Vermicompost

1

“Vermicompost : an important organic

manure for organic farming"

Speaker

Vikas Kumar

Dept. of Silviculture & Agroforestry

College of Forestry, Vellanikkara,

KAU, Thrissur, Kerala

Email ID: [email protected]

Mo. No.: +91-9995093698

mailto:[email protected]

Organic farming , Vermiculture & Vermicompost

Organic farming is

“ a production system, which avoids or largely

excludes the use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides,

growth regulators and livestock feed additives.”

Vermiculture is … “the culture of earthworms”

Vermicompost is … “vermicompost refers to organic manure produced

by the use of earthworms, which generally live in

soil, eat biomass and excrete it in digested from.” 1

Sustainable use of local resources

Minimal use of purchased inputs, only as complementary to local resources

Ensuring the basic biological functions of soil water nutrients humus continuum

Maintaining a diversity of plant and animal species as a basis for ecological balance and economic stability

Creating an attractive overall landscape, this gives satisfaction to the local people.

Increasing crop and animal diversity in the form of polycultures, agro forestry systems, integrated crop/livestock, etc. to minimize risk.

Characteristics of organic

farming :

2

Objective of Organic farming:

1) High nutritional quality

2) Work with natural system rather than seeking to dominate them

3) Encourage and enhance the biological cycles with framing system

4) Maintain and increase the long term fertility of soils

5) Closed system with regard to organic matter and nutrient elements

6) To give all livestock, conditions of life allows them to perform all aspects of their innate behavior

7) Avoid all forms of pollution

8) To maintain the genetic diversity of the agricultural system

9) Allow agricultural producers an adequate return and satisfaction from their work including a safe working environment

3

Components of Organic farming

Organic manures

Non-chemical weed control measures

Biological pest management

4

Introduction about Earthworms

Earthworms are long and cylindrical in shape and

size having a large number of grooves. They belong to

phylum annelids of animal kingdom. There are about

2500 - 3000 species of earthworms in the world which

are adapted to range of environment. More than 350

species have been identified in India.

5

Type of earthworm in Vermicompost

Epigeic : e.g. Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus engenie, Perionyx exacavatus

Endogeic : e.g. Pentoscolex Spp., Eutopeius spp.,

Drawida spp. Aneceic : e.g. Polypheretima elongate, Lampito

marutt

6

Importance of earthworm in agriculture

Bring about the decomposition of organic matter.

Helps in mixing orgnic matter in soil.

Alter soil porosity

Increase activity of microbes in soil

They make available organic material as food to crops/plants.

Earthworms increase water holding capacity of soil

Roots of the plants grow deep in soil.

Worms increase ariation capacity of soil.

Increase percolation of water

Increase soil fertility

7

Set up of vermicomposting

Organic matter of different C/N ratio and maturity are

arranged in layers.

• Battom Layer : The bottom most layer of vermibed is prepared

by pebbles to facilitate prope water drainage.

• First Layer : 5 – 7 cm thick layer of coarse and loamy soil

• Second layer : Half / fully decomposed materials.

• Third Layer : Earthworms approximately 200 and cocoon.

• Fourth Layer : Kitchen , garden wastes and cattle dung.

• Fifth Layer : Broad leaves and organic waste

• Upper Layer : It should be covered with Net

8

Types of vermicompost

Small scale or indoor

vermicomposting

Large scale or outdoor

vermicomposting

Large scale

commercialized

vermicomposing

in open heaps

9

Precautions for Vermicompost

Vermicompost heaps should not be covered with plastic sheets.

Temperature should not be high.

Vermicompost heap should not be overloaded.

Thus optimum moisture levels should be maintained.

Addition of higher qualities of acid rich substances should be avoided.

Precautions against attack by red ants and rats.

10

Advantages of Vermicompost Soil biological component is favorably influenced by the addition of vermicompost

Vermicompost increase water retention capacity.

Make the soil loose and porus.

Improves the water holding capacity of soil and promote the establishment of microorganisms.

Farm / animal waste decomposes at higher efficiency level and produces better quality of rural compost in less time.

It also helps in maintaining the soil pH in acidic soil.

