Verbs If you ignore verbs, the preceding pages contain about all there is to learning Turkish word morphology, like a text for online degrees in the field! However, there are many verb forms to learn. At least they're fairly well ordered....

Infinitive This uses -mek, and is the form found in the dictionary: anlamak = to understand grmek = to see gitmek = to go okumak = to read Verb FormationVerbs can be formed from "substantives" or other non-verb words. A few, not many, are formed simply by adding the infinitive -mek to an adjective or noun. boya = "paint", while boyamak = "to paint". eski = "old", while eskimek = "to wear out". gerek = "necessary", while gerekmek = "to be necessary". There aren't many examples of this type of verb formation. Many more verbs are formed by starting with a substantive word and then adding a suffix and the infinitive -mek. See G.L. Lewis' Turkish Grammar, chapter 14, sections 20-29. -e- oyun = "game", while oynamak = "to play". ya = "age", while yaamak = "to live". -le- su = "water", while sulamak = "to irrigate". kilit = "lock", while kilitlemek = "to lock". kir = "dirt", while kirlemek = "to make dirty". temiz = "clean", while temizlemek = "to make clean". As Lewis notes, you cannot always guess the meaning of the verb from that of the starting noun or adjective. Kpek and kuzu mean "dog" and "lamb", respectively, while kpeklemek and kuzulamak mean "to cringe" to "to lamb", respectively. If kuzalamak means "to give birth to lambs", then why doesn't kpeklemek mean "to give birth to puppies"? And why does kpeklemek mean "to cringe" when few mammals of its size are as easily frightened as a lamb? Notice that -le- is used for the category of words describing the sounds animals make: hav hav = the sound a dog makes, while havlamak = "to 'woof woof' like a dog" miyav = the sound a cat makes, while miyavlamak = "to 'meow' like a cat" -len- The reflexive and passive of -le-, also some verbs synonymous with the -le- form, and some verbs for which there is no -le- form. kir = "dirt", kirlemek = "to make dirty", kirlenmek = "to be made dirty". temiz = "clean", temizlemek = "to make clean", temizlenmek = "to be made clean". serin = "cool", serinlemek = "to become cool", serinlenmek = "to become cool". Note that there are causative forms of these, appending a following -dir or -t- as discussed in the following section on verb modification. Some make the verb causitive, some just make another synonym for the -le- form: can = "life", canlanmak = "to come to life", canlandrmak = "to bring to life", kirlemek = "to make dirty", kirletmek = "to make dirty" temiz = "clean", temizlemek = "to make clean", temizletmek = "to be made clean". -le- Reciprocal of -le- or to form "to become ..." karlamak = "to meet", karlamak = "to meet one another" mektup = "letter", mektuplamak = "to correspond" bir = "one", birlemek = "to become united" -el- /-l- Added usually to adjectives, infrequently to nouns, to form "to become ..." az = "little", while azalmak = "to diminish" ok = "much", while oalmak = "to increase" -er- Used with color adjectives to form "to become ...", with other words to form an active verb. Note, as described in some detail in Lewis' book, that two-syllable color words actually have their final syllable replaced by -er-. az = "white", aarmak = "to become white" gk = "blue" or "green", ger or gver = "to become blue green" kzl = "red", kzarmak = "to become red" or "to be roasted" ya = "moisture", yaarmak = "to become moist" -se- The only surviving example of the once common "to want" is susamak for "to thirst". Otherwise, a few verbs use this to form "to regard as ..." benim = "mine" (or "of me"), benimsemek = "to regard as one's own" mhim = "important", mhimsemek = "to regard as important" -imse Used similarly to -se- to form "to regard as ..." or "to consider to be ..." az = "little", azmsamak = "to consider inadequate" ok = "much", oumsamak = "to consider excessive" -de- Used in onomatopoeic words which end in r or l and which can be repeated to form an adverb. For example, czr is "sizzling", the sound made by frying food; czr czr is then "sizzlingly", and czrdamak is "to make a sizzling sound", and just czrt is the noun "sizzling". There are similar sets of words for "creaking", "growling", "snoring", "crunching", "pattering" (as in footsteps), "glittering" (seldom a noisy activity), and "tapping" (as in ravens at doors). Verb ModificationThere are several ways of modifying verbs to produce related words. Some of these begin to show how complex verbs, expressed as phrases in English, are made by combining suffixes. Presumably a large dictionary would cover these other forms, but you often have to (de)construct your own... Negative -me- or infrequently -mez- For most tenses, add -me- grmek = "to see" grmemek = "not to see" For the general (or aorist) tense only, add -mez- in place of the characteristic aorist -(i)r- suffix, except for the 1st person, where it is just -me-. Ahmet yazar = Ahmet is a writer. Ahmet yazmaz = Ahmet is not a writer. Barinikov dans etir. Siz, Senatr Kuayl, siz dans etmezsiniz. Baryshnikov is a dancer. But you, Senator Quayle, you are not a dancer. See the aorist section below for an explanation of "aorist" and why these examples were used. Passive -n- or -il- or -in- For verb stems ending in vowels, add -n- okumak = "to read", okunmak = "to be read" For verb stems ending in consonants other than l, add -il- vermek = "to give", verilmek = "to be given" For verb stems ending in l, add -in- bilmek = "to know", bilinmek = "to be known" Causative -dir- or -t- or -it- Most verbs add -dir- bilmek = "to know", bildirmek = "to inform" or "to announce" Verbs ending in a vowel, or l, or r, add only -t- anlamak = "to understand", anlatmak = "to explain" Verbs ending in or add -ir- imek = "to drink", iirmek = "to cause or make to drink" A few monosyllable verb stems ending in k add -it-. Doubly causative verbs are possible: pimek = "to cook" (intransitive, the meat cooks) piirmek = "to cook" (transitive, the chef cooks the meat) piirtmek = "to have something cooked" lmek = "to die" ldrmek = "to kill" ldrtmek = "to have someone killed" Higher-order causation is grammatically possible, but stilted: ldrttrmek = "to get someone to have someone killed", or to get someone else to hire a hitman. ldrttrtmek = the same thing but one more step removed, "to get someone to get someone to have someone killed", or to get someone else to contact an agency to have them hire the hitman. Reflexive -in- giymek = "to wear clothes" giyinmek = "to dress oneself" giyindirmek = "to dress someone else" giyindirilmek = "to be dressed by someone else" giyindirildirmek = "to be forced to be dressed by someone else" Verbs of mutual action -i- grmek = "to see" grmek = "to see one another" or "to converse" grlmek = "to be conversed about" grtrmek = "to make to converse with one another" grtrlmek = "to be made to converse with one another" Order for applying modification: 6. Reflexive6. Reciprocal6. Causative6. Passive For example: acmak = "to feel pain" (simple) acnmak = "to feel pain in oneself, to grieve" (reflexive) acndrmak = "to cause to grieve" (causative) acndrlmak = "to be made to grieve" (passive) tanmak = "to know" (simple) tanmak = "to know one another" (reciprocal) tantrmak = "to introduce" (causative) tantrlmak = "to be introduced" (passive) Negation, -me, plus ability, -ebil, and inability, -eme (see below) are added after these.

