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Transcript of Vermicompost
1
“Vermicompost : an important organic
manure for organic farming"
Speaker
Vikas Kumar
Dept. of Silviculture & Agroforestry
College of Forestry, Vellanikkara,
KAU, Thrissur, Kerala
Email ID: [email protected]
Mo. No.: +91-9995093698
Organic farming , Vermiculture & Vermicompost
Organic farming is
“ a production system, which avoids or largely
excludes the use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides,
growth regulators and livestock feed additives.”
Vermiculture is … “the culture of earthworms”
Vermicompost is … “vermicompost refers to organic manure produced
by the use of earthworms, which generally live in
soil, eat biomass and excrete it in digested from.” 1
Sustainable use of local resources
Minimal use of purchased inputs, only as complementary to local resources
Ensuring the basic biological functions of soil water nutrients humus continuum
Maintaining a diversity of plant and animal species as a basis for ecological balance and economic stability
Creating an attractive overall landscape, this gives satisfaction to the local people.
Increasing crop and animal diversity in the form of polycultures, agro forestry systems, integrated crop/livestock, etc. to minimize risk.
Characteristics of organic
farming :
2
Objective of Organic farming:
1) High nutritional quality
2) Work with natural system rather than seeking to dominate them
3) Encourage and enhance the biological cycles with framing system
4) Maintain and increase the long term fertility of soils
5) Closed system with regard to organic matter and nutrient elements
6) To give all livestock, conditions of life allows them to perform all aspects of their innate behavior
7) Avoid all forms of pollution
8) To maintain the genetic diversity of the agricultural system
9) Allow agricultural producers an adequate return and satisfaction from their work including a safe working environment
3
Components of Organic farming
Organic manures
Non-chemical weed control measures
Biological pest management
4
Introduction about Earthworms
Earthworms are long and cylindrical in shape and
size having a large number of grooves. They belong to
phylum annelids of animal kingdom. There are about
2500 - 3000 species of earthworms in the world which
are adapted to range of environment. More than 350
species have been identified in India.
5
Type of earthworm in Vermicompost
Epigeic : e.g. Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus engenie, Perionyx exacavatus
Endogeic : e.g. Pentoscolex Spp., Eutopeius spp.,
Drawida spp. Aneceic : e.g. Polypheretima elongate, Lampito
marutt
6
Importance of earthworm in agriculture
Bring about the decomposition of organic matter.
Helps in mixing orgnic matter in soil.
Alter soil porosity
Increase activity of microbes in soil
They make available organic material as food to crops/plants.
Earthworms increase water holding capacity of soil
Roots of the plants grow deep in soil.
Worms increase ariation capacity of soil.
Increase percolation of water
Increase soil fertility
7
Set up of vermicomposting
Organic matter of different C/N ratio and maturity are
arranged in layers.
• Battom Layer : The bottom most layer of vermibed is prepared
by pebbles to facilitate prope water drainage.
• First Layer : 5 – 7 cm thick layer of coarse and loamy soil
• Second layer : Half / fully decomposed materials.
• Third Layer : Earthworms approximately 200 and cocoon.
• Fourth Layer : Kitchen , garden wastes and cattle dung.
• Fifth Layer : Broad leaves and organic waste
• Upper Layer : It should be covered with Net
8
Types of vermicompost
Small scale or indoor
vermicomposting
Large scale or outdoor
vermicomposting
Large scale
commercialized
vermicomposing
in open heaps
9
Precautions for Vermicompost
Vermicompost heaps should not be covered with plastic sheets.
Temperature should not be high.
Vermicompost heap should not be overloaded.
Thus optimum moisture levels should be maintained.
Addition of higher qualities of acid rich substances should be avoided.
Precautions against attack by red ants and rats.
10
Advantages of Vermicompost Soil biological component is favorably influenced by the addition of vermicompost
Vermicompost increase water retention capacity.
Make the soil loose and porus.
Improves the water holding capacity of soil and promote the establishment of microorganisms.
Farm / animal waste decomposes at higher efficiency level and produces better quality of rural compost in less time.
It also helps in maintaining the soil pH in acidic soil.
