VERBAl, MORPHOLOGY I~ THE ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OFpapers.spanishfn.org/public/subirats89.pdf ·...

Lingvisrim InvestigaliollfS XIII L 179201 (19i9) John IknJamin B V ArmtcrdamC

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VERBAl MORPHOLOGY I~ THE ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF SPANISHl

CARLOS SUBIRATS-RUGGEBERG Autonomous University Barcelona

1 The electronic dictionary of Spanish

I I General description

The Electronic Dictionary of Spanish (ED henceforth) is an alphabetical list of the Spanish lexicon of simple words Each entry of this list has associated grammatical information which specifies

(a) the grammatical category to which it belongs (b) the intlectional properties of nouns and adjectives

The entries of the ED (Electronic Dictionary) include the Spanish lexshyicon of simple words or simple forms i e the lexicon of the chains of characters between tlO consecutive blanks that can function as a lexical unit The simple forms of the ED might be either morphologically unanalyzable such as [lor (flower) (happy) allf (there) or morshyphologically analyzable like derivatives such as intransitividad (intransitivshyity) empobrecimiento (impoverishment) deshabituaci6n (breaking or loosshying the habit of) compounds such as chupatintas (penpusher) quitaip6n (detachable) correveidile (talebearer) etc The simple words of the ED also include forms that belong to compound words such as VilIadiego camshypeche sabiendas tiquis or miquis that can never appear as free forms but only as components of eompound words such as tamar las de Villa diego (to leave) palo campeche Oogwood) a sabiendas (consciously) or i(juts miquis (ridiculous or affected scruples or words)

The entries of the ED corresponding to simple words which inflected forms ie verbs nouns and adjectives appear in their base form as in traditional dictionaries thus verbs appear in the infinitive and nouns

180 CARLOS SlJBIRATS-RUGGEBERG

and adjectives in their masculine andor singular form Inflected forms corshyresponding to the entries of the ED arc not listed but automatically genershyated by programs These programs usc the morphological information associated with verbs nouns and adjectives to generate all Spanish inflected forms Thus the programs2 of the ED allow for the generation of all the inflected forms in Spanish from the entries appearing in their base form

The program for the generation of verbal inflected forms as well as the program for the generation of nominal and adjectival inflected forms read the category codes which are associated to each dictionary entry If the catshyegory codes correspond to V (verb) N (noun) or AD (adjective) ie to word classes that in Spanish present inflected forms the programs consult the associated numerical code which in turn refers to the files of verbal inflection classes or to the file of nominal and adjectival inflection classes With the information contained in these files the programs generate all of the inflected verbal nominal and adjectival forms of Spanish Thus the programs automatically generate the Electronic Dictionary of Inflected Forms (EDIF henceforth) out of the ED of base forms (c Fig 1) Both generation programs specify the formal relationship of each of the genershyated forms to the corresponding base form of the ED At the same time both programs provide specific information of the following nature

(1) the program for the generation of verbal forms specifies (f Annex) (a) the properties of tense mood person and number of the forms

generated (b) the gender and number of the participles

(2) the program for the generation of nominal and adjectival forms specifies the properties of gender andor number of the forms generated

12 Choice of entries

l21 Traditional Spanish dictionaries frequently use etymological criteria to determine their entries Observe for example the various entries corresponding to the form haz in the Royal Spanish Academy (1984 voIII722) (RSA henceforth)

hazbull (Del lat ascis) m Porci()n atada de mieses lino hierbas lena u otras cosas scmejalltes 112 COlljunto de rayos luminosos de UII mismo orishygen 113 Geonl Conjunto de rectas que pasan por un punta 0 de pianos que concurren en ulla misma recta ( )

181 ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF SPANISH

Program for the generashy

tion of nominal and

adjectival forms

Fig 1 The Electronic Dictionary of Spanish the System of Electronic Dicshytionaries of the Laboratoire dAutomatique Documentaire et Linguistique adapted to Spanish

hazz (Dellat acies fila con la II de hazj ) m Tropa ordenada 0 formada

en trozos 0 divisiones Ii 2 Tropa formada en filas haz

3 (Del lat [ades cara) f Cara 0 rostra 112 fig Cara de una tela 0 de

otras cosas que normalmente se caracteriza por su mayor perfeccion acabado rcgularidad u otras cualidades que la hacen mas estimable a la vista y al tacto II 3 ant fig Fachada de un edificio II 4 Bot Cara superior de la hoja normalmente mas brillante y lisa y con nervadura menos patente que en la cara inferior 0 enves

As can be observed the RSA (ibid) splits the form haz into three different entries note as well that Vox (1987571) adopts the same solution

182

3

CARLOS SUBIRATS-ROGGEBERG

llazl (l fasce) m Poreitm atada de mieses hierba lena clc CEREshyALES TRILLO 2 Conjunto de rayos iuminosos de un mismo Conjunto de eosas largas y estreehas dispuestas longitudinaimentc y atadas por el centro 4 BOT Conjunto de celulas alargadas 0 de fibras 5 FlS Corriente cn una sola direcci6n de radiaci6n eleetromagnetiea 0 de particulas ~ de eiectrones en un tuba de rayos cat6dicas chorro de elccshytrones creado por el cModo ~ polarizado para una radiaci6n electromagshynetica (pej luz) haz estrecho en el que se han suprimido total 0 parcialshymente las vibraciones en ciertas direcciones 6 MAT ~ de rectas numero de rectas que pasan pm un punto fijo ( ) haz

2 (1 acie) m Tropa formada en divisiones 0 en filas

(az) (1 facie) f Cara 0 rostro I Ados haees con segunda intenci6n I Ser uno de dos haces deeir una eosa y sentir otra 2 fig Cara anterior de las telas las hojas de las plantas etc esp la opuesta al enves 3 fig de la tierra superficie de ella

Moliner (1975 voIII22-3) also opts for the same presentation as the RSA (ibid) and Vox (ibid)

haz (Dellat fascis ( ) Mase) (1) Conjunto atado de eosa Jargas tales como mies lelIa 0 hierba eoloeadas paraJelamente y atadas ( ) (2) Conjunto de eosas como rayos rectas 0 pIanos que salen del mismo sitio y se dirigen hacia el mismo lado de un plano que pasa por el ( ) haz (mase no free) Tropa formada en filas 0 en grupos 0 divisiones