Earthworms add auxin and actinomycetes. Vermicompost contains higher nutrient than other compost beside reducing the C/N ratio of the soil. 11

Chemical characteristics of vermicompost

Parameter Vermicompost

pH 6.80

EC (mmhos/cm) 11.70

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (%) 1.94

Nitrate nitrogen (ppm) 902.20

Phosphorus (%) 0.47

Potassium (%) 0.70

Calcium (%) 4.40

Sodium (%) 0.02

Magnesium (%) 0.46

Iron (ppm) 7536.00

Zinc (ppm) 278.00

Manganese (ppm) 475.00

Copper (ppm) 27.00

Boron (ppm) 34.00

Aluminum (ppm) 7012.00 12

Principles for management of Vermiculture

Give the food to the earthworms as per their need. Maintain proper moisture in pit or bed heap. White colour of earthworm indicates excess of water and acidity

in the unit. Pit or bed heap can be opened weekly for better ariation but, do

not disturb earthworms in the unit. Keep the pit or heap under shade. The temperature of pit / heap should range between 12 to 25°C. Check the pH of pit / heap periodically. Flies and other insects disturb Vermiculture. Hence, use gunny

bags for covering the unit. A good quality culture has a typical smell but not a bad smell.

13

Sources of Vermicompost

Animal dung

Agricultural wastes

Waste paper and cotton cloth

Forestry wastes

City leaf litter

City refuse

Industrial wastes

Biogas slurry

14

Application of Vermicompost

Vermicompost being a rich manure is applied @ 400 – 500 g in small fruit plants

2 – 3 kg / plant in large fruit tree

3 kg / 10 sqm are in vegetable crops

In pots 100 gm / pot plant are used

In cereal crop (e.g. wheat, jowar, maize, bajara etc.) 2 to 3 t / ha.

15

EFFECT

ON

YIELD AND YIELD

ATTRIBUTE

Table : 1 Effect of FYM, Vermicompost and NPK on growth and yield of Pea

Treatment Plant ht. (cm)

at harvest

No. of branches

per plant at

flowering

No. of pods per

plant

Pod yield per ha.

(kg)

T1 Control 31.51 2.02 3.10 3614

T2 50% RDF 50.25 5.68 3.53 6041

T3 100% RDF 64.00 6.50 5.10 7490

T4 10 t FYM + 100% RDF 69.56 6.85 5.50 7752

T5 5 t FYM + 50% RDF 64.45 5.58 5.08 6966

T6 10 t FYM + 5 t VCt + 50% RDF 72.01 5.57 5.30 7586

T7 5 t FYM + 5 t VC + 100% RDF 77.38 5.85 5.92 8069

T8 5 t FYM + 5 t VC + 50% RDF 79.33 6.26 5.22 7034

T9 10 t VC+ 100% RDF 84.25 8.41 6.20 8828

T10 5 t VC + 100% RDF 77.55 6.66 5.20 7145

C.D. (at 5%) 4.07 1.33 0.13 -

Bangalore Reddy et

al. (1998)

16 37.5 N, 60 P2O5, 50 K2O

Table : 2 Effect of vermicompost on the grain and straw yields of rice (t ha-1)

Treatment Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1)

T1 Control NPK alone 3.70 7.38

T2 Cane trash compost 5 t ha-1 + NPK 3.95 7.96

T3 Cane trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 4.33 9.02

T4 Ipomea compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 4.89 9.67

T5 Ipomea compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 5.25 9.95

T6 Neem leaf compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 4.46 10.04

T7 Neem leaf compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 4.28 10.08

T8 Parthenium compost 5 t ha-1 +

NPK

4.72 9.50

T9 Parthenium compost10 t ha-1 Cane

trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK

4.75 9.47

T10 Banana compost 5 t ha-1 + NPK 4.25 9.34

T11 Banana compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 3.99 9.32

CD (p = 0.05) 0.70 2.00

Madurai Vasanthi and

Kumaraswamy(1999)

17

Table : 3 Effect of FYM and vermicompost on productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Treatment No. of

grains/spike

Test wt. (g) Grain yield (kg

ha-1)

Straw yield (kg

ha-1)

T1 Control 43.8 - 3397 4741

T2 FYM 10 t ha-1 46.4 30.7 3905 5380

T3 VC 5 t ha-1 44.6 30.6 3756 5221

T4 VC 7.5 t ha-1 47.8 30.9 3973 5462

T5 VC 10 t ha-1 49.7 31.0 4032 5564

CD (p = 0.05) 4.13 NS 206 289

Hisar Ranwa and

Singh (1999) 18

Table : 4 Effect of integrated use of organic manures on grwoth and yield of wheat