Earthworms add auxin and actinomycetes. Vermicompost contains higher nutrient than other compost beside reducing the C/N ratio of the soil. 11
Chemical characteristics of vermicompost
Parameter Vermicompost
pH 6.80
EC (mmhos/cm) 11.70
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (%) 1.94
Nitrate nitrogen (ppm) 902.20
Phosphorus (%) 0.47
Potassium (%) 0.70
Calcium (%) 4.40
Sodium (%) 0.02
Magnesium (%) 0.46
Iron (ppm) 7536.00
Zinc (ppm) 278.00
Manganese (ppm) 475.00
Copper (ppm) 27.00
Boron (ppm) 34.00
Aluminum (ppm) 7012.00 12
Principles for management of Vermiculture
Give the food to the earthworms as per their need. Maintain proper moisture in pit or bed heap. White colour of earthworm indicates excess of water and acidity
in the unit. Pit or bed heap can be opened weekly for better ariation but, do
not disturb earthworms in the unit. Keep the pit or heap under shade. The temperature of pit / heap should range between 12 to 25°C. Check the pH of pit / heap periodically. Flies and other insects disturb Vermiculture. Hence, use gunny
bags for covering the unit. A good quality culture has a typical smell but not a bad smell.
13
Sources of Vermicompost
Animal dung
Agricultural wastes
Waste paper and cotton cloth
Forestry wastes
City leaf litter
City refuse
Industrial wastes
Biogas slurry
14
Application of Vermicompost
Vermicompost being a rich manure is applied @ 400 – 500 g in small fruit plants
2 – 3 kg / plant in large fruit tree
3 kg / 10 sqm are in vegetable crops
In pots 100 gm / pot plant are used
In cereal crop (e.g. wheat, jowar, maize, bajara etc.) 2 to 3 t / ha.
15
EFFECT
ON
YIELD AND YIELD
ATTRIBUTE
Table : 1 Effect of FYM, Vermicompost and NPK on growth and yield of Pea
Treatment Plant ht. (cm)
at harvest
No. of branches
per plant at
flowering
No. of pods per
plant
Pod yield per ha.
(kg)
T1 Control 31.51 2.02 3.10 3614
T2 50% RDF 50.25 5.68 3.53 6041
T3 100% RDF 64.00 6.50 5.10 7490
T4 10 t FYM + 100% RDF 69.56 6.85 5.50 7752
T5 5 t FYM + 50% RDF 64.45 5.58 5.08 6966
T6 10 t FYM + 5 t VCt + 50% RDF 72.01 5.57 5.30 7586
T7 5 t FYM + 5 t VC + 100% RDF 77.38 5.85 5.92 8069
T8 5 t FYM + 5 t VC + 50% RDF 79.33 6.26 5.22 7034
T9 10 t VC+ 100% RDF 84.25 8.41 6.20 8828
T10 5 t VC + 100% RDF 77.55 6.66 5.20 7145
C.D. (at 5%) 4.07 1.33 0.13 -
Bangalore Reddy et
al. (1998)
16 37.5 N, 60 P2O5, 50 K2O
Table : 2 Effect of vermicompost on the grain and straw yields of rice (t ha-1)
Treatment Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1)
T1 Control NPK alone 3.70 7.38
T2 Cane trash compost 5 t ha-1 + NPK 3.95 7.96
T3 Cane trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 4.33 9.02
T4 Ipomea compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 4.89 9.67
T5 Ipomea compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 5.25 9.95
T6 Neem leaf compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 4.46 10.04
T7 Neem leaf compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 4.28 10.08
T8 Parthenium compost 5 t ha-1 +
NPK
4.72 9.50
T9 Parthenium compost10 t ha-1 Cane
trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK
4.75 9.47
T10 Banana compost 5 t ha-1 + NPK 4.25 9.34
T11 Banana compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 3.99 9.32
CD (p = 0.05) 0.70 2.00
Madurai Vasanthi and
Kumaraswamy(1999)
17
Table : 3 Effect of FYM and vermicompost on productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Treatment No. of
grains/spike
Test wt. (g) Grain yield (kg
ha-1)
Straw yield (kg
ha-1)
T1 Control 43.8 - 3397 4741
T2 FYM 10 t ha-1 46.4 30.7 3905 5380
T3 VC 5 t ha-1 44.6 30.6 3756 5221
T4 VC 7.5 t ha-1 47.8 30.9 3973 5462
T5 VC 10 t ha-1 49.7 31.0 4032 5564
CD (p = 0.05) 4.13 NS 206 289
Hisar Ranwa and
Singh (1999) 18
Table : 4 Effect of integrated use of organic manures on grwoth and yield of wheat
Treatment Dry wt. (g/m) Grains / ear Grain yield
(q ha-1)
Straw yield
(q ha-1)
1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999
T1 Control 289.70 293.00 36.09 37.78 37.78 34.55 50.94 54.02
T2 FYM 15 t
ha-1
332.37 337.07 45.96 48.21 48.21 41.72 64.65 64.20
T3 VC 10 t ha-1 334.74 339.68 46.46 49.07 43.21 42.52 65.25 64.98
T4 VC 15 t ha-1 350.03 348.00 50.38 52.99 49.56 48.67 71.24 70.27
T5 Pressmud
2.5 t ha-1
327.88 324.33 40.92 45.42 38.15 38.65 59.12 60.39
T6 Pressmud 5
t ha-1
332.99 333.00 45.57 48.61 42.72 41.65 64.45 65.60
CD
(p= 0.05)
4.99 8.60 1.79 2.14 0.67 1.54 1.50 2.46
Hisar Nehra et al. (2001) 19
Table: 5 Effect of natural resources on pods weight, grains / plant and grain yield
of vegetable pea
Sr.