2 hazy (1) (fern La) Faz Cara (2) (mase 0 fern no free) Cara Dereeho de una tela u otra cosa que tiene dos caras ( ) (3) (ant) Fachada de un ediicio

The split of the single form haz into three different entries as found in all of the above mentioned dictionaries is based on etymological criteria actushyally the different etymology of each entry is outlined in the RSA (ibid) Vox (ibid) and partially in Moliner (ibid) by including the corresponding Latin root next to each one of the three different entries As a matter of fact Corominas amp Pascual (l980 vol1II328-332) corroborate the etymological criterion adopted by the already quoted dictionaries regarding the division of haz into three different entries

baz poreidn atada de lena u otros vegctales m del lat FASCIS id ( )

l

haz2 bull tropa ordcnada f del I at ACrES f agudeza punta filo linca de batalla ( ) haz3bull eara 0 rostro t dellat FACIES forma general aspeeto rosshylro fisonomia

The use of etymological criteria in order to decide on the division of a cershytain form can certainly lead to a systematic procedure nevertheless such

183 ELECTRONIC DJCTIOlARY OF SPANISH

criteria have not been used to determine the entries of the ED SInce etymological criteria are not operative in obtaining the goals of the ED which consist in enumerating all the simple words that belong to the preshysent-day Spanish lexicon

122 Traditional dictionaries do not adopt a systematic criterion with regard to the treatment of homographs ie formally identical words which have different grammatical information associated with them Observe for example the different treatment allowed to the following three homogshyraphs

(1) solar V (2) solar N (3) solarAD]

in various dictionaries of Spanish First Vox (1987 1019-20) considers the three homographs pointed out here as three different entries

solarI (der dell solu suelo) adj -m Casa mas antigua y noble de una familia 2 m Casa deseendeflcia linaje noble 3 Terreno donde se ha edificado 0 que se destina a edificar en ei 4 Suelo de la era de trillar ( ) solar

2 ( solare) adj Relativo al sol uz~ sistema~

solar3

(I solu suelo) r Pavimentar 2 Echar suelas al calzada 3 Limpiar la salada al olivo

On the other hand the RSA (1984 voIII1256) and Casares (1987778) consider that there are four different entries in question since they split solar V into two different entries

solarI (De suelo) adj C ) 2 m Casa descendencia linaje noble Su padre venia del SOLAR de Vegas ( ) 4 Pord6n de terreno donde se ha edificado 0 que se destina a edificar en 1 1 5 Suelo de la era solarz (Dellat solaris) adj Pertenedente a Sol Rayos SOLARES ( ) solar

3middot (De suea) tf Revestir el suelo can ladrillos losas u otro material

50Iapound4 tr Echar suclas al calzadomiddot

solarI m Casa solariega (I Linaje descendeneia noble abolengo I Porshy(i6n de terreno destinado a la edificaci6n SOlarz adj Petenendente al Sol solar

3 Revestir el suelo can ladrillos lusas u otpoundO material

solar tr Echar suelas al calzadn4

According to Garcia-Pelayo (1987870) there are only two entries in quesshytion since he treats the homographs solarN and solarAD] as one single entry

184 CARLOS SUBIRATS-RUGGEBERG

solar adj Relativo al Sol dia sistema solar ( ) M Terreno donde se l

edifica II Suelo el solar patrio II Casa mas antigua y noble de una familia I Linaje de una familia ( ) solarz Vt Revestir el suelo con entarimado ladrillos losas u otro material II Echar suelas al calzado

Finally Moliner (1975 voIII1191-1192) also combines all three homoshygraphs into two entries

solarI DeiSol Sistema solar Manchas solares solarz (De suelo) (1) (n culto aplicado a un lugar que es objeto de afecto) Suelo 0 lugar que se pisa EI solar patrio [de mis mayores] (2) En lenguaje corriente terreno sobre que esta construido un edificio 0

destinado a edificar sobre el ( ) (3) (fig) Casa Linaje noble Su padre venia del solar de Vegas (4) (adj) Solariego (5) (verbo) Revestir el suelo con cualquier material ( ) (6) Poner suelas nuevas a los zapatos

In the ED the form of presentation of the homographs under discussion offers two different solutions

(1) to consider that the three homographs constitute three different entries

(1) solar V (2) solarN (3) solarADJ

(2) to consider that the three homographs correspond to a single entry with complex associated grammatical information

(1) solarVNADJ

In the ED the second solution has been adopted actually we have sysshytematically grouped the associated grammatical information pertaining to homographs under a single entry This decision has been determined by considerations developed within the framework of the lexicon-grammar (cf Gross forthcoming)

123 Even if the inflected forms corresponding to an entry word have different meanings from this entry traditional dictionaries do not systematshyically treat them as different Observe for instance the following entry from Vox (198711)

aceitero ora adj Relativo al aceite molino - produccion ~ - 2 mJ Pershysona que tiene par oficio vender aceite - 3 m Arbol de las Antillas de madera amarilla que admite hermoso pulimento 4 Cuerno en que los pastores guardan el aceite - 5 f Alcuza - 6 mJ Carraleja - 7 f pl Vishynagreras


The grammatical information of the homographs aceiteroN and aceitshyeroAD has been grouped under the entry word aceitero (oil seller) howshyever meaning (5) above is not related to the entry word aceitero but to aceitera (oiler) which is both formally and semantically different from the entry word aceitero Likewise meaning (7) does not correspond to a morshyphologically inflected form of the entry word but to aceiteras (casters) which is also formally and semantically different from this entry

Observe again another instance of the same problem in an entry from Moliner (1975 vol II 1530)

vinagrero -a (1) Persona que haee 0 vende vinagre (2) (n en fern) Vasija destinada a eontener el vinagre que se usa en la mesa (en pl) Angarillas Dispositivo eompieto con un reeipiente para el vinagre otro para el aceite y otms para la sal y la pimienta que se usa para el servieio de la mesa ( ) (3) (n en fern) Aeedera (planta poligomieea) (4) (id America Merdional) Acedia (acidez de estomago)