Table of all tenses and moodsFrom G.L. Lewis' Turkish Grammar, especially page 136 (section VIII,38). 1. Drop the -mek from the infinitive to get the stem:grmek > gr- 2. Add any modifications to the meaning of the verb, as listed above. 3. Select the tense: TenseAppendMeaning

Present-(i)yor-Actions happening now, or started in the recent past and continuing.I am writing. The point is that I am writing even as I speak. Note that the o does not undergo vowel harmony.

General (Aorist)-(i)r-Things generally true, hence timeless.I am a writer. Although I am not necessarily writing anything at this very moment.See the aorist section below for an explanation of "aorist".

Future-(y)ecek-Actions that will happen.

mi-past-mi-A present state caused by past action,or things the speaker is reporting without having seen.

di-past-di-Both the simple past (did) and the perfect past (have done).

Necessity-meli-Actions that must, or should, be taken.

Conditional-se-If ...With non-simple moods, expresses unfulfilled conditions, hopeless wishes of the past, etc.

Subjunctive-e-No statement of fact, things that might happen or have happened.With non-simple moods, this expresses unfulfillable past wishes, or quotes of those expressions.

4. Select the mood, noting that not all tense/mood combinations exist: MoodAppendConjugationpattern

Simple-I (mostly)

Past-idi-II

Conditional-ise-II

Past conditional-idi- + -isi-II

Inferential-imi-I

Inferential conditional-imi- + -ise-II

5. Apply the appropriate conjugation ending for person and number: Type I-im-iz

-sin-siniz

(-dir)-(dir)ler

Type II-m-k

-n-niz

--ler

Type III-eyim-elim

-esin-esiniz

-e-eler

6. Note that there are exceptions in the mapping from simple mood to conjugation pattern, and some combinations of tense and mood do not exist. Really apply this pattern: SimpleIPast-idi+IIConditionalise+IIPast conditional-idi-+-ise-+IIInferential-imi-+IInferentialconditional-imi-+-ise-+II

Present-(i)yor--(i)yor+I-(i)yordu+II-(i)yorsa+II-(i)yorduysa+II-(i)yormu+I-(i)yormusa+II

General (aorist)-(i)r--(i)r+I-(i)rdi+II-(i)rse+II-(i)rdise+II-(i)rmi+I-(i)rmise+II

Future-ecek--ecek+I-ecekti+II-ecekse+II-ecektiyse+II-ecekmi+I-ecekmise+II

mi-past-mi--mi+I-miti+II-mise+II-mi idiyse+II-mi imi+I-mi imise+II

di-past-di--di+II-diydi+II-diyse+II-di idiyse+II

Necessity-meli--meli+I-meliydi+II-meliy mi+I

Conditional-se--se+II-seydi+II-sey mi+I

Subjunctive-e--e+III-edi+II-ey mi+I

So, to discuss looking at derviler SimpleIPast-idi + IIConditionalise + IIPast conditional-idi- + -ise- + IIInferential-imi- + IInferentialconditional-imi- + -ise- + II

Present-(i)yor-Dervileri gryorum.I am seeing Dervishes.Dervileri gryordum.I was seeing Dervishes.Dervileri gryorsam, ...If I am seeing Dervishes, ...Dervileri gryorduysam, ...If I was seeing Dervishes, ...Dervileri gryormuum.I am said to be seeing Dervishes.Dervileri gryormusam, ...If, as they say, I am seeing Dervishes, ... or If I am said to be seeing Dervishes, ...

General (aorist)-(i)r-Dervileri grrm.I see Dervishes.Dervileri grrdm.I used to see Dervishes.Dervileri grrsem, ...If I see Dervishes, ...Dervileri grrdysem, ...If I used to see Dervishes, ...Dervileri grrmm.I am said to see Dervishes.Dervileri grrmsem, ...If, as they say, I see Dervishes, ... or If I am said to see Dervishes, ...

Future-ecek-Dervileri greceim.I will see Dervishes.Dervileri grecektim.I was going to see Dervishes.Dervileri greceksem, ...If I am going to see Dervishes, ...Dervileri grecektiysem, ...If I was going to see Dervishes, ...Dervileri grecekmiim.I am said to see Dervishes.Dervileri grecekmisem, ...If, as they say, I was going to see Dervishes, ... or If I am said to be about to see Dervishes, ...

mi-past-mi-Dervileri grmm.I saw Dervishes. (so they say)Dervileri grmtm.I had seen Dervishes. (so they say)Dervileri grmsem, ...If I have seen Dervishes, ...Dervileri grm idiysem, ...If I had seen Dervishes, ...Dervileri grm mm.I am said to have seen Dervishes.Dervileri grm msem, ...If, as they say, I have seen Dervishes, ... or If I am said to have seen Dervishes, ...

di-past-di-Dervileri grdm.I saw Dervishes. or I have seen Dervishes.(II)Dervileri grdydm.I had seen Dervishes.Dervileri grdysem.If I saw Dervishes, ... or If I have seen Dervishes, ...Dervileri grd dysem, ...If I had seen Dervishes, ...

Necessity-meli-Dervileri grmeliyim.I must see Dervishes.Dervileri grmeliydim.I needed to see Dervishes.Dervileri grmeliymiim.They say I ought to see Dervishes.

Conditional-se-Dervileri grsem, ...If I were to see Dervishes, ...Dervileri grseydim, ...If only I had seen Dervishes, ...Dervileri grseymiim.They say that if I were to see Dervishes, ... or They say, "If only I would see Dervishes"!

Subjunctive-e-Dervileri greyim.I might see Dervishes, maybe later.

(III)Dervileri greydim!Would that I had seen Dervishes!Dervileri greymiim!They say, "Would that I had seen Dervishes"!

Or going to Konya notice the d/t variation in gitmek! In a few verbs (etmek, tatmak, gitmek, etc) the final t lenites (becomes voiced) before a vowel, but in others it doesn't: SimpleIPast-idi + IIConditionalise + IIPast conditional-idi- + -ise- + IIInferential-imi- + IInferentialconditional-imi- + -ise- + II

Present-(i)yor-Konya'ya gidiyorum.I am going to Konya.Konya'ya gidiyordum.I was going to Konya.Konya'ya gidiyorsam, ...If I am going to Konya, ...Konya'ya gidiyorduysam, ...If I was going to Konya, ...Konya'ya gidiyormuum.I am said to be going to Konya.Konya'ya gidiyormusam, ...If, as they say, I am going to Konya, ... or If I am said to be going to Konya, ...

General (aorist)-(i)r-Konya'ya giderim.I go to Konya.Konya'ya giderdim.I used to go to Konya.Konya'ya gidersem, ...If I go to Konya, ...Konya'ya giderdiysem, ...If I used to go to Konya, ...Konya'ya gidermiimI am said to go to Konya.Konya'ya gidermisem, ...If, as they say, I go to Konya, ... or If I am said to go to Konya, ...

Future-ecek-Konya'ya gideceim.I will go to Konya.Konya'ya gidecektim.I was going to go to Konya.Konya'ya gideceksem, ...If I am going to go to Konya, ...Konya'ya gidecektiysem, ...If I was going to go to Konya, ...Konya'ya gidecekmiim.I am said to be going to go to Konya.Konya'ya gidecekmisem, ...If, as they say, I am going to go to Konya, ... or If I am said to be going to go to Konya, ...

mi-past-mi-Konya'ya gitmiim.I went to Konya. (so they say)Konya'ya gitmitim.I had gone to Konya. (so they say)Konya'ya gitmisem, ...If I have gone to Konya, ...Konya'ya gitmi idiysem, ...If I had gone to Konya, ...Konya'ya gitmi imiim.I am said to have gone to Konya.Konya'ya gitmi imisem, ...If, as they say, I have gone to Konya, ... or If I am said to have gone to Konya, ...

di-past-di-Konya'ya gittim.I went to Konya. or I have gone to Konya.(II)Konya'ya gittiytim.I had gone to Konya.Konya'ya gittiysem.If I went to Konya, ... or If I have gone to Konya, ...Konya'ya gitti idiysem, ...If I had gone to Konya, ...