no.
Treatment Grain / plant Pod yield (q ha-1) Grain yield (q/ha)
1 Conventional system 45.16 9.65 18.89
2 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 53.16 11.53 20.45
3 Vermiculture @ 60,000worms ha-1 59.33 12.16 23.62
4 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 + Vermiculture @
60,000worms ha-1 63.24 13.20 24.10
5 Neem – leaf powder (NLP) @ 100 kg ha-1 45.00 10.37 18.16
6 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 + NLP @ 100 kg ha-1 47.38 10.50 19.01
7 Vermiculture @ 60,000worms ha-1 +
NLP @ 100 kg ha-1 48.33 11.73 19.56
8 FYM @ 100 q ha-1 + Vermiculture @
60,000worms ha-1 + NLP @ 100 kg ha-1 48.22 11.77 19.74
CD (P = 0.05) 4.10 0.60 1.05
Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) Singh (2000) 20
Table : 6 Effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on the yield attribute and
yield of sunflower
Treatment Plant height
(cm.)
Head diameter
(cm)
100 seed wt. (g) Seed yield (kg
ha-1)
M Organic manure
1 FYM @ 5 t ha-1 140.8 12.3 4.06 891
2 Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 147.8 13.6 4.12 1094
3 No manure 136.6 11.8 3.90 747
B Biofertilizer
1 VAM @ 1 t ha-1 (soil
application)
145.1 12.9 4.13 977
2 PSB @ 2 kg (Seed
treatment)
142.1 12.5 4.05 908
3 Control 138.1 12.2 3.91 848
SEd for M and B 1.25 0.16 0.041 9.63
CD (p=0.05) for M and B 3.57 0.45 0.089 29.32
Coimbatore (T. N.) Chinnamuthu and Venkatakrishnan(2001) 21
Table : 7 Effect of different organic manures on yield attributes and yield of
soybean
Treatment No. of pods
plant-1
No. of seeds pod-1 100 seed wt. (g) Grain yield (kg ha-
1)
T1 Control 38.73 2.52 11.22 1354.4
T2 Coirpith VC @ 12.5 t ha-1 44.59 2.65 12.32 1455.6
T3 Sugarcane trash VC @ 12.5 t
ha-1
43.96 2.62 11.91 1447.3
T4 FYM @ 10.0 t ha-1 33.61 2.32 10.68 1291.3
T5 Coirpith VC @ 10.0 t ha-1 44.17 2.58 11.79 1428.3
T6 Sugarcane trash VC @ 10.0 t
ha-1
40.40 2.58 11.74 1420.3
T7 FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 31.51 2.08 10.25 1205.3
T8 Coirpith VC @ 7.5 t ha-1 37.28 2.44 11.06 1301.3
T9 Sugarcane trash VC @ 7.5 t ha-
1 32.65 2.26 10.68 1291.3
T10 Enriched FYM @ 750 kg ha-1 39.54 2.55 11.40 1350.6
T11 Enriched Coirpith VC @ 750
kg ha-1
44.31 2.63 11.99 1449.3
T12 Enriched Sugarcane trash VC
@ 750 kg ha-1
46.54 2.61 11.89 1448.6
CD (p = 0.05) 0.90 0.05 0.50 10.1
Annamalai nagar (T.N.) Thanunathan et al. (2002) 22
Table : 8 Effect of vermicompost and fertilizer levels on yield and nodulation by
greengram
Treatment Seed yield (q ha-1) Nodule (plant-1) Nodule dry wt. (g
plant-1)
T1 Control 3.4 6.7 0.08
T2 100% Fertilizer 4.3 11.0 0.14
T3 100% Fertilizer +
Vermicompost
5.4 22.2 0.22
T4 75% Fertilizer +
Vermicompost
5.3 24.3 0.24
T5 50% Fertilizer +
Vermicompost
4.8 21.7 0.22
T6 vermicompost 4.8 23.1 0.20
T7 FYM 2.5 t ha-1 3.5 18.3 0.20
CD (p = 0.05) 1.0 0.6 0.08
AAU, Jorhat Rajkhowa et al. (2003)
23 Fertilizer = N 15 kg and P 35 kg
Vermicompost = 2.5 t/ha
Table: 9 Effect of Vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer on forage oat
Treatment Green fodder yield