Here meanings (2) and (3) are not related to the entry word vinagrero (vinshyegar merchant) or to morphologically related forms of it but to vinagrera (vinegar cruet) which is semantically and formally different from this entry By the same token the second meaning which is included in (2) is not related to the entry but to vinagreras (caster) which is not an inflected variant of vinagrero but another word with a different meaning

The intuitive relationships which are often established by traditional dictionaries between entry words and semantically unrelated and apparshyently morphologically related forms have been systematically developed and made explicit in the ED Thus an entry such as Vox (ibid) or Moliner (ibid) referred to above would be converted into three different entries in the ED such as

(a) (1) aceiteroNADJ (b) (1) vinagreroN (2) aceiteraN (2) vinagreraN (3) aceiterasN (3) vinagrerasN

The criterion here for these particular entries has been systematically applied to all the Spanish lexicon in order to determine the entries of the ED

2 Verbal morphology

21 The postverbal ditic pronouns that are taken by some verbs in the imperative4 the infinitive and the gerund are attached to the verb whether


or not the presence of such clitks is obligatory and regardless of their synshytactic function It should be pointed out that there is no morphological difshyference hetween the conjugation of inherent reflexive verbs and the conjushygation of those verbs which optionally admit clitic pronouns the verb forms of the imperative the infinitive and the gerund with postverbal clitks are formed by adding the Citic(s) to the corresponding verb form Note howshyever that the first person plural and one of two forms of the second person plural imperative of hoth inherent reflexive verbs such asjactarse (to boast) and non-reflexive verbs such as amar (to love) or habar (to speak)

(1) jactemos jactad (2) amemos amad (3) habemos habad

loose the last consonant of their endings respectively lsI and Id upon heingjoined to the corresponding reflexive ditk pronoun

(1) jactemonos jactaos (2) amemonos amaas (3) habbnonos hablaos

Observe that the morphological change just mentioned is restricted to the combinations with reflexive ditics Note however that the first-person plural imperative such as amemos (lets love) looses the finalsf when it combines with the seeond-person plural ditic pronoun os (you (plu)) thus the imperative form with the ditk as is not ambnosos but ambnoos (lets love you (pluraquo

22 The inherent reflexive verbs restrict the distribution of the obligatory reflexive pronouns to e1itics that must be obligatorily correferent to the subshyject On the contrary non-reflexive verbs which admit the optional proshynominalization of the direct object and the indirect one admit a freer disshytribution of the clitic pronouns See the following table

ama (me + nos) ama(te + os) ama(lo(s + lars) + lees))

ame(me + nos) ame(se + te + os) ame(lo(s) + lars) + lees))


amhno(s)(nos + me) amemoste amemo(s)os

amemos(lo(s) + lars) + le(s))

amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)

amad(lo(s) + lars) + le(s))

amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)

amen(lo(s) + lars) + le(s))

As can be observed the only constraints in the distribution of ditics appear when the imperative combines with ditic pronouns of the same person singular or plural - as that of the corresponding imperative form Thus for instance the second-person singular imperative ama (love) can only com~ bine with a second-person singular ditic te (you) which is correferent to the subject as in amate (love yourself (singraquo but not with a second-person plural ditic such as os (you) which would give the unacceptable form amaos (love (sing) yourself (pluraquo In the inverse case the first-person plural imperative amemos (lets love) can only combine with the first-pershyson plural ctitic pronoun nos (us) correferent with the subject as in amemonos (lets love ourselves) but not with the corresponding singular ditic me (me) as in amemosme (lets love me) The second-person singushylar and plural imperative polite forms amese and amense do not constitute an exception these forms can combine with the third-person reflexive se

because they require the verb in the third person Consequently a specific imperative form that belongs to a verb that optionally allows for a ditic proshynoun can only combine with a ditic pronoun belonging to the same person as the imperative in question if the ditic is a reflexive pronoun correferenshytial to the subject

Note finally that inherent reflexive verbs only admit combinations of the infinitive and the gerund with reflexive third person ditics

(jactar + jactando)(me + Ie + nos +os +se)

On the contrary there are no specific constraints to the combination of postverbal c1itics with the infinitive and the gerund

(amar + amando)(me + nos + te + os + lo(s) +la(s) + le(s) + se)

188 CARLOS SUBIRATS-ROGGEBERG

It might be further pointed out that the verbs which only allow for an indishyrect object show the same distribution of ditics in the imperative the infinshyitive and the gerund as the transitive verbs The sole exceptions are the combinations with direct object clitics lo(s) (him (masc) them (masc)) and lars) (her them (fernraquo which are obviously not possible with intransshyitive verbs

23 The sequences of two ditic pronouns that are admitted by certain verbs can also be joined to these verbs in the imperative the infinitive and the gerund The possible combinations of two ditic pronouns in Spanish are given in the following table

(me + te + nos + as) lo(s) + lars)) lees)

(me + te + nos + as) +

(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +

It should be noted that we have not considered combinations of two or even three ditic pronouns where one of them is a dative of interest as in

Este memo me la suspendio en junio y en septiemhre (That idiot has failed it on me in June and in September)

Se me Ie dijeron cosas muy duras durante la reunion (Really hard things were said to him on me dnring the meeting)

Actually the use of the dative of interest is restricted to the spoken lanshyguage and it has not been considered since the goal of the ED is the enumshyeration of the simple forms of the Spanish lexicon which belong to the writshyten language

All of the possible combinations of one and two post verbal ditic proshynouns including the reflexive forms studied previously with all of the forms of the imperative (cf(lraquo the infinitive (lt-[(2raquo and the gerund (cf (3raquo appear in the following list as objects of regalar (to make a preshysent)