Treatment Dry wt. (g/m) Grains / ear Grain yield

(q ha-1)

Straw yield

(q ha-1)

1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999

T1 Control 289.70 293.00 36.09 37.78 37.78 34.55 50.94 54.02

T2 FYM 15 t

ha-1

332.37 337.07 45.96 48.21 48.21 41.72 64.65 64.20

T3 VC 10 t ha-1 334.74 339.68 46.46 49.07 43.21 42.52 65.25 64.98

T4 VC 15 t ha-1 350.03 348.00 50.38 52.99 49.56 48.67 71.24 70.27

T5 Pressmud

2.5 t ha-1

327.88 324.33 40.92 45.42 38.15 38.65 59.12 60.39

T6 Pressmud 5

t ha-1

332.99 333.00 45.57 48.61 42.72 41.65 64.45 65.60

CD

(p= 0.05)

4.99 8.60 1.79 2.14 0.67 1.54 1.50 2.46

Hisar Nehra et al. (2001) 19

Table: 5 Effect of natural resources on pods weight, grains / plant and grain yield

of vegetable pea

Sr.

no.

Treatment Grain / plant Pod yield (q ha-1) Grain yield (q/ha)

1 Conventional system 45.16 9.65 18.89

2 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 53.16 11.53 20.45

3 Vermiculture @ 60,000worms ha-1 59.33 12.16 23.62

4 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 + Vermiculture @

60,000worms ha-1 63.24 13.20 24.10

5 Neem – leaf powder (NLP) @ 100 kg ha-1 45.00 10.37 18.16

6 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 + NLP @ 100 kg ha-1 47.38 10.50 19.01

7 Vermiculture @ 60,000worms ha-1 +

NLP @ 100 kg ha-1 48.33 11.73 19.56

8 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 + Vermiculture @

60,000worms ha-1 + NLP @ 100 kg ha-1 48.22 11.77 19.74

CD (P = 0.05) 4.10 0.60 1.05

Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) Singh (2000) 20

Table : 6 Effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on the yield attribute and

yield of sunflower

Treatment Plant height

(cm.)

Head diameter

(cm)

100 seed wt. (g) Seed yield (kg

ha-1)

M Organic manure

1 FYM @ 5 t ha-1 140.8 12.3 4.06 891

2 Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 147.8 13.6 4.12 1094

3 No manure 136.6 11.8 3.90 747

B Biofertilizer

1 VAM @ 1 t ha-1 (soil

application)

145.1 12.9 4.13 977

2 PSB @ 2 kg (Seed

treatment)

142.1 12.5 4.05 908

3 Control 138.1 12.2 3.91 848

SEd for M and B 1.25 0.16 0.041 9.63

CD (p=0.05) for M and B 3.57 0.45 0.089 29.32

Coimbatore (T. N.) Chinnamuthu and Venkatakrishnan(2001) 21

Table : 7 Effect of different organic manures on yield attributes and yield of

soybean

Treatment No. of pods

plant-1

No. of seeds pod-1 100 seed wt. (g) Grain yield (kg ha-

1)

T1 Control 38.73 2.52 11.22 1354.4

T2 Coirpith VC @ 12.5 t ha-1 44.59 2.65 12.32 1455.6

T3 Sugarcane trash VC @ 12.5 t

ha-1

43.96 2.62 11.91 1447.3

T4 FYM @ 10.0 t ha-1 33.61 2.32 10.68 1291.3

T5 Coirpith VC @ 10.0 t ha-1 44.17 2.58 11.79 1428.3

T6 Sugarcane trash VC @ 10.0 t

ha-1

40.40 2.58 11.74 1420.3

T7 FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 31.51 2.08 10.25 1205.3

T8 Coirpith VC @ 7.5 t ha-1 37.28 2.44 11.06 1301.3

T9 Sugarcane trash VC @ 7.5 t ha-

1 32.65 2.26 10.68 1291.3

T10 Enriched FYM @ 750 kg ha-1 39.54 2.55 11.40 1350.6

T11 Enriched Coirpith VC @ 750

kg ha-1

44.31 2.63 11.99 1449.3

T12 Enriched Sugarcane trash VC

@ 750 kg ha-1

46.54 2.61 11.89 1448.6

CD (p = 0.05) 0.90 0.05 0.50 10.1

Annamalai nagar (T.N.) Thanunathan et al. (2002) 22

Table : 8 Effect of vermicompost and fertilizer levels on yield and nodulation by

greengram

Treatment Seed yield (q ha-1) Nodule (plant-1) Nodule dry wt. (g

plant-1)