Necessity-meli-Konya'ya gitmeliyim.I must go to Konya.Konya'ya gitmeliydim.I needed to go to Konya.Konya'ya gitmeliymiim.They say I ought to go to Konya.

Conditional-se-Konya'ya gitsem, ...If I were to go to Konya, ...Konya'ya gitseytim, ...If only I had gone to Konya, ...Konya'ya gitseymiim.They say that if I were to go to Konya, ... or They say, "If only I would go to Konya"!

Subjunctive-e-Konya'ya gideyim.I might go to Konya, maybe later

(III)Konya'ya gideydim!Would that I had gone to Konya!Konya'ya gideymiim!They say, "Would that I had gone to Konya"!

The above tables may be adequate for your needs. Below here are tables of examples, including negative, interrogative, and negative interrogative forms. Also the the forms of the verb to be, participles, ability-to ..., and imperatives.

-di-Past -di-Past Simple -di + I I did and I have done Things that have been finished. -dim-dik

-din-diniz

-di-diler

Konya'da dervileri grdm. I saw dervishes in Konya.I have seen dervishes in Konya.

Konya'ya gittim. I went to Konya.I have gone to Konya.

-di-Past Pluperfect -di -idi + II I had done Action that really was completed well back in the past. So far back that you could have used the past tense in the past. Also called pluperfect. -diydim-diydik

-diydin-diydiniz

-diydi-diydiler

-or--dimdi-dikti

-dindi-dinizdi

-diydi-dilerdi

Konya'da dervileri grdydm. Konya'da dervileri grdmd. I had seen dervishes in Konya.

Konya'ya gittiytim. Konya'ya gittimdi. I had gone to Konya.

-di-Past Conditional -di -ise + II If I did or If I have done -diysem-diysek

-diysen-diyseniz

-diyse-diyseler

-or--dimse-dikse

-dinse-dinizse

-diyse-dilerse

Konya'da dervileri grdysem ... Konya'da dervileri grdmse ... If I saw dervishes in Konya ...

Konya'ya gittiysem ... Konya'ya gittimse ... If I went to Konya ...

-di-Past Pluperfect Conditional -di -idi -ise + II If I had done -di idiysem-di idiysek

-di idiysen-di idiyseniz

-di idiyse-di idiyseler

-or--dim idiyse-dik idiyse

-din idiyse-din idiyizse

-diy idiyse-diler idiyse

Konya'da dervileri grd idiysem ... Konya'da dervileri grdm idiyse ... If I had seen dervishes in Konya ...

Konya'ya gitti idiysem ... Konya'ya gittim idiyse ... If I had gone to Konya ...

mi-Past mi-Past Simple, or Past Indefinite -mi- + I I have done Events that supposedly happened in the past, but the speaker does not have adequate information to definitively report it without question. As opposed to "He definitely went", this can render "He (apparently, allegedly, reportedly, presumably, or ostensibly) went (but I am not sure enough of this assertion to honestly use the past definite form)." And since the first-person singular exists, you can make unfounded allegations about yourself!

Put another (less entertaining) way, the point is that something has happened, not the activity itself. Lewis' example is kar yami, or snow has fallen, where the point is that there is snow on the ground, never mind the details of how it got there. PositivePositive Interrogative

-miim-miiz-mi miyim?-mi miyiz?

-misin-misiniz-mi misin?-mi misiniz?

-mi-miler-mi mi?-miler mi?

NegativeNegative Interrogative

-memiim-memiiz-memi miyim?-memi miyiz?

-memisin-memisiniz-memi misin?-memi misiniz?

-memi-memiler-memi mi?-memiler mi?

Konya'da masalarda dans etmiim.Supposedly I danced on the tables in Konya.(But I can't really say definitely, I don't remember a thing!Next time, less rak!)

Konya'da masalarda dans etmemiim.Supposedly I did not dance on the tables in Konya.

Konya'da masalarda dans etmi miyim?Did I supposedly dance on the tables in Konya?

Konya'da masalarda dans etmemi miyim?Did I supposedly not dance on the tables in Konya?

Konya'ya gitmiim.I went to Konya, so they say.

Konya'ya gitmemiim.I did not go to Konya, so they say.

Konya'ya gitmi miyim?Did I go to Konya?

Konya'ya gitmemi miyim?Did I not go to Konya?

mi-Past Past, or Pluperfect -mi- -iti- + II I had done Action that really was completed well back in the past. So far back that you could have used the past tense in the past. Also called pluperfect. PositivePositive Interrogative

-mitim-mitik-mi miydim?-mi miydik?

-mitin-mitiniz-mi miydin?-mi miydiniz?

-miti-milerdi-mi miydi?-mi miydiler?

NegativeNegative Interrogative

-memitim-memitik-memi miydim?-memi miydik?

-memitin-memitiniz-memi miydin?-memi miydiniz?

-memiti-memilerdi-memi miydi?-memi miydiler?

Konya'da dervileri grmtm.I had seen dervishes in Konya.

Konya'da dervileri grmemtm.I had not seen dervishes in Konya.

Konya'da dervileri grm mydm.Had I seen dervishes in Konya?

Konya'da dervileri grmem mydm.Had I not seen dervishes in Konya?

Konya'ya gitmitim.I had gone to Konya, so they say.

Konya'ya gitmemitim.I had not gone to Konya, so they say.

Konya'ya gitmi miydim?Had I gone to Konya?

Konya'ya gitmemi miydim?Had I not gone to Konya?

mi-Past Narrative -mi- + I + suffixed with -dir Used by the media to report He has ..., in situations where normal spoken Turkish would simply use di-past PositiveNegative

-miimdir-miizdir-memiimdir-memiizdir

-misindir-misenizdir-memisindir-memisenizdir

-midir-milerdir-memidir-memilerdir

Derviler Konya'ya gitmilerdirIn tonight's news, dervishes went to Konya.

Derviler Konya'ya gitmemilerdirIn tonight's news, dervishes did not go to Konya.

mi-Past Conditional -mi- -ise- + II If I have done PositiveNegative

-misem-misek-memisem-memisek

-misen-miseniz-memisen-memiseniz

-mise-miseler-memise-memiseler

Konya'da dervileri grmsam, ....If I had seen dervishes in Konya, ...

Konya'ya gitmisem ...If I had gone to Konya ...

Konya'ya gitmemisem ...If I had not gone to Konya ...

mi-Past Inferential -mi- -mi- + I I am said to have done... -mimiim-mimiiz-mi imiim-mi imiiz

-mimiin-mimiiniz-mi imiin-mi imiiniz

-mimi-mimiler-mi imi-mi imiler

Konya'da dervileri grmmm. Konya'da dervileri grm imiim. I am said to have seen dervishes in Konya.