(1) regaame regalanos regalate regalalo regalala regalalos regaalas regalale regalales regaleme regalenos regalese regalelo regalela regalelos regalelas regalele regaleles

regalemonos regalemoste regalemoos rega lem oslo regalemosla regalcmoslos regalcmoslas regatemosle regalemosles regaladme regaladnos regaaos regaladlo regaladia regaladlos regaladias regaladle regaiadles

regalamelo regalamela regalamelos regalamelas

regalanoslo regalanosla regalanoslos regalenoslas regtilemelo regalemela regalemelos regalemelas

regalenoslo regalenosla regalenoslos regalenoslas

regalemonoslo regalemonosla regalemonoslos regalemonoslas

regalemostelo regalcmosteta regalcmostelos regalemostelas regaladmelo regaladmela regatadmelos regaladmelas

regaltidnoslo regaladnosla regaltidnoslos regaladnoslas

regalatelo regalatela egalatelos rega1atelas

regalaselo regalasela regalaselos regalaselas regaleselo regalesela regaleselos regaleselas

regaleseme regalesete regalesenos regaleseos regalesele regaleseles regalemooslo rega[emoos[a regalemooslos regalemooslas

regalemoselo regalcmosela regalemoselos regalemoselas regalaoslo regalaosla regataoslos regaIaoslas

regatadselo regaladsela regatadselos regatadselas


regdlenme regalennos regalense regalenlo regalenla regalenlos regalenas regalenle regalenles

(2) regalarme regalamos regalarte regalarus regalarlo regalarla regalarlos regaarlas regalarle regalarles regalarse

(3) regalandome regaldndonos regaandote regaiandoos regalandolo regaldfldola regalrindolos regaandolas regalrindole regaiandoles

regdlenmelo regalenmela regalenmeos regalenmelas

regalennoslo regalennosa regalennoslos regalennoslas

regalarmelo regalarmela regaldrmelos regaldrmelas

regaldmoslo regaiamosla regaldmoslos regalamoslas

regaldrtelo regalcirtela regallirtelos regaldrtelas

regaldndomeo regalandomela regalandomelos regalandomelas

regaldndofloslo regadndonosla regalandonoslos regalrindonoslas

regalenselo regalensela regalenselos regalenselas

regalenseme regalensete regalensenos regalenseos regalensele regalenseles

regaldroslo regalarosla regadrosos regalaroslas

regalarselo regalarsela regalarselos regalarselas

regaldrseme regalarsete regaldrsenos regaldrseos regalcirsele regalarseles

regaldndooslo regalandoosa regaldndooslos regaiandooslas

rcgalrindoselo regalrindosela regalimdoselos regaMndoselas


regalandose regalrindotelo regalrindoseme regalandotela regalandosete regalrindotelos regalrindosenos regal an dote las regalandoseos

regalandosele regalandoseles

Since all the verbal forms with the postverbal clitic( s) of the list above conshystitute simple words of Spanish they should appear in the EDIF (Elecshytronic Dictionary of Inflected Forms) thus the forms of the imperative the infinitive and the gerund which take one or two postverbal clitic proshynouns should also be generated by the programs Consequently basic synshytactic information about the argument structure of the verbal entries as regards their possibility of taking one or two clitic objects should be included in the ED indeed the generation programs would need this synshytaetic information to generate verbal forms with postverbal clitics Since syntactic information about the entries of the ED appears in the lexiconshygrammars (LG henceforth) our proposal implies that information from the LG be added to the ED This could easily be done by establishing a simplified classification of the verbs of the LG (lexicon-grammar) into five major syntactic groups such as

(1) verbs that do not take any object which can be pronominalized with a c1itlc

(2) inherent reflexive verbs (3) transitive verbs that do not take an indirect object (4) intransitive verbs that take an indirect object (5) transitive verbs that take an indirect object

24 The proposal of assigning syntactic information from the LG to the verbs of the ED mentioned above would allow the programs to generate the verbal forms with postverbal c1itic pronouns which are the result of the pronominalization of base structure objects However there are verbs which may take postverbal c1itics which are not the result of the proshynominalization of base structure objects Thus for instance the postverbal clilics of the following simple infinitives

dec(rselo regahirselo mencionarselo


are not attached to the main verb ie the participle in the complex infinishytive but to the auxiliary haber (to have) since past participles do not admit postverbal ditks

haberselo (dicho + regalado + mencionado)

Moreover in the case of the progressive complex infinitive the ditks might depend on the main verb as in

(1) al haber estado suplidmdoselo durante tantos anos (after having been supplicating him for it so many years)

as well as on the auxiliary verb haber (to have) as in

[ditic movement]6 in (l)

=al haberselo estado suplicando durante tantos anos (after having been supplicating him for it so many years)

Likewise after the application of the Passive the postverbal clitics attached to an infinitive must obligatorily be attached to the auxiliary verbs ser (to be) or estar (to be)

at negarles No fa entrada (upon [No] denying them entrance)

[ser passive]

=al serles negada fa entrada par No (they upon having been denied entrance by No)

al prohibirles No ef truto del arbol de la ciencia (upon [No] forbidding them the fruit of the tree of good and evil)

[estar passiveJ

al estarles prohibido ef truto del arbol de fa ciencia por No (they upon having been forbidden by No the fruit of the tree of good and evil)

Furthermore in the passive progressive simple infinitive the postverbal dishytics can be attached to both the passive auxiliary ser (to be) and the progresshysive auxiliary estar (to be)

en el momenta de estar siendoles presentada fa propuesta par No (at the moment of their having the proposal presented by No)


[clitic movementJ

=en eL momellto de estarles siendo presentada La propuesta por No (at the moment of their being presented with the proposal hy

No)

Moreover note that all of the verhs that allow for the application of Clitic climbing can take one or more clitics regardless of the arguments that they admit in their base structure Thus for instance il1tentar (to try) enters the structure Nil V (a) NI where N[= Qu F ie it is a two-argument verb that admits a sentential complement in direct object position nevertheless with the application of Clitic climbing a verb such as intentar may admit two clishytics in object position one as direct object and the other as indirect object

intentando decirselo una y vtm vez (trying to tell it to him once and again)

[clitic climbing]

=intentandoselo decir una yotm Fez (trying to tell it to him once and again)