(t ha-1)
Dry fodder yield
(t ha-1)
Crude protein yield
(t ha-1)
T1 Control 24.9 4.5 0.51
T2 Vermicompost 10 t ha-1 34.1 6.8 1.07
T3 FYM 10 t ha-1 33.8 6.6 0.93
T4 100 % NPK 37.5 7.9 1.41
T5 50% NPK 35.1 7.5 1.13
T6 Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 34.5 6.3 0.89
T7 FYM 5 t ha-1 31.9 6.0 0.81
T8 50% NPK +
Vermicompost 5 t ha-1
36.5 7.8 1.21
T9 50% NPK + FYM 5 t
ha-1
36.4 7.6 1.17
C.D. (p = 0.05) 5.00 1.32 0.80
Coimbatore Jayanthi et al.(2002) 24
Table : 10 Effect of growth and yield attribute parameter on tomato crop
Treatment No. of primary
branches plant-1
Dry matter (g plant-
1)
Days to 50%
flowering
% of fruit set
T1 FYM 4.33 85.79 26.36 56.05
T2 VC 4.33 83.22 26.06 54.69
T3 Neem cake 3.00 91.59 25.06 47.32
T4 Azospirillum 2.66 78.22 28.20 42.11
T5 Phosphobacteria 2.33 72.61 27.60 46.58
T6 FYM + VC 5.00 106.34 23.60 49.54
T7 FYM + Neem cake 5.33 103.20 25.76 46.87
T8 FYM + Azospirillum 4.00 93.21 29.36 45.91
T9 FYM +
Phosphobacteria
3.33 73.23 25.96 39.498
CD (P=0.05) 0.747 6.606 2.907 2.324
Bapatla Renuka and Sankar (2002)
25
Table: 11 Effect of vermicompost enriched with Rock phosphate on growth
and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp )
Thiruvannanthapuram, Kerala Sailaja and Usha.(2002)
Treatment No. of pods
plant-1
No of seeds
pod-1
100 seed
weight (g)
Grain yield
(kg ha-1)
T1 Control 7.5 6.9 10.66 585
T2 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 8.0 7.1 11.53 690
T3 FYM alone 8.6 8.3 11.91 817
T4 Vermicompost alone 9.5 9.8 12.03 877
T5 Enriched vermicompost alone 12.4 12.1 12.56 1072
T6 FYM + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.0 8.5 12.06 837
T7 FYM + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.2 8.8 12.00 831
T8Vermicompost + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.5 10.2 12.13 882
T9 Vermicompost + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.1 9.9 12.10 879
T10 Vermicompost + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.6 11.1 12.24 909
T11 Vermicompost + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 9.7 11.1 12.16 898
T12 FYM + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 8.7 9.2 11.44 859
FYM + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 8.6 9.2 11.41 833
CD (p = 0.05) 0.7 0.4 0.25 54
26 Vermicompost and FYM 20 t ha-1
Table : 12 Effect of integrated management of Azolla, Vermicompost and Urea on
yield of Rice
Treatment Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1)
T1 Control 4.11 4.51
T2 60 kg N + Azolla 5.51 6.02
T3 60 kg N 5.29 5.93
T4 Azolla 4.59 5.01
T5 40 kg N + 20 kg N ha-1 VC 5.13 5.52
T6 20 kg N + 40 kg N ha-1 VC 4.90 5.44
T7 60 kg N ha-1 VC + Azolla 4.75 5.18
T8 40 kg N + 20 kg N ha-1 VC + Azolla 5.07 5.55
T9 20 kg N + 40 kg N ha-1 VC + Azolla 5.52 6.08
T10 60 VC 4.53 4.98
C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.47 0.38
Imphal, Manipur singh et al.(2005) 27
Table : 13 Effect of nitrogen through different sources on the yield contributory
characters and yield of soybean crop.