Konya'ya gitmimiim.Konya'ya gitmi imiim. I am said to have gone to Konya.

mi-Past Inferential conditional -mi- -mi- + I If I am said to have done... -mi imisem-mi imisek

-mi imisen-mi imisiniz

-mi imise-mi imiseler

Konya'da dervileri grm msem, ...If I am said to have seen dervishes in Konya, ...

Konya'ya gitmi imisem, ...If I am said to have gone to Konya, ...

PresentUsed for actions in progress, or generally done, or anticipated. Note that the o in the suffix -yor does not vary under vowel agreement, and so the vowels in the suffixes added onto that are always back vowels. Also note that the suffixed -yor is added to a verb stem ending in e or a, then that e or a "narrows" to i or , respectively. So, I understand would be: anlamak > anla - yor - um > anlyorum. The negative is indicated by -me, also subject to this rule, so I do not understand would be: anlamak > anla -me - yor - um > anlamiyorum. In the verbs demek ("to say" or "to name") and yemek ("to eat") just the stem e narrows before y:denemek -> deneyecek yenemek -> yeneyecek but:demek -> diyecek yemek -> yiyecek Present Simple -(i)yor- + I I am doing PositiveNegative

-(i)yorum-(i)yoruz-miyorum-miyoruz

-(i)yorsun-(i)yorsunuz-miroysun-miyorsunuz

-(i)yor-(i)yorlar-miyor-miyorlar

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryorum.I see dervishes in Konya every day.

Konya'ya gidiyorum.I am going to Konya. (note t->d change)

Konya'ya gitmiyorum.I am not going to Konya.

Present Past -(i)yor- -idi- + II I was doing PositiveNegative

-(i)yordum-(i)yorduk-miyordum-miyorduk

-(i)yordun-(i)yordunuz-miroydun-miyordunuz

-(i)yordu-(i)yorlard-(i)yordular-miyordu-miyorlard-miyordular

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryordum.I saw dervishes in Konya every day.

Derviler Konya'ya gidiyorlard.Derviler Konya'ya gidiyordular.Dervishes were going to Konya.

Present Conditional -(i)yor- -ise- + II If I am doing ... PositiveNegative

-(i)yorsam-(i)yorsak-miyorsam-miyorsak

-(i)yorsan-(i)yorsanz-miyorsan-miyorsanz

-(i)yorsa-(i)yorlarsa-(i)yorsalar-miyorsa-miyorlarsa-miyorsalar

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryorsam ...If I see dervishes in Konya every day ...

Konya'ya derviler gidiyorlarsa ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyorsalar ...If Dervishes are going to Konya ...

Present Past Conditional -(i)yor- -idi- -ise- + II If I was doing ... PositiveNegative

-(i)yorduysam -(i)yor idiysem-(i)yorduysak -(i)yor idiysek-miyorduysam -miyor idiysem-miyorduysak -miyor idiysek

-(i)yorduysan -(i)yor idiysen-(i)yorduysanz -(i)yor idiyseniz -miyorduysan -miyor idiysen-miyorduysanz -miyor idiyseniz

-(i)yorduysa -(i)yor idiyse-(i)yorduylarsa-(i)yorduysalar -(i)yor idiylerse -(i)yor idiyseler-miyorduysa -miyor idiyse-miyorduylarsa-miyorduysalar -miyor idiylerse -miyor idiyseler

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryorduysam ... Konya'da dervileri her gn gryor idiysem ... If I saw dervishes in Konya every day ...

Konya'ya derviler gidiyorduylarsa ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyorduysalar ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyor idiylerse ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyor idiyseler ...If Dervishes were going to Konya ...

Present Inferential -(i)yor- -imi- + I I am said to be doing ... PositiveNegative

-(i)yormuum-(i)yormuuz-miyormuum-miyormuuz

-(i)yormusun-(i)yormussunuz-miyormusun-miyormussunuz

-(i)yormu-(i)yormular-miyormu-miyormular

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryormuum.I am said to see dervishes in Konya every day.

Konya'ya derviler gidiyormular.Dervishes are said to go to Konya.

Present Inferential Conditional -(i)yor- -imi- -ise- + II If I am, as they say, doing ... or I gather that if I was doing ... PositiveNegative

-(i)yormusam -(i)yor imisem-(i)yormusak -(i)yor imisek-miyormusam -(i)yor imisem-miyormusak -(i)yor imisek

-(i)yormusan -(i)yor imisen-(i)yormusunaz -(i)yor imiseniz-miyormusan -miyor imisen-miyormusunaz -miyor imisen

-(i)yormusa -(i)yor mise-(i)yormusalar -(i)yor imiseler-miyormusa -miyor mise-miyormusalar -miyor imiseler

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryormusam, ... Konya'da dervileri her gn gryor imisem, ... If I am, as they say, seeing dervishes in Konya every day, ...

Konya'ya derviler gidiyormusalar, ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyor imiseler, ...If dervishes, as they say, are going to Konya, ...

General / AoristAbout things always true and hence timeless, denoting continuing activity:I am painting would use the Present Simple.I am a painter or I paint would be Aorist. It is discussed in Turkish Grammar by G.L. Lewis as follows, in chapter 8, section 24: This term, borrowed from Greek grammar, means 'unbounded' and well describes what the Turks call geni zaman 'the broad sense', which denotes continuing activity. And then in chapter 8, section 25: The aorist denotes continuing activity, but to equate, for example, yapar-m with 'I do' and yapyor-um with 'I am doing' is a misleading oversimplification. Fundamentally, yaparm means 'I am a doer' and according to context it may represent'I habitually do';'by and large I am the sort of person who does';'I am ready, willing, and able to do';'I shall do'.yapyorum means'I have undertaken, and am now engaged in, the job of doing';'I am doing now';'I am doing in the future';i.e., 'I have the job in hand'. yazarm and yazyorum may both be translated 'I write'. But more specifically: yazarm 'I am a writer; in principle I write (although I may not yet have put pen to paper)'. yazyorum 'I am writing now'; 'as a matter of fact I do write'; 'I write, for example, for four hours every morning' her sabah drt saat yazyorum where the broad yazarm would be incongruous with the precise expression of time. For 'I love you' the Turk says seni seviyorum; if he said seni severim that would sound far too vague and without immediacy, corresponding rather to 'I like you'. ' So, my silly examples were:Ahmet yazar = Ahmet is a writer.Ahmet yazmaz = Ahmet is not a writer.Ahmet is or is not the sort of person who habitually writes.Barinikov dans etir. = Baryshnikov is a dancer.He isn't necessarily dancing right now, but generally speaking, he dances. Senatr Kuayl dans etmezsiniz. = Senator Quayle is not a dancer.He is not ready, willing, or able to dance. The aorist is used for: Requests:Oturur musunuz?Will you sit down?

Promises:Yarn gelirim.Tomorrow I shall come.

With olmak,(to become or happen),to ask permission:Olur mu?.Is it all right?.Literally, Does it happen?Answer: olur (all right) or olmaz (no)

In proverbs:It rr, kervan geer.The dogs howl, the caravan moves on.