The programs for the generation of inflected verb forms would not be able to generate verb forms with post verbal clitics that are the result of the applishycation of Clitic movement or Clitic climbing as a matter of fact the syntacshytic information that we proposed to include in the ED referred only to the postverbal clitics that appeared as a result of the pronominalization of basc structure objects but not as a result of movement transformations of clitic pronouns like Clitic movement or Clitic climbing mentioned above Thus in order to generate verbal forms that take postverbal ciitics due to moveshyment transformations new syntactic information from the LG about the application of ciitic movement transformations should he included in the verbs of the ED Actually since it is not possible to predict postverbal ditk sequences that can be taken by verbs that admit ciitic movement transforshymations the programs would have to generate all verbal forms with all of the possihle postverbal clitic sequences that is 203 forms (cf 23 in this section) Note however that there are post verbal c1itics that do not result from the application of clitic movement transformations but are due to the application of Se passive as in

(1) al hablarle No de ese modo (upon speaking [Nol to her in that way)

194 CARLOS SUBTRATS-ROGGEBERG

[se paltsive1 (2) =al habldrsele de ese modo

(upon her having been spoken to in that way)

In the clitic sequence sele of (2) se proceeds neither from the pronominalishyzation of a base structure object nor from a clitic movement transformashytion but from the application of Se passive to (1) Yet in the following derivation

(3) at importarle tanto aquella chica (on that girls being so important to him)

[Ie passive]

(4) al importarsele tanto aquella chica (on that girls being so important to him)

the clitic se of sell in (4) proceeds just as in (2) above from the application of SI passive however the resulting sentence (4) is unacceptable because importar does not admit the application of Se passive Therefore if we folshylow our proposal of progressively incorporating information from the LG to the ED such as has been outlined here then it would still be necessary to add new syntactic information in the ED In practice this would mean that all the verbs of the ED would have to be marked as to whether or not they admit the application of 51 passive This new syntactic information would block the generation of verbal forms with postverbal c1itk sequences such as sell seles seos etc where SI results form the application of Se passive with verbs that do not admit the application of this transformation

3 Conclusion

The proposal of progressively incorporating syntactic information from the LG to the ED goes against the very conception of what an ED should be (cf Gross 1989 and forthcoming) actually the ED consists of a catashylogue of forms which correspond to the lexicon of simple words whereas the LG consists of a detailed specification of the formal properties of said words It should also be pointed out that the aforementioned syntactic inforshymation proposed to be included in the ED would not be sufficient in order to generate in the EDIF all of the possible verbal forms of Spanish which admit postverbal c1itic pronouns Thus for instance within the group of verbs of the ED that do not admit Se passive it would have to be specified


which group of verbs admit the transfonnation of ~iddle se Actually verbs that do not admit Se passive but do admit Middle Sf (ef Subirats 1987142) allow c1itic sequences such as sele seies seas etc where se does not result from the application of Se passive but Middle Sf Yet it would still be necessary to continue incorporating even more syntactic properties of the LG to the ED in order to generate all of the verbal forms with postverbal c1itics Thus for instance postverbal ditics that result from the restructurshying of noun phrases with the structure [N de NJ which become [(a)N][a 11 restructuring which is admitted by certain Spanish verbs ((f Subirats 198794-95) would also have to be accounted for That is to say it would be necessary to mark the verbs of the ED with respect to the property of the restructuring of noun phrases [N de N] It would be further necessary to add other properties from the LG in order to gradually perfect the classifishycation of the verbs of the ED for the generation of acceptable verbal forms taking postverbal c1itic pronouns

The incorporation of such a great amount of syntactic information from the LG would not only devalue the ED as far as its linguistic aim is concerned but would also unnecessarily complicate the performance of its generation programs For the time being a much simpler and more cohershyent configuration of the ED can be designed Thus one can think of a conshyfiguration where the generation programs generate only the verbal forms with postverbal clitics which correspond to the base structure objects These are the only forms that figure in the EDIF If the EDIF is then used for word checking applications one can still think of a system that avoids the indiscriminate generation of all verbal forms with ditics resulting from movement transformations etc So if a checking program finds a form that does not figure in the EDIF the program compares the ending with a listing of 37 possible c1itic sequences of Spanish If the ending of the form in quesshytion coincides with one of the 37 already mentioned c1itic sequences the program will check if the resulting form coincides with any of the verbal forms that allow for postverbal clitics ie the imperative the infinitive and the gerund If it does coincide with one of these then the form in question is a simple form that belongs to the Spanish lexicon If the reverse is true that means that the form does not belong to the Spanish lexicon Of course other solutions could be proposed in order to handle the verb morphology in the ED of Spanish Yet we think that new solutions can only be sought out within the frame of complete electronic dictionaries and grammars of Spanish


Authors address

Universidad Autonollla de Barcelona Facultad de Letras Departamento de Filoogfa Espanola 08193 Bcllatera (Barcelona) SPAIN

NOTES

I) [his paper was presented at the 15th b-ole de Prinlemps dInformalique Fhc()rique Inforshymariqu ( Ungllisflqlle (May 25-24 1917 Ile dOJeron France)

I would like to thank Moira Lawlor for editorial help Likewise I would like to express my gratitude to Josep M ArtIS Juan B Carreno Jose A Chcea Marihel Rodrfgez Sebastian Galcra 1arli (hiera Inaki NunC and leslls Torrecilla as well as to all of the memhers of the Computer Services of the Autonomous University of Barcelona for their help and assistance I should like to express great appreciation to Blandinc Courtois whose help has been crucial as was that of all the members of the Laboratoire dAutomarique Documentaire et Linguistique of the University of Paris 7 (LADL henceforth) This project would not have been possihle in Spain without the aid of Maurice Gross

This research project is developed in Spain with the collaboration of the LADL and is supshyported by the Spanish Ministry of Education (CICYT PB87-780) and by the Council of Europe (Contract No67fli)

2) The prngfltlm for the generation of verbal forms as well as the program for the generation of nominal and adjectival forms have been written by Blandine Courtois in the Laboratoire dAUlOmaitluc Documentaire cl Linguistique of th Univcrsik Paris 7

J) Quntcd as Real Academia Espanola in References

4-) The negalive impcratllC tak the form of the subjumlivc present in thb case the clitics preccdc thL verb and arc written scparltlldy from iL

6) The llamc of any transformation appears unhrackctcd and capiwlized in the text and in hrackets and not capitalized when applied to a sentence

REFERENCES

Casares Julio IY87e Diccionario ideologico de la lengua espanola Barshycelona Gili Gaya