T1 Control 3.4 6.7 0.08

T2 100% Fertilizer 4.3 11.0 0.14

T3 100% Fertilizer +

Vermicompost

5.4 22.2 0.22

T4 75% Fertilizer +

Vermicompost

5.3 24.3 0.24

T5 50% Fertilizer +

Vermicompost

4.8 21.7 0.22

T6 vermicompost 4.8 23.1 0.20

T7 FYM 2.5 t ha-1 3.5 18.3 0.20

CD (p = 0.05) 1.0 0.6 0.08

AAU, Jorhat Rajkhowa et al. (2003)

23 Fertilizer = N 15 kg and P 35 kg

Vermicompost = 2.5 t/ha

Table: 9 Effect of Vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer on forage oat

Treatment Green fodder yield

(t ha-1)

Dry fodder yield

(t ha-1)

Crude protein yield

(t ha-1)

T1 Control 24.9 4.5 0.51

T2 Vermicompost 10 t ha-1 34.1 6.8 1.07

T3 FYM 10 t ha-1 33.8 6.6 0.93

T4 100 % NPK 37.5 7.9 1.41

T5 50% NPK 35.1 7.5 1.13

T6 Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 34.5 6.3 0.89

T7 FYM 5 t ha-1 31.9 6.0 0.81

T8 50% NPK +

Vermicompost 5 t ha-1

36.5 7.8 1.21

T9 50% NPK + FYM 5 t

ha-1

36.4 7.6 1.17

C.D. (p = 0.05) 5.00 1.32 0.80

Coimbatore Jayanthi et al.(2002) 24

Table : 10 Effect of growth and yield attribute parameter on tomato crop

Treatment No. of primary

branches plant-1

Dry matter (g plant-

1)

Days to 50%

flowering

% of fruit set

T1 FYM 4.33 85.79 26.36 56.05

T2 VC 4.33 83.22 26.06 54.69

T3 Neem cake 3.00 91.59 25.06 47.32

T4 Azospirillum 2.66 78.22 28.20 42.11

T5 Phosphobacteria 2.33 72.61 27.60 46.58

T6 FYM + VC 5.00 106.34 23.60 49.54

T7 FYM + Neem cake 5.33 103.20 25.76 46.87

T8 FYM + Azospirillum 4.00 93.21 29.36 45.91

T9 FYM +

Phosphobacteria

3.33 73.23 25.96 39.498

CD (P=0.05) 0.747 6.606 2.907 2.324

Bapatla Renuka and Sankar (2002)

25

Table: 11 Effect of vermicompost enriched with Rock phosphate on growth

and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp )

Thiruvannanthapuram, Kerala Sailaja and Usha.(2002)

Treatment No. of pods

plant-1

No of seeds

pod-1

100 seed

weight (g)

Grain yield

(kg ha-1)

T1 Control 7.5 6.9 10.66 585

T2 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 8.0 7.1 11.53 690

T3 FYM alone 8.6 8.3 11.91 817

T4 Vermicompost alone 9.5 9.8 12.03 877

T5 Enriched vermicompost alone 12.4 12.1 12.56 1072

T6 FYM + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.0 8.5 12.06 837

T7 FYM + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.2 8.8 12.00 831

T8Vermicompost + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.5 10.2 12.13 882

T9 Vermicompost + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.1 9.9 12.10 879



T12 FYM + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 8.7 9.2 11.44 859

FYM + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 8.6 9.2 11.41 833

CD (p = 0.05) 0.7 0.4 0.25 54

26 Vermicompost and FYM 20 t ha-1

Table : 12 Effect of integrated management of Azolla, Vermicompost and Urea on

yield of Rice

Treatment Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1)

T1 Control 4.11 4.51

T2 60 kg N + Azolla 5.51 6.02

T3 60 kg N 5.29 5.93

T4 Azolla 4.59 5.01

T5 40 kg N + 20 kg N ha-1 VC 5.13 5.52

T6 20 kg N + 40 kg N ha-1 VC 4.90 5.44

T7 60 kg N ha-1 VC + Azolla 4.75 5.18

T8 40 kg N + 20 kg N ha-1 VC + Azolla 5.07 5.55

T9 20 kg N + 40 kg N ha-1 VC + Azolla 5.52 6.08

T10 60 VC 4.53 4.98

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.47 0.38

Imphal, Manipur singh et al.(2005) 27

Table : 13 Effect of nitrogen through different sources on the yield contributory

characters and yield of soybean crop.