What to add? It depends on the verb stem: -r+I Verb stem ends with a vowel.

anlamak = to understand anlar = he understands

-ar+I Verb stem ends with a consonant, single syllable.

etmek = to do eder = he does

-ir+I 14 exceptions to the above rule add i///u:

almek = to take alr = he takes

bilmek = to do bilir = he does

bulmak = to find bulur = he finds

durmak = to stand durur = he stands

gelmek = to come gelir = he comes

grmek = to see grr = he sees

kalmak = to remain kalr = he remains

olmak = to become / be / happen olur = it becomes / is / happens

lmek = to die lr = he dies

sanmak = to think sanr = he thinks

varmak = to reach varr = he reaches

vermek = to give verir = he gives

vurmak = to strike vurur = he strikes

yenmek = to be eaten yenir = it is eaten However, yenmek "to win" forms "he wins" as the expected yener

-ir+I Polysyllabic verb stems, and extensions of monosyllabic verb stems

konumak = to speak konuur = he speaks

demek = to say de-n-mek = to be said der = he says denir = it is said

Some compound verbs with etmek take -er, in which case there is also lenition, as in "to transport":nakletmek -> nakleder The negative is formed unusually: -mez is used where the -(i)r is used in the positive (and just -em is used in the first person. See the below tables for examples. Aorist Simple -(i)r- + I or -(a)r- + I PositiveNegative

-(i)rim-(i)riz-mem-meyiz

-(i)rsin-(i)rsiniz-mezsin-mezsiniz

-(i)r-(i)rler-mez-mezler

Konya'da dervileri grrm.I see dervishes in Konya.

Indiyana'da dervileri grmem.I do not see dervishes in Indiana.

Konya'ya derviler dans etirler.Dervishes dance in Konya.

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezler.Dervishes do not dance in Indiana.

Aorist Past -(i)r- -idi- + II I used to do or I used to be a doer PositiveNegative

-(i)rdim-(i)rdik-medim-medik

-(i)rdin-(i)rdiniz-mezdin-mezdiniz

-(i)rdi-(i)rdiler-mezdi-mezdiler

Konya'da dervileri grrdm.I used to see dervishes in Konya.

Indiyana'da dervileri grmedim.I was not a seer of dervishes in Indiana.

Konya'ya derviler dans etirdiler.Dervishes were dancing in Konya.

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezdiler.Dervishes were not dancing in Indiana.

Aorist Conditional -(i)r- -ise- + II If I do ... PositiveNegative

-(i)rsem-(i)rsek-mesem-mesek

-(i)rsen-(i)rseniz-mezsen-mezseniz

-(i)rse-(i)rseler -(i)rlerse-mezse-mezseler

Konya'da dervileri grrsem ...If I see dervishes in Konya ...

Indiyana'da dervileri grmesem ...If I do not see dervishes in Indiana ...

Konya'ya derviler dans etirseler.Konya'ya derviler dans etirlerse.If dervishes dance in Konya ...

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezseler ...If dervishes do not dance in Indiana ...

Aorist Past Conditional -(i)r- -idi- -ise- + II If I do ... PositiveNegative

-(i)rdiysem -(i)r idiysem-(i)rdiysek -(i)r idiysek-mediysem-mediysek

-(i)rdiysen -(i)r idiysen-(i)rdiyseniz -(i)r idiyseniz-mezdiysen-mezdiyseniz

-(i)rdiyse -(i)r idiyse-(i)rdiyseler -(i)r idiyseler-mezdiyse-mezdiyseler

Konya'da dervileri grrdysem ... Konya'da dervileri grr idiysem ... If I saw dervishes in Konya ...

Indiyana'da dervileri grmediysem ...If I did not see dervishes in Indiana ...

Konya'ya derviler dans etirdiyseler.Konya'ya derviler dans etiri idiyseler.If dervishes danced in Konya ...

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezdiyseler ...If dervishes did not dance in Indiana ...

Aorist Inferential -(i)r- -imi- + I I am said to do or I am said to be a doer PositiveNegative

-(i)rmiim-(i)rmiiz-memiim-memiiz

-(i)rmisin-(i)rmisiniz-mezmisin-mezmisiniz

-(i)rmi-(i)rmiler-mezmi-mezmiler

Konya'da dervileri grrmiim.I am said to see dervishes in Konya.

Indiyana'da dervileri grmemiim.I am said not to see dervishes in Indiana.

Konya'ya derviler dans etirmiler.Dervishes are said to dance in Konya.

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezmiler.Dervishes are said not to dance in Indiana.

Aorist Inferential Conditional -(i)r- -imi- -ise- + II If I am said to do ... or If, as they say, I do ... PositiveNegative

-(i)rmisem -(i)ir imisem-(i)rmisek -(i)ir imisek-memisem-memisek

-(i)rmisen -(i)r imisen-(i)rmiseniz -(i)r imiseniz-mezmisen-mezmiseniz

-(i)rmise -(i)r imise-(i)rmiseler -(i)r imiseler-mezmise-mezmiseler

Konya'da dervileri grrmisem ... Konya'da dervileri grr imisem ...If, as they say, I see dervishes in Konya ...

Indiyana'da dervileri grmemisem ...If, as they say, I do not see dervishes in Indiana ...

Konya'ya derviler dans etirmiseler ... Konya'ya derviler dans etir imiseler ...If, as they say, dervishes dance in Konya ...

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezmiseler ...If, as they say, dervishes do not dance in Indiana ...

Future Future Simple, or Future General Future Positive GeneralFuture Positive General Interrogative

-(y)eceim-(y)eceiz-ecek miyim?-ecek miyiz?

-(y)eceksin-(y)eceksiniz-ecek misin?-ecek misiniz?

-(y)ecektir-(y)ecekler(dir)-ecek mi?-ecekler mi?

Future Negative GeneralFuture Negative General Interrogative

-meyeceim-meyeceiz-meyecek miyim?-meyecek miyiz?

-meyeceksin-meyeceksiniz-meyecek misin?-meyecek misiniz?

-meyecektir-meyecekler(dir)-meyecek mi?-meyecekler mi?

Konya'da dervileri greceim.I will see dervishes in Konya.

Konya'da dervileri grmeyeceim.I will not see dervishes in Konya.

Konya'da dervileri grecek miyim?Will I see dervishes in Konya?

Konya'da dervileri grmeyecek miyim?Will I not see dervishes in Konya?

Future Past (G.L. Lewis pg 113 sec 22b) Things that were in the future in the past. I was going to ... (but since I do not say that it happened, then probably it did not work out) -(y)ecektim-(y)ecektik

-(y)ecektin-(y)ecektiniz

-(y)ecekti-(y)eceklerdi

Konya'da Dervileri grecektim.I was going to see dervishes in Konya.

Filimi dervileri grecektim,ama saati yetmidi.A film having-dervishes I-was-going-to-see,but time I did-not-have.

Future ConditionalIf I am about to ... -(y)eceksem-(y)eceksek

-(y)eceksen-(y)ecekseniz

-(y)ecekse-(y)eceklerse-(y)ecekseler

Konya'da dervileri greceksem, ...If I will see dervishes in Konya, ...

Future Past ConditionalIf I was about to ... -(y)ecek idiysem-(y)ecektiysem-(y)ecektimse-(y)ecek idiysek-(y)ecektiysek-(y)ecektikse

-(y)ecek idiysen-(y)ecektiysen-(y)ecektinse-(y)ecek idiyniz-(y)ecektiyseniz-(y)ecektinizse

-(y)ecek idiyse-(y)ecektiyse-(y)ecektise-(y)ecek idiyseler-(y)ecektiyseler-(y)eceklerdiyse

Konya'da dervileri grecek idiysem, ...Konya'da dervileri grecektiysem ...Konya'da dervileri grecektimse ...If I was going to have seen dervishes in Konya, ...

