor is made of
just stone
masonary.
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SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND
PLANNING
Most of the buildings constructed on the above mentionedstructural systems show a common spatial arrangement anddecorative elements. The buildings can thus be subdivided intotwo categories on the basis of plan form :
Square Plan
Linear Plan
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Many of the traditional buildingsare based on a square plan with
the main entrance opening into acentrally located staircase lobby.
The lobby is flanked by one ortwo rooms on either side, inground as well as first floor.
The space above entrance in firstfloor in some cases also enclosesa projecting wooden bay window(dub).
The second floor (kani) normallycomprises a single large hallwhich can be subdivided intothree smaller rooms wheneverrequired with the help ofpartition screens.
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The entrance to these
buildings was from a
staircase lobby located nearone of the corners of the
house.
Many of the larger and
more aristocratic houses,also known as havelis
comprise a linear, two or in
certain cases three storey
buildings.
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Lattice work screens and window shutters, profusely carved wooden
brackets, eaves board (morakh patt), pendants (dour) are some of the
main architectural elements associated with them.
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The second floor is surmounted by a cruciformshaped attic space.
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EVOLUTION AND HISTORY
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architecture in many places continues to evolve, andKashmiri rural architecture is no exception.
A number of building systems in various parts of Kashmir
have developed over time to accommodate local naturaland cultural factors, including the impact of earthquakes.
These systems are not only part of the cultural heritage ofKashmir but also add to its beautiful landscape.
Historically, the buildings have depended completely upon
stone, mud, bricks and wood for roofing as well as walling.Until very recently, non-local materials did not represent avalid option for local constructions.
They were expensive, and their use added logisticalcomplications to the construction process.
However, in recent times new materials have made theirway into the valleys of Kashmir on account of theirfavorable economics as well as peoples aspiration tomodernity.
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Until the 1970s the most common building systems in Kashmir were
brick or stone walls. Some of them timber framed, with timber and
mud roofs. But as durable wood like Deodar became very
expensive, corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) sheets came to replace
wood planks and shingles.
In areas where it is easy to transport these sheets, the change has
been so far-reaching that CGI sheeting now constitutes the most
common form of roofing in the region. Even in areas where just twenty years ago houses were mainly built
with flat mud roofs, CGI sheets have become the predominant
roofing material.
Apart from this, the reinforced concrete (RC) slab is gradually
replacing the timber floor and load bearing masonry walls are
replacing the timber framing. Again, changing economic forces as
well as peoples aspirations to a more contemporary lifestyle are
encouraging such changes.
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Thatch roofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wall CGIsheet roofing on stone masonry and timber wall Architecture
constantly adapts to suit the changing context so that it canbest meet the common persons needs.
The social, climatic, economic and technical impacts of newinterventions are often not fully understood, and this mayhave negative effects on peoples lives.
These impacts include the reaction of buildings toearthquakes and other natural disasters. RC, for example, is amaterial that requires a high level of engineering, but thepeople who use this material often know little about this.
This is why, in many cases, new materials and techniquesapplied in an unprofessional way will threaten the safety ofbuildings and the people who live in them.
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Aspects of Rural Architecture
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Factors governing the popularity of construction
methods and materials areeconomics in relation to peoples spending
capacity,
easy maintenance by the common person and
effective response to local natural conditionssuch as extreme cold, strong winds or high
earthquake risk.
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ECONOMICS
This is demonstrated most clearly by the use of brick for
construction, which is most economical in the plains of the
Kashmir Valley, and the use of stone, which is most economical
in the hills, on account of their easy availability in the respective
areas.
The valley has soil that is most suitable to make bricks, baked
or
unbaked.
The mountains, on the other hand, offer very little soil but
have lots of stone and rock. When people in the hills consider
switching from stone to brick, these economic factors become
very relevant.
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The cost per brick, which is Rs. 1-2 in Baramulla town (in the valley),can be Rs. 3-4 at a roadside village 60 km away, or even as high asRs. 5-6 in a village a mere 2 km away from the road side where ithas to be transported on mule back.
Where roofing is concerned, even today CGI sheets have made no
inroads where timber is cheaply available and where access to thearea is only by foot over long distances and steep terrain.
In other areas, cheaper timber varieties with shorter life are gainingacceptability, since
the CGI roofing protects such timber from the natural elements andtimber no longer gets exposed as it did when it was used for
shingles or plank roofing.
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MAINTENANCE
In vernacular architecture practical measures and proceduralmethods are already embedded in construction knowledge, as
local builders are actively involved and engaged in the building
and maintenance of traditional built environments.
Maintenance requires materials and skills. Since these are no
different from what is required in construction, the maintenanceof rural structures is easy and within the reach of ordinary
people.
However, if materials from outside the locality were to be used,
the maintenance of the structure would become expensive.
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LOCAL NATURAL CONDITIONS
Winter cold is the most common natural factor governingmost of Kashmir.