Corominas Joan amp Jose A Pascual 1980 Diccionario etimol6gico casteshyllano e hispanico 5 vols Madrid Gredos

Courtois B1andine 1989 Modes de representation du systeme DELA Paris LADL Universite Paris 7

Courtois B1andine amp Max Silberztein (forthcoming) Les dictionnaires electroniques DELAS et DELAC Actes du Colloque sur la Grammaire et Ie Lexique Compares des Langues Romanes Quebec

Cuervo Rufino J 1886 amp 1893 Diccionario de construcci6n y regimen de la lengua castellana 2 vols Bogota Instituto Caro y Cuervo 1953 amp 1954

Danlos Laurence 1987 The Linguistic Basis of Text Generation Camshybridge Cambridge University Press

Garcia-Pelayo R 1987 Diccionario de fa lengua espanola Paris Larousse Gross Maurice 1982 Constructing Lexicon-Grammars Paris LADL

Universite Paris 7 Gross Maurice 1988 Methods and Tactics in the Construction of a Lexishy

con-Grammar in Linguistics in the Morning Calm 2 Selected papers from SICOL-1986 Seoul Hanshin Publishing Company pp 177-197

Gross Maurice 1989 La construction de dictionnaires electroniques du fran~ais Lannion Annales des Telecommunications 44

Gross Maurice (forthcoming) Sur la structure des articles dun lexiqueshygrammaire Linguistica Computazionale

Harris Zellig 1982 A Grammar of English on Mathematical Principles New York Wiley Inter-Science

Laporte Eric 1988 Methodes algorithmiques et lexicales de phonetisation de textes Application au framais Doctoral diss Paris LADL Unishyversite Paris 7

Moliner Maria 1975 Diccionario de uso de la lengua espanola 2 vols Madrid Gredos

Morinigo Marcos A 1985 Diccionario de americanismos Barcelona Muchnik

Real Academia Espanola 1973 Esbozo de una nueva gramatica de fa lenshygua espanola Madrid Espasa-Calpe

Real Academia Espanola 1984 Diccionario de la lengua espanola 2 vols Madrid Espasa-Calpe

Silberztein Max 1989 The lexical analysis of French in M Gross and D Perrin eds Electronic Dictionaries and Automata in Computational Linshyguistics Lecture Notes on Computational Linguistics ndeg 377 Berlin Springer-Verlag pp 93-110


Subirats-Riiggeberg C 1987 Sentential Complementation in Spanish A lexico-grammatical study of three classes of verbs AmsterdamPhiladelshyphia John Benjamins

Vox 1987 Diccionario general ilustrado de la lengua espanola Barcelona Biblograf

Received June 61988

ANNEX

Automatic conjugation of a verb with postverbal c1itics

pedir V7 (F) WOO pidiendo -7edir V7(F)GOO pedido -2rV7(F)Kms pedida -2rV7(F)Kfs pedidos -3r V7(F) Kmp pedidas -3rV7(F)Kfp pido -3edirV7(F)Pls pides -4edirV7(F)P2s pide -3edir V7(F)P3sY2s pedimos -3rV7(F)PlpJlp pedis -2irV7(F)P2p piden AedirV7(F)P3p pedia -2ir V7(F)I IsI3s pedias -3ir V7(F) 12s pedfamos -SirV7(F)Ilp pediais -4irV7(F)12p pedian -3irV7(F)I3p pedi -lirV7(F)Jls pediste -3rV7(F)J2s pidi6 -4edirV7(F)J3s

pedisteis -Sr V7(F)J2p pidieron -7edirV7(F)J3p pedin~ -lV7(F)F1s pediras -2V7(F)F2s pedira -1V7(F)F3s pediremos -4V7(F)F1p pedireis -3V7(F)F2p pediran -2V7(F)F3p pida -3edirV7(F)SlsS3sY3s pidas -4edirV7(F)S2s pidamos -6edir V7(F)Sl pYl p pidais -SedirV7(F)S2p pidan Aedir V7(F)S3p Y3p pidiera -6edir V7(F)Tl sT3s pidieras -7edirV7(F)T2s pidieramos -gedir V7(F)Tlp pidierais -8edir V7(F)T2p pidieran -7edir V7(F)T3p pidiese -6edir V7(F)TlsT3s pidieses -7edirV7(F)T2s


pidiesernos -gedirV7(F)Tlp pidieseis -8edir V7(F)T2p pidiesen -7ediLV7(F)T3p pedid -1rV7(F)Y2p pediria -2 V7(F)Cl sC3s pedirias -3V7(F)C2s pediriarnos -5V7(F)Clp pediriais -4V7(F)C2p pedirian -3V7(F)C3p pedirrne -2V7(F)WOOCOI pedirte -2V7(F)WOOC02 pcdirsc -2V7(F)WOOC03 pcdirnos -3V7(F)WOOC04 pediros -2V7(F)WOOC05 pedirle -2V7(F)WOOC07 pedirles -3V7(F)WOOC08 pedirlo -2V7(F)WOOC09 pedirla -2V7(F)WOOClO pcdirlos -3V7(F)WOOCll pcdirlas -3V7(F)WOOC12 pcdfrrnclo -6irV7(F)WOOC13 pedirrncla -6ir V7(F)WOOC14 pedirrnclos -7ir V7(F) WOOC15 pedirrnelas -7irV7(F)WOOC16 pedfrtcIo -6ir V7(F) WOOCl7 pedirtcla -6iLV7(F)WOOCI8 pcdirtclos -7ir V7(F) WOOC19 pcdfrtelas -7irV7(F)WOOC20 pcdirsclo -6ir V7(F) WOOC21 pedirscla -6irV7(F)WOOC22 pcdirsclos -7iLV7(F)WOOC23 pedirselas -7irV7(F)WOOC24 pedirnoslo -7irV7(F)WOOC25 pedimosla -7irV7(F)WOOC26 pedirnoslos -8ir V7(F) WOOC27 pedi rnoslas -8ir V7 (F) WOOC28 pcdfroslo -6irV7(F)WOOC29 pcdfrosla -6ir V7(F)WOOC30