Treatment Pods plant-1 Seeds pod-1 100 seed wt. (g) Yield (q ha-1)

1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998

T1 C 52.28 48.72 2.02 2.10 140.65 149.80 25.77 43.70

T2 NF 58.89 56.46 2.43 2.43 146.90 163.13 28.39 50.29

T3 NC 57.34 55.23 2.38 2.40 145.39 158.06 27.71 49.64

T4 NVC 57.94 56.20 2.40 2.40 146.11 161.13 28.09 50.10

CD at 5% 2.20 0.06 0.16 1.00 0.50 1.24 1.51

C = Control, N = Urea, F = FYM, VC = vermicompost , NC = compost of 50 kg N ha-1

Pune Sabale (2005) 28

Table : 14 Effect of different treatments of FYM, Chemical fertilizer and Vermicompost on Papaya Cv. Madhubindu.

Treatment No. of fruit/plant Yield of fruit

(kg/plant)

Fruit yield (t / ha)

T1 FYM 10 kg/plant 31.78 36.57 52.29

T2 FYM 10 kg + RDF

100%

44.62 51.44 73.40

T3 VC 6 kg / plant 33.45 34.81 49.65

T4 VC 12 kg / plant 42.30 48.69 69.46

T5 VC 18 kg / plant 36.65 38.774 55.20

T6 100% RDF 32.58 27.82 37.96

S.Em.± 2.09 4.85 6.85

C.D. at 5% 5.92 15.30 21.60

Dept. of Horti. J.A.U. Junagadh Anon. (2005)

29

Table :15 Effect of compost and manure on yield, net return and cost: benefit ratio of

Potato crop.

Treatment

Production

(t/ha)

Net return

(Rs. /ha)

Cost: Benefit

T1: Vermicompost (4t/ha) 19.84 25,098 1 :1.72

T2:Vermicompost +50% FYM 34.99 54,150 1 :3.42

T3: Vermicompost + 50% RDF 24.02 31,038 1 :1.82

T4: FYM 25 (t/ha) 17.09 16,618 1 :0.95

T5: FYM + 50% Chem. fertiliser 30.38 41,932 1 :2.23

T6: FYM + 50% Vermicompost 20.41 22,258 1 :1.20

T7:RDF (100-75-100) 22.80 30,505 1 :2.02

T8: RDF+ 50% Vermicompost 34.72 53,345 1 :3.31

T9: : RDF +50% FYM 31.14 44,685 1 :2.53

T10: Control 14.17 53,778 1 :1.26

CD at 5 % 3.67 - -

Anand Patel (2005) 30

EFFECT ON

NUTRIENT UPTAKE &

QUALITY

Table : 16 Effect of Vermicompost on fruit yield, yield and quality parameters of banana

cv. Njalipoovn

Total sugar (%) Acidity (%)

T1 Cowdung + IF 22.00 0.51

T2 VC + IF 23.0 0.41

T3 VC + ½ N as VC 22.8 0.43

T4 VC + full N as VC 22.6 0.43

T5 Vermiculture insity. Endrillus

eugineae (250 Nos)

22.9 0.41

Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram Ushakumari (1997)

31

VC = vermicompost = 10 t ha-1

IF = inorganic fertilizer = 200 : 200 : 400 g NPK per plant

Table : 17 Effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost on

yield and quality of Ridge gourd

Treatment Fruit wt. (g) TSS of fruits at maturity (g)

V0 F0 100.00 6.00

V0 F25 80.00 6.00

V0 F50 100.00 6.00

V0 F100 143.00 6.00

V5 F0 110.00 6.00

V5 F25 100.00 8.00

V5 F50 160.00 7.00

V5 F100 140.00 6.33

V10 F0 130.00 8.66

V10 F25 110.00 8.50

V10 F50 225.00 8.00

V10 F100 160.00 6.50

V15 F0 190.00 9.00

V15 F25 180.00 8.50

V15 F50 183.00 8.00

V15 F100 180.00 6.50

Hyderabad Sreenivas et al. (2000)