Future InferentialI am/was said to be about to ... -(y)ecek imiim-(y)ecekmiim-(y)ecek imisiz-(y)ecekmisiz

-(y)ecek imisin-(y)ecekmisin-(y)ecek imisiniz-(y)ecekmisiniz

-(y)ecek imi-(y)ecekmi-(y)ecek imiler-(y)ecekmiler

Konya'da dervileri grecek imiim.Konya'da dervileri grecekmiim.It is said that I will see dervishes in Konya.

Future Inferential ConditionalIf, as they say/said, I am/was about to ... -(y)ecek imisem-(y)ecekmisem-(y)ecek imisek-(y)ecekmisek

-(y)ecek imisen-(y)ecekmisen-(y)ecek imiseniz-(y)ecekmiseniz

-(y)ecek imise-(y)ecekmise-(y)ecek imiseler-(y)ecekmiseler

Konya'da dervileri grecek imisem, ...Konya'da dervileri grecekmisem, ...If, as they say, I will see dervishes in Konya, ...

Future II or Ancient Future (G.L. Lewis pg 115 sec 23) According to G.L. Lewis, this verb appears appears only in the third-person singular form, suffixed with -as, and is used only for cursing. Evin yklas!May your house be demolished!

Dervilarin bakaldras!May your dervishes stage a revolution!

To BeSome forms are suffixes added to nouns or adjectives only, some forms are independent words following the noun or adjective, sometimes (as in the past tense) you have a choice. Past Past PositivePast Negative

Enclitic formIndependent formEnclitic formIndependent form

-(y)dim-(y)dikidimidikdeildimdeildikdeil idimdeil idik

-(y)din-(y)dinizidinidinizdeildindeildinizdeil idindeil idiniz

-(y)di-(y)dileridiidilerdeildideildilerdeil idideil idiler

Past Positive InterrogativePast Negative Interrogative

Enclitic formIndependent formEnclitic formIndependent form

miydim?miydik?miidim?miidik?deilmiydim?deilmiydik?deilmiidim?deilmiidik?

miydin?miydiniz?miidin?miidiniz?deilmiydin?deilmiydiniz?deilmiidin?deilmiidiniz?

miydi?miydiler?miidi?miidiler?deilmiydi?deilmiydiler?deilmiidi?deilmiidiler?

Atatrk Trk idi.Atatrk Trkdu.Atatrk was a Turk.

Dervitim. Dervi idim.I was a dervish

Dervi miydim? Dervi miyim?Was I a dervish?

Dervi deildim. Dervi deil idim.I was not a dervish

Dervi deil miydim? Dervi deil mi idin?Was I not a dervish?

Past Conditional Positive

SuffixedSuffixedIndependent

-(y)diysem-(y)diysek-(y)dimse-(y)dikseidiysemidiysek

-(y)diysen-(y)diyseniz-(y)dinse-(y)dinizseidiysenidiysek

-(y)diyse-(y)diyseler-(y)diyse-(y)diyseleridiyseidiyseler

Negative

SuffixedSuffixedIndependent

deildiysemdeildiysekdeildimsedeildiksedeilidiysemdeilidiysek

deildiysendeildiysenizdeildinsedeildinizsedeilidiysendeilidiyseniz

deildiysedeildiyselerdeildiysedeildilersedeilidiysedeilidiyseler

Dervi idiysem, ...If I had been a dervish, ...

Dervi deil idiysem, ...If I had not been a dervish, ...

Evde idiysem ... Evdeydiysem ...Evdeydimse ...If I had been at home ...

Past Inferential is said to be or was said to be Positive

SuffixedIndependent

-(y)miim-(y)miizimiimimiiz

-(y)miin-(y)misinizimiinimisiniz

-(y)mi-(y)milerimiimiler

Negative

EncliticIndependent

deilmiimdeilmiizdeilimiimdeilimiiz

deilmisindeilmisinizdeilimisindeilimisiniz

deilmideilmilerdeilimideilimiler

Dervi imi.He was said to be a dervish.

Dervi deil imi.He was said not to be a dervish. (He was said to be a non-dervish, it was not that hewas a dervish and people failed to comment upon it)

Past Inferential Conditional Positive

SuffixedIndependent

-(y)misem-(y)misekimisemimisek

-(y)misen-(y)misenizimisenimiseniz

-(y)mise-(y)miselerimiseimiseler

Negative

EncliticIndependent

deilmisemdeilmisekdeilimisemdeilimisek

deilmisendeilmisenizdeilimisendeilimiseniz

deilmisedeilmiselerdeilimisedeilimiseler

Dervi imise ...I gather that if he was a dervish ...

Dervi deil imise ...I gather that if he was not a dervish ...

Present Note that -dir is not generally used in informal speech or writing. For a copula, or "A = B" sentence, The girl's name is Fatma: Formal:Kzn ad, Fatma'dr.

Informal:Kzn ad, Fatma.

It is also used informally to indicate emphasis or a supposition. To answer the question Derviler nerede?, or Where are the dervishes? Camide.In the mosque.

Camideler.They are in the mosque.

Camidedirler.They are surely in the mosque...(supposition)

Camidedirler!They are in the mosque!(emphasis)

Camidelerdir.They are surely in the mosque...(supposition)

Also, -dir may be suffixed to verbs, where it weakens rather than emphasizes the verb. Biliyorsunuz.You know.

Biliyorsunuzdur.You surely know. or I presume you know.

Arkadama mektup yazdim.I wrote a letter to my friend. Literally, To-my-friend letter I-wrote. A simple statement of fact.

Arkadama mektup yazmm.It seems that I wrote a letter to my friend. An inference I do not remember writing the letter, but I found a copy on my computer and so I must have written it...

Arkadamamektupyazmmdr.I must have written a letter to my friend... I do not remember writing the letter, nor do I have any evidence that I did so, but it has been some time since I received his letter and I'm usually quite punctual with my correspondance...

Finally, the particle mi turns the preceding word into a question. It is a separate word but follows vowel harmony. Present positivePresent interrogative

-(y)im-(y)izmiyim?miyiz?

-sin-sinizmisin?misiniz?

-(dir)-(dir)lermi(dir)?midirler?

Present negativePresent negative interrogative

deilimdeilizdeilmiyim?deilmiyiz?

deilsindeilsinizdeilmisin?deilmisiniz?

deildirdeildirlerdeilmidir?deilmidirler?

Evdeyim.I am at home.

Evde miyim?Am I at home?

Derviim.I am a dervish.

Dervi miyim?Am I a dervish?

Kzn ad, Fatma'dr.The girl's name is Fatma.

Kzn ad, Fatma m?Kzn ad, Fatma mdr?The girl's name, is it Fatma?

Dervi deilim.I am not a dervish.

Dervi deil miyim?Am I not a dervish?

Present II I am in the act of ... The infinitive, plus the locative, thus -mekte, followed by some ending of "to be": Konya'ya gitmekteyim.I am in the act of going to Konya.

Dervileri grmekteymiim.I am said to be in the act of seeing dervishes.

Var / Yok There take the place of there are and there are not, respectively: Mercimek orbas var m?Is there any lentil soup?

orba var.There is soup.

orba yok.There is no soup.

Bu evde ok kedi var!There are many cats in this house!