Treatment Pods plant-1 Seeds pod-1 100 seed wt. (g) Yield (q ha-1)
1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
T1 C 52.28 48.72 2.02 2.10 140.65 149.80 25.77 43.70
T2 NF 58.89 56.46 2.43 2.43 146.90 163.13 28.39 50.29
T3 NC 57.34 55.23 2.38 2.40 145.39 158.06 27.71 49.64
T4 NVC 57.94 56.20 2.40 2.40 146.11 161.13 28.09 50.10
CD at 5% 2.20 0.06 0.16 1.00 0.50 1.24 1.51
C = Control, N = Urea, F = FYM, VC = vermicompost , NC = compost of 50 kg N ha-1
Pune Sabale (2005) 28
Table : 14 Effect of different treatments of FYM, Chemical fertilizer and Vermicompost on Papaya Cv. Madhubindu.
Treatment No. of fruit/plant Yield of fruit
(kg/plant)
Fruit yield (t / ha)
T1 FYM 10 kg/plant 31.78 36.57 52.29
T2 FYM 10 kg + RDF
100%
44.62 51.44 73.40
T3 VC 6 kg / plant 33.45 34.81 49.65
T4 VC 12 kg / plant 42.30 48.69 69.46
T5 VC 18 kg / plant 36.65 38.774 55.20
T6 100% RDF 32.58 27.82 37.96
S.Em.± 2.09 4.85 6.85
C.D. at 5% 5.92 15.30 21.60
Dept. of Horti. J.A.U. Junagadh Anon. (2005)
29
Table :15 Effect of compost and manure on yield, net return and cost: benefit ratio of
Potato crop.
Treatment
Production
(t/ha)
Net return
(Rs. /ha)
Cost: Benefit
T1: Vermicompost (4t/ha) 19.84 25,098 1 :1.72
T2:Vermicompost +50% FYM 34.99 54,150 1 :3.42
T3: Vermicompost + 50% RDF 24.02 31,038 1 :1.82
T4: FYM 25 (t/ha) 17.09 16,618 1 :0.95
T5: FYM + 50% Chem. fertiliser 30.38 41,932 1 :2.23
T6: FYM + 50% Vermicompost 20.41 22,258 1 :1.20
T7:RDF (100-75-100) 22.80 30,505 1 :2.02
T8: RDF+ 50% Vermicompost 34.72 53,345 1 :3.31
T9: : RDF +50% FYM 31.14 44,685 1 :2.53
T10: Control 14.17 53,778 1 :1.26
CD at 5 % 3.67 - -
Anand Patel (2005) 30
EFFECT ON
NUTRIENT UPTAKE &
QUALITY
Table : 16 Effect of Vermicompost on fruit yield, yield and quality parameters of banana
cv. Njalipoovn
Total sugar (%) Acidity (%)
T1 Cowdung + IF 22.00 0.51
T2 VC + IF 23.0 0.41
T3 VC + ½ N as VC 22.8 0.43
T4 VC + full N as VC 22.6 0.43
T5 Vermiculture insity. Endrillus
eugineae (250 Nos)
22.9 0.41
Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram Ushakumari (1997)
31
VC = vermicompost = 10 t ha-1
IF = inorganic fertilizer = 200 : 200 : 400 g NPK per plant
Table : 17 Effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost on
yield and quality of Ridge gourd
Treatment Fruit wt. (g) TSS of fruits at maturity (g)
V0 F0 100.00 6.00
V0 F25 80.00 6.00
V0 F50 100.00 6.00
V0 F100 143.00 6.00
V5 F0 110.00 6.00
V5 F25 100.00 8.00
V5 F50 160.00 7.00
V5 F100 140.00 6.33
V10 F0 130.00 8.66
V10 F25 110.00 8.50
V10 F50 225.00 8.00
V10 F100 160.00 6.50
V15 F0 190.00 9.00
V15 F25 180.00 8.50
V15 F50 183.00 8.00
V15 F100 180.00 6.50
Hyderabad Sreenivas et al. (2000)
32 V= Vermicompost = 0,5,10,15 t ha-1
F = 0,25,50 and 100 % RDF NPK i.e. 100 : 50 : 50
Table : 18 Effect of P2O5 levels and organic manures on yield and phosphorus
uptake of chickpea
Treatment Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) P uptake (kg/ha)
Control 6.30 13.79 3.33
25 kg P/ha 6.75 22.13 6.10
50 kg P/ha 9.02 29.22 6.43
75 kg P/ha 10.85 28.13 6.83
FYM 6.66 24.56 4.82
25 kg P/ha + FYM 7.30 27.29 6.88
50 kg P/ha + FYM 8.17 25.70 7.36
75 kg P/ha + FYM 12.17 31.08 7.39
VC 6.75 26.27 4.46
25 kg P/ha +VC 7.30 26.11 7.30
50 kg P/ha + VC 11.86 25.90 1.03
75 kg P/ha + VC 13.32 28.15 7.85
C.D. (5%)for manure 1.49 3.03 0.76
For P2O5 1.72 3.50 0.87
Dhaulakuan (H.P.) Kanwar and Paliyal(2002)
33 FYM= Farm Yard Manure @ 10 t ha-1
VC = vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1
Table 19 Effect of Vermicompost and nutrient uptake by green gram.