32 V= Vermicompost = 0,5,10,15 t ha-1

F = 0,25,50 and 100 % RDF NPK i.e. 100 : 50 : 50

Table : 18 Effect of P2O5 levels and organic manures on yield and phosphorus

uptake of chickpea

Treatment Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) P uptake (kg/ha)

Control 6.30 13.79 3.33

25 kg P/ha 6.75 22.13 6.10

50 kg P/ha 9.02 29.22 6.43

75 kg P/ha 10.85 28.13 6.83

FYM 6.66 24.56 4.82

25 kg P/ha + FYM 7.30 27.29 6.88

50 kg P/ha + FYM 8.17 25.70 7.36

75 kg P/ha + FYM 12.17 31.08 7.39

VC 6.75 26.27 4.46

25 kg P/ha +VC 7.30 26.11 7.30

50 kg P/ha + VC 11.86 25.90 1.03

75 kg P/ha + VC 13.32 28.15 7.85

C.D. (5%)for manure 1.49 3.03 0.76

For P2O5 1.72 3.50 0.87

Dhaulakuan (H.P.) Kanwar and Paliyal(2002)

33 FYM= Farm Yard Manure @ 10 t ha-1

VC = vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1

Table 19 Effect of Vermicompost and nutrient uptake by green gram.

Treatment Uptake (kg ha-1)

N P

Stover Grain Stover Grain

T1 Control 5.4 5.2 0.6 0.7

T2 100% Fertilizer 7.5 8.8 0.9 0.9

T3 100% Fertilizer +

Vermicompost

11.4 11.2 1.4 1.4

T4 75% Fertilizer +

Vermicompost

10.5 12.1 1.4 1.4

T5 50% Fertilizer +

Vermicompost

9.8 10.6 1.3 1.3

T6 vermicompost 8.9 6.6 1.3 1.0

T7 FYM 2.5 t ha-1 6.8 6.1 0.8 0.9

CD (p = 0.05) 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.4

AAU, Jorhat Rajkhowa et al. (2003)

34 Vermicompost = 2.5 t ha-1

Table : 20 Effect of integrated management of Azolla, Vermicompost and Urea on

nutrient uptake by Rice.

Treatment Total N uptake

(kg ha-1)

Total P uptake

(kg ha-1)

Total K uptake

(kg ha-1)

T1 Control 72.5 28.6 90.3

T2 Azolla 88.1 36.4 103.6

T3 40 kg N + 20 VC 107.7 41.6 116.5

T4 20 kg N + 40 VC 99.9 39.7 114.4

T5 60 VC + Azolla 94.4 38.1 109.4

T6 40 kg N + 20 VC + Azolla 106.1 41.1 119.4

T7 20 kg N + 40 VC + Azolla 122.3 45.9 132.6

T8 60 VC 89.5 37.7 102.2

C.D. (p = 0.05) 9.3 3.6 9.9

Imphal, Manipur singh et al. (2005) 35 VC = vermicompost = kg N ha-1

Azolla = kg N ha-1

Table : 21 Effect of organic manure yield, quality and insect control on soyabean crop

Treatment

Yield kg/ha Protain (%) Oil content (%) Sucking

pest per

plant

T1 VC (100% N) 1531 41.47 20.98 5.6

T2 VC (75% N) 1692 41.70 21.29 6.2

T3 Pressmud (100% N) 1294 41.05 20.56 7.0

T4 Pressmud (75% N) 1403 41.18 20.78 7.0

T5 100% NPK 1588 39.98 19.46 9.0

CD (P=0.05) 163 - - -

36 Anand Patel (2005)

Table : 22 Effect of different treatments of FYM, Chemical fertilizer and Vermicompost on Papaya

Cv. Madhubindu.

Treatment

Fruit length

(cm)

Reducing

sugar

Non reducing

sugar

T.S.S.