Hoverkraftmda ok yalnbal var!My hovercraft is full of eels! Literally: Hovercraft-of-me-inside many eel(s) exist!

Yeni Meksiko'da uan daire var m?Are there flying saucers in New Mexico?

Yeni Meksiko'da yok.There aren't any in New Mexico.

Ama, "Alan Elli Bir'de" ok var.However, there are many at Area 51.

Necessity Simple necessity I must, I ought to PositiveNegative

-meliyim-meliyiz-memeliyim-memeliyiz

-melisin-melisiniz-memelisin-memelisiniz

-meli(dir)-meli(dir)ler-memeli(dir)-memeli(dir)ler

Konya'ya gitmeliyim.I must go to Konya.

Derviler frl frl dnmeliler. Derviler frl frl dnmelidirler. Dervishes must whirl.

Past necessity I had to do, I should have done PositiveNegative

-meli idim -meliydim-meli idik -meliydik-memeli idim -memeliydim-memeli idik -memeliydik

-meli idin -meliydin-meli idiniz -meliydiniz-memeli idin -memeliydin-memeli idiniz -memeliydiniz

-meli idi -meliydi-meli idiler -meliydiler -melilerdi-memeli idi -meliydi-memeli idiler -memeliydiler -memelilerdi

Konya'ya gitmeli idim.Konya'ya gitmeliydim.I had to go to Konya.

Derviler frl frl dnmeli idiler. Derviler frl frl dnmeliydiler. Derviler frl frl dnmelilerdi. Dervishes needed to whirl.

Inferential necessity They say I must, they say I ought to PositiveNegative

-meliymiim-meliymiiz-memeliymiim-memeliymiiz

-meliymisin-meliymisiniz-memeliymisin-memeliymisiniz

-meliymi-meliymiler -melilermi-memeliymi-memeliymiler -memelilermi

Konya'ya gitmeliymiim, ...They say that I should have gone to Konya

Derviler frl frl dnmemelimiler. Derviler frl frl dnmemelilermi.They say that dervishes should not whirl.

Conditional Conditional simple This expresses remote conditions: If I were to ... and wishes: If only I were to ... PositiveNegative

-sem-sek-mesem-mesek

-sen-seniz-mesen-meseniz

-se-seler-mese-meseler

Konya'ya gitsem, dervileri gryorum.If I were to go to Konya, I would see dervishes.

Derviler Indiana'ya gitseler, beni gryorler.If dervishes were to go to Indiana, they would see me.

Conditional past This expresses unfulfilled conditions: If I had ... and hopeless wishes relating to the past: If only I had ... PositiveNegative

-seydim-seydik-meseydim-meseydik

-seydin-seydiniz-meseydin-meseydiniz

-seydi-seydiler -selerdi-meseydi-meseydiler -meselerdi

Konya'ya gitseydim!If only I had gone to Konya!

Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeseydiler! Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeselerdi!If only the dervishes had not gone to Indiana!

Conditional inferential This quotes remote conditions and wishes: They say that if I were to ... They say "If only I were to ..." PositiveNegative

-seymiim-seymiiz-meseymiim-meseymiiz

-seymisin-seymisiniz-meseymisin-meseymisiniz

-seymi-seymiler -selermi-meseymi-meseymiler -meselermi

Konya'ya gitseymiim, ...They say that if I were to go to Konya, ...

Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeseymiler, ...Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeselermi, ...They say that if the dervishes had not gone to Indiana, ...

Subjunctive Subjunctive simple As per Lewis, this "expresses concepts envisaged by the subject or the speaker; it makes no statement about facts, except that the first singular is used colloquially with future meaning: Yarn geleyim. Let me come tomorrow -> I may come tomorrow -> I'll come tomorrow" The second persons are used in formal speech to relay requests and commands: Babam dedi ki, yarn bize gelesiniz.My father said that you-should-come to us tomorrow.The third singular is used colloquially to ask cautious questions:Evde mi ola? Might he be at home?The endings do not follow a consistent pattern used by other verbs, history indicates that this ending is a hybrid. PositiveNegative

-eyim-elim-meyeyim-meyelim

-esin-esiniz-meyesin-meyesiniz

-e-eler-meye-meyeler

Subjunctive past Used to express unfulfillable past wishes. Lewis' example is: Bileydim buraya kadar gelmezdim. Had I known, I would not have come this far. PositiveNegative

-eydim-eydik-meyeydim-meyeydik

-eydin-eydiniz-meyeydin-meyeydiniz

-eydi-eydiler -elerdi-meyeydi-meyeydiler -meyelerdi

Subjunctive inferential Infrequently used, this quotes the simple and and past subjunctive:People say "would that I had ... PositiveNegative

-eymiim-eymiiz-meyeymiim-meyeymiiz

-eymisin-eymisiniz-meyeymisin-meyeymisiniz

-eymi-eymiler -elermi-meyeymi-meyeymiler -meyelermi

Ability, to be able to ... Positive ability Append -(y)ebilmek, conjugated in some form, to the root of the verb: grmekto see

Dervileri grebiliyorum.I can see dervishes.

Dervileri grebiliyordum.I was able to see dervishes.

Dervileri grebileceim.I will be able to see dervishes.

Negative ability Append -(y)eme to the verb root and conjugate: Konya'ya gitmedim.I did not go to Konya.

Konya'ya gidemedim.I was unable to go to Konya.

Egilize anlyorum.I understand English.

Trke anlmyorum.I do not understand Turkish.

Trke anlyamyorum.I am unable to understand Turkish.

Trkler Trke anlyabiliyorler.Turks are able to understand Turkish.

ImperativeSecond-person form is like a command. Third-person form is used when the command is about someone, e.g., "Let them eat cake." Second-person singular form is informal or harsh, and an alternative form is the verb stem with no suffix at all. The second-person form is like a command. The third-person form is used when the command is about someone, e.g., "Let them eat cake." The second-person singular form is informal or harsh, and an alternative form is the verb stem with no suffix at all.

-(y)in-(y)iniz

-sin-sinler

Kebab yiyin!Eat a kebab! (familiar, informal, harsh)

Kebab yiyiniz!Eat a kebab! (plural, formal, polite)

Kebablari yesinler!Let them eat kebabs!

Dervi gibi frl frl dnnz!Whirl like a dervish!

Participles and SubstantivesThese words are verb forms that can function as adjectives or nouns, generally:which-is-verbingwhich-is-characterized-by-verbingOr having-verbed or will-be-verbed or other tenses. To be strict, it might be better to use participle to refer to the verbal adjective forms, e.g., "talking people", and substantive to refer to the forms functioning as nouns, e.g., "those who talk". I have labeled the below tables simply as "participles" when each table really includes both participles and substantives. Present Participle -(y)enVerbing, right now.If the y is needed, it "narrows" the preceding vowel: komakto runkonumak konumamakto talk to not talk

Kpekler koyorlar.The dogs are running.Bu insanlar konumyorlar.These people are not talking.

koan kpeklerrunning dogskonumyan insanlarpeople who are not talking

koanlarthose who are runningkonumyanlarthose who are not talking

Aorist Participle -(y)irVerbing, in general. Kpekler korler.Dogs run.Bu insanlar konumyrlar.These people do not talk

kor kpeklerdogs who runkonumyr insanlarpeople who do not talk

korlarthose who runkonumyrlarthose who do not talk

Future Participle -(y)ecekPertaining-to-future-verbing. Kpekler koacaklar.Dogs will run.Bu insanlar konumayacaklar.These people will not talk

koacak kpeklerdogs who will runkonumayacak insanlarpeople who will not talk

koacaklarthose who will runkonumayacaklarthose who will not talk

Yiyecek bir kebap istiyorum.I want a kebab to eat.Pertaining-to-future-eating one-kebab I-want.