Thick walls of brick and stone with mud plaster provide
excellent protection against this, as does a thick mud-timber
roof.
The lighter, pitched roof made of timber and CGI sheets in
combination with the attic floor also ensures livable
conditions inside the house in winter and summer.
The steep pitch of the light roof permits little
accumulation of snow and prevents any water leakages.
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ARCHITECTURE BY REGION
From the point of view of architecture Kashmir can be divided into several
Regions with the following characteristics.
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(1) The major factors that dictate the local architecture here are :-
(a) easy access to good soil for brick-making and to water and timber
(b) snow in winter
(c) possibility of earthquakes
2) As a result, walls are made mainly out of timber and bricks, baked or
unbaked.
The most common wall types are load bearing:-
(a) Baked brick (external wall) masonry with mud or cement mortar(b) Unbaked brick (internal wall) with mud mortar and mud plaster
(c) Unbaked brick with baked brick veneer (external wall) masonry
with mud mortar
(d) Dhajji timber framed constructions with infill of baked brick in
cement mortar or unbaked brick masonry in mud mortar,
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(3) Many structures which are typically single- and
double-storey have Dhajji walls in the upperstorey and the gables (The part of a wall that
encloses the end of a pitched roof)
(4) Roofs slope steeply in two directions. Although
planks or shingles of hardwood like Deodar were
formerly the main roofing materials, today CGI
sheets on timber supports have become themost common type of roofing.
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KASHMIR VALLEY:
URBAN ARCHITECTURE
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(4)The Taaq type: The Taaq type of construction has a large number of
windows (Taaq means window), one in each gap between the
piers. The roofs are two- and four-sided pitched. The wood shingle
roofing that was once used in most structures has been replaced by
the CGI sheeting on account of economics and availability.(5) This manual does not cover the traditional Dhajji Dewari and Taaq
constructions since these have heritage value and thus call for a
different approach to restoration and retrofitting than half-
modern/halftraditional composite rural constructions
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HILLY AREAS SURROUNDING
THE VALLEY
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(3) The roof can be sloping or flat.(a) The flat roof made with timber understructure supportingthe mud and vegetal
(b) roofing is often used for summer dwellings in high altitudepastures.
(c)It is also used animal shelters in this region on account ofthe warmth that it can provide.
(d)This type of roofing requires extraordinarily heavy roofingelements on account of heavy snow buildup in winter. Morecommonly, roofing consists of pitched CGI sheet roofing ontimber supports, since it encloses a large volume whichprovides insulation in the cold winters on account of the atticfloor.
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(1)The main factors that dictate the local architecture in this zone
are:-
(a) easy access to building quality stone(b) limited availability of topsoil
(c) greatly varying availability of water
(d) varying availability of timber
(e) little snow in winter
(g) possibility of earthquakes.
(2) The most common wall types are coursed random rubble
masonry with or without
mud mortar, with or without mud plaster, since availability of
mud and water vary greatly
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TYPICAL RURAL HOUSE IN
KASHMIR
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(1)A typical rural Kashmiri house today is a large two storey structure, with
an aspect ratio generally not exceeding 1.2 to 1.3, with walls that are
not plastered from outside and a shining CGI roof that is pitched with
one or more projections.
(2) In the ground storey it has approximately four rooms including a kitchen
and a front verandah, with a central corridor stretching from the mainentrance in front to a large bathroom-cum-toilet in the rear. The stairs lead
from the front end of the corridor to the upper storey. The upper storey has
a similar arrangement of rooms and passage as found on the ground floor,
and also has stairs that lead to the attic. The number of storeys depends on
the resources at the disposal of the owner.
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(3) Unlike in other parts of the country, where rooms aregradually added as and when the need arises, here the
basic structure is built in one go. But the upper storeys areenclosed and finished at a later date.
(4) The ground-storey rooms are used as a sitting area,bedrooms, and kitchen. The upper storey rooms may beused as for storage as well as bedrooms. On account ofthe joint-family system with several families living underone roof, there is often more than one kitchen in thehouse. The attic area is invariably used for storage, sincethe people are predominantly agriculturists. In the case of
single-storey houses, the attic space is often divided withlightweight internal walls to create more utilizable spaces.
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(1) Traditionally, timber has been the most used domestic fuel in the
region. Wood-burning stoves are made from mud by the lady of the
house. An ingeniously efficient water heating system used to beincorporated in the construction of the kitchen wall just to one side
of the stove. The system consisted of a copper vessel embedded in
the masonry wall with openings for a water inlet and outlet. A cavity
is made in the wall such that the hot gases from the stove go round
the tank and heat its content. While cooking is in progress the wateris heated continuously
2) In recent years, however, with cooking gas slowly replacing wood,
people have been heating water on a gas stove. Electric water heaters
have begun to come in, too.
(3) In recent years, however, with cooking gas slowly replacing wood,
people have been heating water on a gas stove. Electric water heaters
have begun to come in, too.
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