Verbs A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. Linking Linking...

VerbsVerbs

A A verbverb is a word that expresses is a word that expresses actionaction or otherwise helps to make a or otherwise helps to make a statementstatement..LinkingLinkingAuxiliaryAuxiliaryTransitive/IntransitiveTransitive/IntransitiveActive/PassiveActive/PassiveParticipleParticiple

Linking VerbsLinking Verbs

Some verbs express a Some verbs express a statestate or or conditioncondition..

They They linklink to the subject a noun, to the subject a noun, pronoun, or an adjective that pronoun, or an adjective that describesdescribes or or identifiesidentifies the subject. the subject.

The word linked to the subject is The word linked to the subject is called its called its subject complementsubject complement.. Ex: Sarah was serious.Ex: Sarah was serious.

Linking VerbsLinking Verbs

The most common linking verb is the The most common linking verb is the verb verb bebe..

Takes a number of forms: Takes a number of forms: isis, , am, are, am, are, was were, being, beenwas were, being, been (and all verb (and all verb phrases ending in phrases ending in bebe, , beingbeing, or , or beenbeen).).

Other common linking verbs (W421): Other common linking verbs (W421): becomebecome, , looklook, , feelfeel, , seemseem……

Linking VerbsLinking Verbs Don’t be deceived. Many linking verbs Don’t be deceived. Many linking verbs

can also be used as action verbs.can also be used as action verbs. Ex: The singer Ex: The singer appearedappeared nervous. nervous. Ex: The singer Ex: The singer appearedappeared on TV. on TV.

A verb is a linking verb if one can A verb is a linking verb if one can substitute some form of the verb substitute some form of the verb seemseem.. Ex: The audience Ex: The audience lookedlooked [seemed] happy. [seemed] happy. Ex: Jack Ex: Jack lookedlooked [not seemed] at his notes. [not seemed] at his notes.

Auxiliary VerbsAuxiliary Verbs

A A verb phrase verb phrase is made up of a main is made up of a main verb and one or more verb and one or more auxiliaryauxiliary verbs verbs (also called helping verbs).(also called helping verbs).

Auxiliary verbs help the main verb to Auxiliary verbs help the main verb to express action or make a statement.express action or make a statement. Ex: I Ex: I should haveshould have studied studied more. more. Ex: He Ex: He must have beenmust have been injured injured during during

the game.the game.

Auxiliary VerbsAuxiliary Verbs

The auxiliary verbs may be The auxiliary verbs may be separated from the main verb.separated from the main verb. Ex:Ex: Did Did you you seesee dad at the movies? dad at the movies? Ex: We Ex: We havehave not yet not yet beenbeen to Kairos. to Kairos.

Transitive/IntransitiveTransitive/Intransitive

Action verbs may (or may not) take an Action verbs may (or may not) take an objectobject:: a noun or pronoun that completes the a noun or pronoun that completes the

action by showing action by showing whowho or or what iswhat is affectedaffected by the action.by the action.

Verbs that take objects are called Verbs that take objects are called transitivetransitive.. Ex: I Ex: I typedtyped my paper until midnight. my paper until midnight.

Transitive/IntransitiveTransitive/Intransitive

Verbs that express action without Verbs that express action without objects are called objects are called intransitiveintransitive.. Ex: The rain Ex: The rain fellfell.. Ex: I Ex: I typedtyped until midnight. until midnight.

In English, most active verbs can be In English, most active verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.either transitive or intransitive.

Active/PassiveActive/Passive

A verb is in the A verb is in the activeactive voice when it voice when it expresses an expresses an actionaction performed by its performed by its subjectsubject.. Ex: The car Ex: The car hithit a tree. [subject acting] a tree. [subject acting]


A verb is in the A verb is in the passivepassive voice when it voice when it expresses an action performed expresses an action performed uponupon its subject or when the subject is the its subject or when the subject is the result of the action.result of the action. Ex: The tree Ex: The tree was hitwas hit by a car [subject by a car [subject

acted upon].acted upon].


All transitive verbs can be used in the All transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice.passive voice. Ex: The thief Ex: The thief stolestole the money. [transitive] the money. [transitive] Ex: The money Ex: The money was stolenwas stolen by the thief. by the thief.

[passive][passive] The object has been moved The object has been moved aheadahead of of

the subject (making it the subject) and the subject (making it the subject) and the verb combined with a form of the verb combined with a form of to beto be..

Principal PartsPrincipal Parts Every verb has four basic forms Every verb has four basic forms

called principal parts:called principal parts: InfinitiveInfinitive Present participlePresent participle PastPast Past participlePast participle

Principal PartsPrincipal Parts

When conjugating verbs forms, one When conjugating verbs forms, one should know that verbs can be considered should know that verbs can be considered regularregular or or irregularirregular (See W550). (See W550).

A A regularregular verb is one that creates its past verb is one that creates its past and past participle by adding and past participle by adding –d–d or or –ed–ed..

infinitiveinfinitive present part.present part. pastpast past part.past part.

talktalk (is) talking(is) talking talkedtalked (have) (have) talkedtalked

Principal PartsPrincipal Parts

An An irregularirregular verb is one that forms its verb is one that forms its past and past participle in some past and past participle in some other other wayway than adding –d or –ed. than adding –d or –ed.

infinitiveinfinitive present partpresent part pastpast past past partpart

drivedrive (is) driving(is) driving drovedrove (have) (have) drivendriven

Note: Because the number of irregular verbs is so Note: Because the number of irregular verbs is so great, students must memorize the list on W551-great, students must memorize the list on W551-552).552).