T1 FYM 10 kg/plant 18.14 6.41 1.42 7.90

T2 FYM 10 kg + RDF

100%

22.51 7.47 0.95 8.88

T3 VC 6 kg / plant 19.83 8.15 1.59 8.37

T4 VC 12 kg / plant 21.99 8.30 1.02 9.93

T5 VC 18 kg / plant 20.98 8.11 1.54 9.00

T6 100% RDF 19.22 7.10 0.73 8.41

C.D. at 5% 2.78 0.35 NS 0.54

J.A.U., Junagadh Anon. (2005) 37

EFFECT

ON

SOIL FERTILITY

STATUS

Table : 23 Effect of vermicompost on the soil fertility status of rice

Treatment

Available status

N

(kg ha-1)

P

(kg ha-1)

K

(kg ha-1)

Fe

(kg ha-1)

Mn

(kg ha-1)

Zn

(kg ha-1)

Cu

(kg ha-1)

T1 Control NPK alone 192 11.4 223 45.9 12.2 27.2 2.6

T2 Cane trash compost 5 t ha-1 + NPK 237 12.0 458 58.1 13.4 30.1 4.6

T3 Cane trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 248 12.7 428 65.4 14.2 30.0 6.3

T4 Ipomea compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 290 13.5 362 79.1 15.6 34.9 7.4

T5 Ipomea compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 264 16.3 395 86.1 16.1 33.9 10.2

T6 Neem leaf compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 217 11.5 263 61.0 13.8 33.3 6.4

T7 Neem leaf compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 234 12.6 282 65.7 14.1 32.0 7.5

T8 Parthenium compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 233 12.5 335 71.2 14.8 30.9 5.0

T9 Parthenium compost10 t ha-1 Cane

trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK

230 13.6 399 63.0 15.3 32.2 6.3

T10 Banana compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 231 12.6 371 66.5 14.8 34.9 6.9

T11 Banana compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 221 13.0 350 77.8 15.4 35.2 8.0

CD (p = 0.05) 36.09 4.77 125.9 7.5 0.382 7.77 0.860

Madurai Vasanthi and Kumarswamy(1999)

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Table 24 Effect of organic manures on the changes in soil properties and grain yield

Nutrient status

Available nutrients (mg kg-1 soil) O.C.

(g/kg)

CEC

(cmol/kg)

N P K Fe Mn Cu Zn

T1 PCW 74.8 4.9 50.2 98.5 34.7 1.96 1.96 3.71 10.5

T2 VC 75.8 3.9 55.6 78.8 58.1 1.92 1.38 4.00 11.2

T3 OCP 67.0 4.1 39.6 66.1 28.9 1.58 1.00 3.38 9.0

T4 CF 66.1 4.5 35.8 59.8 23.1 1.26 0.88 3.14 7.5

T5 UC 61.1 3.5 31.3 60.2 24.0 1.31 0.92 3.05 7.40

CD(p=0.05) 7.0 0.5 4.5 3.3 1.5 0.06 0.07 0.29 0.80

Kharagpur, West Bengal Prakash et al. (2002)

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PCW = Processed city wast

VC = Vermicompost

OCP = Oil cake pellets

CF = chemical fertilizer

Table 25 Soil nutrient status (at harvest) as influenced by vermicompost and fertilize

on green gram

Treatment

Organic carbon

(g kg-1)

Available nutrients (kg ha-1)

N P K

T1 Control 6.2 240 5.2 165

T2 100%

fertilizer

6.9 256 7.1 168

T3 100%

fertilizer + VC

8.4 273 9.5 182

T4 75% fertilizer

+ VC

8.3 268 9.4 180

T5 50% fertilizer

+ VC

8.2 270 9.0 179

T6 Vermicompost 8.0 265 7.8 180

T7 FYM 2.5 t ha-1 7.5 242 6.5 170

CD (P=0.05) 0.5 9 1.6 11

AAU, Jorhat Rajkhowa et al. (2003) Vermicompost = 2.5 t ha-1

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In India

JNAVV Agriculture college Indore and Kasturbagram Indore also propagated the Vermiculture technology to farming community specially in the state of M.P. since 1990

Green cross society of Mumbai, India

Indian Aluminum co. Ltd, Belgaum, India

M.R. Morarka – GDC rural research foundation, Jaipur

Biogenic systems, Mumbai

Bhawalkar Earthworms Research Institute, Pune.

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Conclusion

Application of organic manures alone or

in combination with inorganic fertilizers help in

crop production and maintain the soil fertility.

However, under organic farming vermicompost

is the best among all sustainable practices.

Vermicompost is rich in nutrient content and

this may be good asset for sustainable

agriculture. It play significant role in increasing

production and improving quality of agriculture

produce. Also improve physical characteristic

of soil. Development of Vermicompost method

will help farmers to prepare it self and low cost

fertilizer form their agricultural wastes. 42

Vermicompost

Environment

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