Treatment Uptake (kg ha-1)
N P
Stover Grain Stover Grain
T1 Control 5.4 5.2 0.6 0.7
T2 100% Fertilizer 7.5 8.8 0.9 0.9
T3 100% Fertilizer +
Vermicompost
11.4 11.2 1.4 1.4
T4 75% Fertilizer +
Vermicompost
10.5 12.1 1.4 1.4
T5 50% Fertilizer +
Vermicompost
9.8 10.6 1.3 1.3
T6 vermicompost 8.9 6.6 1.3 1.0
T7 FYM 2.5 t ha-1 6.8 6.1 0.8 0.9
CD (p = 0.05) 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.4
AAU, Jorhat Rajkhowa et al. (2003)
34 Vermicompost = 2.5 t ha-1
Table : 20 Effect of integrated management of Azolla, Vermicompost and Urea on
nutrient uptake by Rice.
Treatment Total N uptake
(kg ha-1)
Total P uptake
(kg ha-1)
Total K uptake
(kg ha-1)
T1 Control 72.5 28.6 90.3
T2 Azolla 88.1 36.4 103.6
T3 40 kg N + 20 VC 107.7 41.6 116.5
T4 20 kg N + 40 VC 99.9 39.7 114.4
T5 60 VC + Azolla 94.4 38.1 109.4
T6 40 kg N + 20 VC + Azolla 106.1 41.1 119.4
T7 20 kg N + 40 VC + Azolla 122.3 45.9 132.6
T8 60 VC 89.5 37.7 102.2
C.D. (p = 0.05) 9.3 3.6 9.9
Imphal, Manipur singh et al. (2005) 35 VC = vermicompost = kg N ha-1
Azolla = kg N ha-1
Table : 21 Effect of organic manure yield, quality and insect control on soyabean crop
Treatment
Yield kg/ha Protain (%) Oil content (%) Sucking
pest per
plant
T1 VC (100% N) 1531 41.47 20.98 5.6
T2 VC (75% N) 1692 41.70 21.29 6.2
T3 Pressmud (100% N) 1294 41.05 20.56 7.0
T4 Pressmud (75% N) 1403 41.18 20.78 7.0
T5 100% NPK 1588 39.98 19.46 9.0
CD (P=0.05) 163 - - -
36 Anand Patel (2005)
Table : 22 Effect of different treatments of FYM, Chemical fertilizer and Vermicompost on Papaya
Cv. Madhubindu.
Treatment
Fruit length
(cm)
Reducing
sugar
Non reducing
sugar
T.S.S.