pedfroslos -7irV7(F)WOOC31 pediroslas -7irV7(F)WOOC32 ped frserne -6ir V7(F) WOOC33 pcdfrscte -6irV7(F)WOOC34 pcdirsenos -7ir V7 (F) WOOC35 pedirseos -6ir V7(F) WOOC36 pedirscle -6ir V7(F) WOOC37 pedfrseles -7irV7(F)WOOC38 pidiendorne -gedirV7(F)GOOCOI ~

pidiendote -gedir V7(F)GOOC02 pidiendosc -gedir V7(F)GOOC03 pidiendonos -1 Oedir V7(F)GOOC04 pidiendoos -gedirV7(F)GOOC05 pidiendole -gediLV7(F)GOOC07 pidiendoles -lOedir V7(F)GOOC08 pidiendolo -gediL V7(F)GOOC09 pidiendola -gedirV7(F)GOOClO pidiendoos -10edirV7(F)GOOCl1 pidicndoas -lOcdir V7(F) GOOC12 pidiendornelo -1IedirV7(F)GOOC13 pidiendorncla -11edir V7(F)GOOC14 pidiendornclos -12cdir V7(F)GOOC15 pidicndornelas -12edir V7(F)GOOC16 pidiendotelo -11 edir V7(F) G00C17 pidicndotela -1IedirV7(F)GOOC18 pidicndotelos -12ediL V7(F)GOOC19 pidiendotelas -12cdir V7(F)GOOC20 pidicndoselo -] ledirV7(F)GOOC21 pidiendoscla -llediLV7(F)GOOC22 pidicndoselos -12edir V7(F)GOOC23 pidiendosclas -12cdirV7(F)GOOC24 pidicndonoslo -12cdiLV7(F)GOOC25 pidicndonosla -12edir V7(F)GOOC26 pidicndonoslos -13edir V7(F)GOOC27 pidiendonoslas l3ediLV7(F)GOOC28 pidicndooslo -11cdir V7(F)GOOC29 pidiendoosla -lledir V7(F)GOOC30 pidicndooslos -12edir V7(F)GOOC31


pidiendooslas -12edirV7(F)GOOC32 pidala -5edirV7(F)Y3sClO pidiendosemc -l1cdirV7(F)GOOC33 pidalos -6edirV7(F)Y3sCll pidiendosete -11edir V7(F)GOOC34 pfdalas -6cdir V7(F)Y3sC12 pidiendosenos -12cdir V7(F)GOOC35 pidamclo -7edir V7(F)Y3sCI3 pidiendoseos IledirV7(F)GOOC36 pidiendosclc -Iledir V7(F)GOOC37 pidiendoscles -12edir V7(F) GOOC38 pideme -5edirV7(F)Y2sCOl pfdetc -5edir V7(F) Y2sC02 pfdcnos -6cdir V7(F) Y2sC04 pidele -5edirV7(F)Y2sC07 pfdeles -6edir V7(F) Y2sC08 pfdelo -5cdir V7(F) Y2sC09 pfdela -5cdir V7(F) Y2sCI0 pfdelos -6edir V7(F) Y2sCII pfdelas -6edirV7(F)Y2sC12 pfdemelo -7cdirV7(F)Y2sC13 pidemela -7edir V7(F) Y2sC14 pidemclos -8cdirV7(F)Y2sC15 pidemelas -8edirV7(F)Y2sCI6 pidetelo -7edirV7(F)Y2sC17 pfdctcla -7edirV7(F)Y2sClS pidetelos -8cdir V7 (F) Y2sC19 pidetelas -8cdir V7( F) Y2sC20 pideselo -7cdirV7(F)Y2sC21 pfdesela -7edirV7(F)Y2sC22 pidcsclos -8edir V7(F) Y2sC23 pidcsclas -8edirV7(F)Y2sC24 pidenoslo -8edir V7(F) Y2sC25 pidcnosla -8edirV7(F)Y2sC26 pidcnoslos -9cdir V7(F) Y2sC27 pidenoslas -9cdir V7(F) Y2sC2R pfdamc -5edirV7(F)Y3sCOl pidase -5edir V7(F)Y3sC03 pidanos -6cdirV7(F)Y3sC04 pfdale -5edir V7(F) Y3sC07 pidales -6cdirV7(F)Y3sC08 pidaJo -5edir V7(F)Y3sC09

pidamela -7edirV7(F)Y3sC14 pidameos -8edir V7(F) Y3sCl5 pidamelas -8edir V7(F) Y3sC16 pfdasclo -7edirV7(F)Y3sC21 pfdascla -7edir V7(F) Y3sC22 pidasclos -8edir V7(F) Y3sC23 pfdaselas -SedirV7(F)Y3sC24 pida noslo -8edir V7(F) Y3sC25 pfdanosla -8edir V7(F) Y3sC26 pfdanoslos -gedir V7(F) Y3sC27 pldanoslas -gedir V7(F) Y3sC28 pfdaseme -7edirV7(F)Y3sC33 pfdasete -7edirV7(F)Y3sC34 pidasenos -Sedir V7(F) Y3sC35 pfdaseos -7edirV7(F)Y3sC36 pidasclc -7edirV7(F)Y3sC37 pidaseles -8cdirV7(F)Y3sC38 pidamostc -SedirV7(F)YlpC02 pidamonos -8edir V7(F)Yl pC04 pidamoos -7cdir V7 (F) YlpC05 pidamosle -8edirV7(F)YlpC07 pidamoslcs -9cdirV7(F)YlpC08 pidamoslo -8edir V7(F) YI pC09 pidamosla -8edirV7(F)YlpClO pidamosios -gedir V7(F)Yl pCIl pidamoslas -gedirV7(F)YlpC12 pidamostcJo -lOedir V7(F) YlpC17 pidamostela -lOedir V7(F) Yl pC1S pidcimostelos -lledirV7(F)YlpC19 pidamostelas -lledir V7(F)Yl pC20 pidamoselo -gedirV7(F)YlpC21 pidamosela -gedir V7(F) YlpC22 pidamoselos -lOedirV7(F)YlpC23 pidamoselas -IOcdir V7(F) YI pC24