Time sequenceTime sequence

Each verb has six tenses:Each verb has six tenses: PresentPresent PastPast FutureFuture Present perfectPresent perfect Past perfectPast perfect Future perfectFuture perfect


PresentPresent – used to express action (or – used to express action (or make a statement about something) make a statement about something) occurring now.occurring now. Ex: We Ex: We waitwait patiently. patiently. Ex: We Ex: We are waitingare waiting patiently. patiently.

[progressive form][progressive form] We We do waitdo wait patiently. [emphatic form] patiently. [emphatic form]


Continuing action (the action occurred, Continuing action (the action occurred, is happening, and will continue) may be is happening, and will continue) may be shown by the use of the shown by the use of the progressiveprogressive form, which ends in form, which ends in –ing–ing..

One makes a sentence One makes a sentence emphaticemphatic by by pronouncing the verb with pronouncing the verb with stressstress. . When there is no stress, add When there is no stress, add dodo or or diddid..


PastPast – used to express action (or to – used to express action (or to help make a statement about help make a statement about something) that occurred in the past something) that occurred in the past but but did not continuedid not continue into the present. into the present. Ex: We Ex: We waitedwaited for you. for you. Ex: We Ex: We were waitingwere waiting for you. for you.

[progressive][progressive] Ex: We Ex: We did waitdid wait for you. [emphatic] for you. [emphatic]


FutureFuture – used to express action (or to – used to express action (or to help make a statement about help make a statement about something) occurring at something) occurring at some time in some time in the futurethe future..

Formed by adding Formed by adding shallshall or or willwill.. Ex: We Ex: We will waitwill wait for you. for you. Ex: We Ex: We will be waitingwill be waiting for you. [progressive] for you. [progressive] There is no future emphatic.There is no future emphatic.


Present perfectPresent perfect – used to express – used to express action (or to help make a statement action (or to help make a statement about something) occurring in about something) occurring in no no definite time in the pastdefinite time in the past..

Formed by adding Formed by adding havehave or or hashas.. Ex: Ted Ex: Ted has waitedhas waited for us often. for us often. Ex: We Ex: We have waitedhave waited for them before. for them before.


Past perfectPast perfect – used to express action – used to express action (or to help make a statement about (or to help make a statement about something) something) completed in the past completed in the past before some other past action or eventbefore some other past action or event..

Formed using the word Formed using the word hadhad.. Ex: After we Ex: After we had waitedhad waited ( (had been waitinghad been waiting) )

an hour, we an hour, we leftleft. [The . [The waitingwaiting preceded the preceded the leavingleaving]]


Future perfectFuture perfect – used to express action (or – used to express action (or to help make a statement about to help make a statement about something) something) which will be complete in the which will be complete in the future before some other future action or future before some other future action or eventevent..

Formed by adding Formed by adding will havewill have or or shall haveshall have.. Ex: By the time the bus Ex: By the time the bus arrivesarrives, we , we will have will have

waitedwaited ( (will have will have been waitingbeen waiting) an hour. [The ) an hour. [The waiting precedes the arriving]waiting precedes the arriving]

MoodMood

Verbs may be in one of three mood: Verbs may be in one of three mood: indicativeindicative, , imperativeimperative, or , or subjunctivesubjunctive..

Almost all verbs are in the Almost all verbs are in the indicativeindicative mood.mood.

The The imperativeimperative mood is used to mood is used to indicate a command.indicate a command. Ex: Ex: TurnTurn off the television. off the television. Ex: Ex: UnderlineUnderline the correct answer. the correct answer.

MoodMood

The only common uses of the The only common uses of the subjunctivesubjunctive mood are to express a mood are to express a condition contrary to factcondition contrary to fact and to express and to express a a wishwish..

Uses the Uses the past subjunctivepast subjunctive verb verb werewere.. Ex: If I Ex: If I werewere (not (not was was) you, I’d study my ) you, I’d study my

recitations more. [contrary to fact – “I’m not recitations more. [contrary to fact – “I’m not you”]you”]

Ex: If I Ex: If I werewere (not (not waswas) a millionaire, I’d ) a millionaire, I’d teach grammar for free. [wish]teach grammar for free. [wish]

MoodMood

The The present subjunctivepresent subjunctive mood is mood is used only in certain formal used only in certain formal situations.situations.

Uses the present subjunctive verb Uses the present subjunctive verb bebe.. Ex: We recommend that she Ex: We recommend that she bebe elected elected

president.president. See the conjugated forms on W579See the conjugated forms on W579..

Participles/Participial Participles/Participial PhrasesPhrases

A A participleparticiple is a verb is a verb formform that can that can be used as an be used as an adjectiveadjective.. Ex: The rapidly Ex: The rapidly developingdeveloping storm kept storm kept

the small coats in the port.the small coats in the port. Ex: I found her Ex: I found her cryingcrying..


There are two basic kinds of participles: There are two basic kinds of participles: present participlepresent participle and and past participlepast participle..

PresentPresent participles end in participles end in –ing–ing.. PastPast participles may end in a variety of participles may end in a variety of

endings (see W449).endings (see W449). Ex: We watched the puppies Ex: We watched the puppies playingplaying. (present). (present) Ex: The puppies, Ex: The puppies, exhaustedexhausted, collapsed. (past), collapsed. (past)


A A participial phraseparticipial phrase is a phrase is a phrase containing a containing a participleparticiple and any and any complementscomplements or or modifiersmodifiers it may it may have.have. Ex: Ex: Removing his coatRemoving his coat, Jack sat in the , Jack sat in the

chair.chair. Ex: We saw Jeff Ex: We saw Jeff playing in the gameplaying in the game..

Verbs A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. Linking Linking...

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