mi-Past Participle -miPertaining-to-having-verbed.However, this does not have the inferential I gather that ... sense of the mi-past. Kpekler komular.Dogs have run, apparently.Bu insanlar konumamlar.These people have not talked, it seems.

komu kpeklerdogs who rankonumam insanlarpeople who did not talk

komularthose who rankonumamlarthose who did not talk

di-Past Participle -dikPertaining-to-past-verbing. Most of these are passive and negative: grmekto see

grlmekto be seen

grlmemekto be unseen

grlmedikextraordinary (that which has not been seen)

Kpekler kodlar.Dogs ran.Bu insanlar konumadlar.These people did not talk.

kodk kpeklerdogs who were runningkonumadk insanlarpeople who were not talking

kodklarthose who were runningkonumadklarthose who were not talking

Personal ParticiplesAdd a suffix of possession to mean:Characterized-by-my/your/his/etc-verbing bilmekto know

bildikan acquaintance (characterized by knowing)

bildiimmy acquaintance (characterized by my knowing)

bildiklerimmy acquaintances (those characterized by my knowing)

Yiyeceim kebap ok iyi grnir.The kebab I am going to eat looks very good. Characterized-by-my-future-eating kebab very good is-seen.

stanbul'a geldii otobs dolmudan byk.The bus in which he came to Istanbul was bigger than a dolmu.To-Istanbul pertaining-to-his-having-come bus from-a-dolmu bigger is.

Size bir diyeceim yok.I have nothing to say to you. To-you one-thing-of-my-future-saying does-not-exist.

Bana bir diyeceiniz var m?Do you have anything to say to me? To-me one-thing-of-your-future-saying exists does-it?

Combine -eceigel- to form it feels like or the time is coming phrases:

stanbul'u greceim geldi.I feel like seeing Istanbul Istanbul my-future-seeing has-come.

Verbal Nouns Infinitive -mek This takes endings to form the various cases, except for genitives and possessives: AbsoluteAs subject:Trke renmek ok zor. To learn Turkish is very difficult.As object of istemek and bilmek (to want and to know):Trke anlamak istiyorum. I want to understand Turkish.Kebap almak istiyorum. I want to buy a kebab. Accusative as object of other verbs:Kebap alma unuttum. I forgot to buy a kebap. Dative:Kebap almaa baladm. I began to buy a kebab.Kebap almaa gittim. I have gone to buy a kebab. Locative:Kebap almakta tehlikeyi grmiyorum. I see no danger in buying a kebap. Ablative:Kebap almaktan kendimi nleyememiim. Apparently I was unable to prevent myself from buying a kebap. Gerund verbal nouns -me the action or result of actionThis forms words as verbing and can take every case ending and possessive suffix:alma buying gitme going bekeleme salonu waiting room -meklik the fact of action Kebap almaklk ticarete iyi. My kebab-buying is good for business (to-business good-is). -i the manner of action, but also the fact of action Bu kebap all, ticaret baaracaktr. With this sort of kebab-buying, business will succeed. giri entrance (entering, going in) k exit (exiting, going out)

GerundThese are adverbal words formed from nouns. -e Repeated or continuing activity simultaneous with the main verb: gee, from gemek, to pass, indicating the time at which something happens:Saat drde on gee gellerdi. They came at ten past four. Literally: Hour from-four ten passing they-came. deye, from demek, to say, meaning saying: TEHLKE diye bir levha A sign saying DANGER Literally: DANGER saying one sign. rasgele, from rasgelmek, to meet by chance, meaning haphazardly or randomly. Rasgele bir dervi frl frl dnmedi. At random, one dervish did not whirl. Repeated, it has an idiomatic use: Gide gide kebapcya m gittin? Going and going, was it to the kebab shop you went? meaning:After all that travel, couldn't you find anywhere better to go than to the kebab shop? Also see Gle gle, said to someone who is departing. Glmek means to smile. -erek Single act or continued activity simultaneous with or slightly before the main verb. Often corresponds to by doing or with doing: bilerek = knowinglybilmiyerek = unknowingly Kapy aarak evden gitti. Opening the door, he left the house. -ip Used when there are two verbs with identical suffixes joined by "and", to simplify the first one. To say We got up and we left: Kalkp gittik. (and not Kalktk gittik.)Or, for They are sitting and talking: Oturup konuuyorlar. (and not Oturuyorlar konuuyorlar.) -ince Action just prior to the main verb:Otobs gelince kalkarm. When the bus arrives, I will get up. -inceye kadar, -inceyedek, -inceye dein untilOtobs gelinceye kadar, gidemedik. Until the bus arrives, we cannot go. -ene kadar, -enedek, -ene dein until, less formalOtobs gelene kadar, gidemedik. Until the bus arrives, we cannot go. -esiye to the point of.Derviler baylasya frl frl dnlerdi. The dervishes whirled to the point of fainting. -eli, -eli beri, eliden beri, -diX -eli since, with the di-past ending conjugated as needed.All these mean Since we came to Istanbul it has not rained:Biz stanbul'a geleli hi yamur yamad.Biz stanbul'a geleli beri hi yamur yamad.Biz stanbul'a geleliden beri hi yamur yamad.Biz stanbul'a geldik geleli hi yamur yamad. -meden, -mezden before, without, followed by evvel or nce to mean before. Siz gitmeden evvel beni uyandriniz. Wake me up before you go. -dikten sonra after doing, the converse of -meden evvel / -meden nceBeni uyandrdktan sonra gitiniz. Leave after waking me. -r -mez used to mean as soon as, or literally, as I was between the states of doing and not-doing:Ben oturur oturmaz telefon ald. As soon as I was sitting down, the telephone rang. -dike so long as or the more"Ben frl frl dnduka, frl frl dnacam gelir!", dervi dedi."The more I whirl, the more I feel like whirling!", the dervish said. -dikten baka apart from doing or in addition to doing O, kapy adktan baka, evden gittim. He, in addition to opening the door, left the house. -dii mddete as long as, all the timeO alt mddete ark syler. He sings all the time he works. -dii halde although or in a state ofBardm halde kimse yardma gelmedi. Although I shouted, no one came.Baca alda olduu halde eve dnd. He returned home with his leg plastered. -dii iin or -diinden because of the verbingBir hal ald iin, vergi demeliyim. Because of my purchasing a carpet, taxes I must pay. -dii kadar as much as Istediiniz kadar kaliniz. Stay as long as you want. -eceine or -ecek yerde instead of verbingzmir'e yryeceine, otobsu bineceim. Instead of walking to Izmir, I will ride a bus. -mekle with/by verbingGnm hep yaz yazrmakla geirdim. All of my day I spent by writing. -mektense or -mekten ise rather thanAnkara'ya gitmektense, stanbul'a gittim. Rather than go to Ankara, I went to Istanbul. -meksizin without verbing, -meden is more frequently used.Otobsu binmeksizin, stanbul'a gittim. Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.Otobsu binmeden, stanbul'a gittim. Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.(Treni binden!) (I rode a train!)