ELECTROlIC DICTIONARY OF SPANISH 20J

pidamonosJo lOedir V7(F)YlpC25 pidamonosla -lOedirV7(F)YlpC26 pidamonoslos - [J ediLV7(F) YI pcn pidamonoslas -11edir V7(F)YlpC28 pidamooslo -gedirV7(F)YlpC29 pidamoosla -gediLV7(F)YlpC30 pidamooslos -lOediL V7(F)YlpC31 pidamooslas -1 Oedir V7(F)YlpC32 pedidme -3rV7(F)Y2pC01 pedidnos -4r V7(F) Y2pC04 pedfos -2rV7(F)Y2pC05 pedidle -3rV7(F)Y2pC07 pedidles -4r V7(F) Y2pC08 pedidlo -3rV7(F)Y2pCci9 pedidla -3rV7(F)Y2pClO pedidlos -4rV7(F)Y2pCll pedidlas -4rV7(F)Y2pCI2 pedfdmelo -6irV7(F)Y2pCI3 pcdfdmela -6ir V7(F) Y2pC14 pcdidmelos -7ir V7(F) Y2pC15 pedidmclas -7irV7(F)Y2pC16 pedfdselo -6ir V7(F)Y2pC21 pedidse la -6ir V7(F) Y2 pC22 pedfdselos -7irV7(F)Y2pC23 pedfdselas -7ir V7(F) Y2pC24 pedfdnoslo -7ir V7(F) Y2pC25 pedfdnosla -7irV7(F)Y2pC26 pedfdnoslos -8ir V7(F) Y2pC27 pedfdnoslas -8ir V7(F) Y2pC28 pcdfoslo -5irV7(F)Y2pC29

pcdfosla -Sir V7(F)Y2pC30 pedfoslos -6ir V7(F)Y2pC31 pedfoslas -6irV7(F)Y2pC32 pidanme -6edirV7(F)Y3pC01 pfdanse -6edir V7(F) Y3pC03 pfdannos -7edirV7(F)Y3pC04 pfdanle -6edir V7(F)Y3pC07 pidanles -7edir V7(F) Y3pC08 pidanlo -6edir V7(F)Y3pC09 pfdanla -6edir V7(F)Y3pClO pidanlos -7edir V7(F) Y3pCl1 pidanlas -7edirV7(F)Y3pCI2 pfdanmeio -8edirV7(F)Y3pC13 pidanmeia -8edirV7(F)Y3pC14 pfdanmelos -gedir V7(F) Y3pC15 pidanmelas -gedirV7(F)Y3pCJ6 pfdanselo -8edirV7(F)Y3pC21 pfdanseia -8edir V7(F) Y3pC22 pfdanseios -gedir V7(F) Y3pC23 pfdanselas -gedir V7(F) Y3pC24 pfdannoslo -gedir V7(F) Y3pC25 pfdannosla -gedirV7(F)Y3pC26 pfdannoslos -1 Oedir V7(F) Y3pC27 pfdannoslas -lOedirV7(F)Y3pC28 pfdanscmc -8edir V7(F) Y3pC33 pfdansete -8cdir V7(F) Y3pC34 pidansenos -gedir V7(F) Y3pC35 pfdanseos -8edirV7(F)Y3pC36 pfdanscle -8edir V7(F) Y3pC37 pfdanseles -gedir V7(F) Y3pC38

180 CARLOS SlJBIRATS-RUGGEBERG

and adjectives in their masculine andor singular form Inflected forms corshyresponding to the entries of the ED arc not listed but automatically genershyated by programs These programs usc the morphological information associated with verbs nouns and adjectives to generate all Spanish inflected forms Thus the programs2 of the ED allow for the generation of all the inflected forms in Spanish from the entries appearing in their base form

The program for the generation of verbal inflected forms as well as the program for the generation of nominal and adjectival inflected forms read the category codes which are associated to each dictionary entry If the catshyegory codes correspond to V (verb) N (noun) or AD (adjective) ie to word classes that in Spanish present inflected forms the programs consult the associated numerical code which in turn refers to the files of verbal inflection classes or to the file of nominal and adjectival inflection classes With the information contained in these files the programs generate all of the inflected verbal nominal and adjectival forms of Spanish Thus the programs automatically generate the Electronic Dictionary of Inflected Forms (EDIF henceforth) out of the ED of base forms (c Fig 1) Both generation programs specify the formal relationship of each of the genershyated forms to the corresponding base form of the ED At the same time both programs provide specific information of the following nature

(1) the program for the generation of verbal forms specifies (f Annex) (a) the properties of tense mood person and number of the forms

generated (b) the gender and number of the participles

(2) the program for the generation of nominal and adjectival forms specifies the properties of gender andor number of the forms generated

12 Choice of entries

l21 Traditional Spanish dictionaries frequently use etymological criteria to determine their entries Observe for example the various entries corresponding to the form haz in the Royal Spanish Academy (1984 voIII722) (RSA henceforth)

hazbull (Del lat ascis) m Porci()n atada de mieses lino hierbas lena u otras cosas scmejalltes 112 COlljunto de rayos luminosos de UII mismo orishygen 113 Geonl Conjunto de rectas que pasan por un punta 0 de pianos que concurren en ulla misma recta ( )



tion of nominal and

adjectival forms







182

3










l










solar3




















(1) solarVNADJ












2 Verbal morphology














amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)


amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)













(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX
















tion of nominal and

adjectival forms







182

3










l










solar3




















(1) solarVNADJ












2 Verbal morphology














amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)


amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)













(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX














182

3










l










solar3




















(1) solarVNADJ












2 Verbal morphology














amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)


amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)













(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX





















solar3




















(1) solarVNADJ












2 Verbal morphology














amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)


amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)













(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX
























(1) solarVNADJ












2 Verbal morphology














amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)


amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)













(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX






















2 Verbal morphology














amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)


amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)













(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX


























amad(me + nos)

ama(d)(os + te)


amen(me + nos

amen(se + te + os)













(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX



















(10(1) + lars))

le(s) +

se + + +
























































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX
































































[ser passive]



[estar passiveJ





[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX















[clitic movementJ


No)



[clitic climbing]









[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX



















[Ie passive]



3 Conclusion






Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX


















Authors address


NOTES








REFERENCES























Received June 61988

ANNEX



































Received June 61988

ANNEX














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