T1 FYM 10 kg/plant 18.14 6.41 1.42 7.90
T2 FYM 10 kg + RDF
100%
22.51 7.47 0.95 8.88
T3 VC 6 kg / plant 19.83 8.15 1.59 8.37
T4 VC 12 kg / plant 21.99 8.30 1.02 9.93
T5 VC 18 kg / plant 20.98 8.11 1.54 9.00
T6 100% RDF 19.22 7.10 0.73 8.41
C.D. at 5% 2.78 0.35 NS 0.54
J.A.U., Junagadh Anon. (2005) 37
EFFECT
ON
SOIL FERTILITY
STATUS
Table : 23 Effect of vermicompost on the soil fertility status of rice
Treatment
Available status
N
(kg ha-1)
P
(kg ha-1)
K
(kg ha-1)
Fe
(kg ha-1)
Mn
(kg ha-1)
Zn
(kg ha-1)
Cu
(kg ha-1)
T1 Control NPK alone 192 11.4 223 45.9 12.2 27.2 2.6
T2 Cane trash compost 5 t ha-1 + NPK 237 12.0 458 58.1 13.4 30.1 4.6
T3 Cane trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 248 12.7 428 65.4 14.2 30.0 6.3
T4 Ipomea compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 290 13.5 362 79.1 15.6 34.9 7.4
T5 Ipomea compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 264 16.3 395 86.1 16.1 33.9 10.2
T6 Neem leaf compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 217 11.5 263 61.0 13.8 33.3 6.4
T7 Neem leaf compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 234 12.6 282 65.7 14.1 32.0 7.5
T8 Parthenium compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 233 12.5 335 71.2 14.8 30.9 5.0
T9 Parthenium compost10 t ha-1 Cane
trash compost10 t ha-1 + NPK
230 13.6 399 63.0 15.3 32.2 6.3
T10 Banana compost5 t ha-1 + NPK 231 12.6 371 66.5 14.8 34.9 6.9
T11 Banana compost10 t ha-1 + NPK 221 13.0 350 77.8 15.4 35.2 8.0
CD (p = 0.05) 36.09 4.77 125.9 7.5 0.382 7.77 0.860
Madurai Vasanthi and Kumarswamy(1999)
38
Table 24 Effect of organic manures on the changes in soil properties and grain yield
Nutrient status
Available nutrients (mg kg-1 soil) O.C.
(g/kg)
CEC
(cmol/kg)
N P K Fe Mn Cu Zn
T1 PCW 74.8 4.9 50.2 98.5 34.7 1.96 1.96 3.71 10.5
T2 VC 75.8 3.9 55.6 78.8 58.1 1.92 1.38 4.00 11.2
T3 OCP 67.0 4.1 39.6 66.1 28.9 1.58 1.00 3.38 9.0
T4 CF 66.1 4.5 35.8 59.8 23.1 1.26 0.88 3.14 7.5
T5 UC 61.1 3.5 31.3 60.2 24.0 1.31 0.92 3.05 7.40
CD(p=0.05) 7.0 0.5 4.5 3.3 1.5 0.06 0.07 0.29 0.80
Kharagpur, West Bengal Prakash et al. (2002)
39
PCW = Processed city wast
VC = Vermicompost
OCP = Oil cake pellets
CF = chemical fertilizer
Table 25 Soil nutrient status (at harvest) as influenced by vermicompost and fertilize
on green gram
Treatment
Organic carbon
(g kg-1)
Available nutrients (kg ha-1)
N P K
T1 Control 6.2 240 5.2 165
T2 100%
fertilizer
6.9 256 7.1 168
T3 100%
fertilizer + VC
8.4 273 9.5 182
T4 75% fertilizer
+ VC
8.3 268 9.4 180
T5 50% fertilizer
+ VC
8.2 270 9.0 179
T6 Vermicompost 8.0 265 7.8 180
T7 FYM 2.5 t ha-1 7.5 242 6.5 170
CD (P=0.05) 0.5 9 1.6 11
AAU, Jorhat Rajkhowa et al. (2003) Vermicompost = 2.5 t ha-1
40
In India
JNAVV Agriculture college Indore and Kasturbagram Indore also propagated the Vermiculture technology to farming community specially in the state of M.P. since 1990
Green cross society of Mumbai, India
Indian Aluminum co. Ltd, Belgaum, India
M.R. Morarka – GDC rural research foundation, Jaipur
Biogenic systems, Mumbai
Bhawalkar Earthworms Research Institute, Pune.
41
Conclusion
Application of organic manures alone or
in combination with inorganic fertilizers help in
crop production and maintain the soil fertility.
However, under organic farming vermicompost
is the best among all sustainable practices.
Vermicompost is rich in nutrient content and
this may be good asset for sustainable
agriculture. It play significant role in increasing
production and improving quality of agriculture
produce. Also improve physical characteristic
of soil. Development of Vermicompost method
will help farmers to prepare it self and low cost
fertilizer form their agricultural wastes. 42