Verb Classification

Transitive verb Is the verb that is followed by a noun or pronoun that tells who or what Received the action of that verb. That noun or pronoun is called the Object Example 1: The boy is eating an apple----> Apple = object-----> Transitive = eats Example 2: Lama is reading a book----> a book = object----> is reading = transitive

Intransitive Verb Are verbs that do not have objects. This means that the verb doesn't need more than the subject to fulfill the meaning Example 1: Ali listensListens = intransitive because it is not followed by any object Example 2: Hala is a nice girlis = verbnice = adjectiveis = intransitive because it is followed by an adjective and not a noun

Ditransitive verb

A ditransitive verb is a verb which takes a subject and two objects. According to certain linguistics considerations, these objects may be called direct and indirect, or primary and secondary.

EG: ahmed gave the students an exam

An exam is the direct object, what he gave, and ’the students ' is the indirect object, the person he gave it to.

Another definition, A ditransitive verb is a type of verb that requires both a direct object and an indirect object in the sentence with it in order for the meaning of the sentence to be complete. This type of verb is typically used when something is being given or exchanged between two or more parties, as the something is the direct object and the receiver is the indirect object

s

NP

N

Ahmed

VP

V{ditanstive}

gave

NP

DET

the

N

Students

NP

DET

an

N

Exam

This sentence can be also written

Ahmed gave an exam to the students

(to ) is a preposition in this example it has joined with NP the students to form PP. The PP here is function as io

Ditransitive verbs can be made passive:The passive forms of ditransitive verbs move one object into the subject position and leave the other in the original place. Usually, however, it is the indirect rather than the direct object that is moved.

The students were given an exam by Ahmed.

Complex-transitive verbAnother class of verb is the complex-transitive verb Definition: A verb that requires both a direct object and another object or an object complement. In another word a complementation in which an object is followed by an-other element that is not an object. The complement relates to the object, not the subject.The complement is therefore an OBJECT COMPLEMENT and the shorthand version is oC.

Examples: 1-kate thought john a fool two elements are obligatory to complete the verb phrase, in these cases, two noun phrases. 2- ray told the children a story. 3-kate thought john a fool. In (2) the NPs are functioning si iO ( the children) and dO (a story). In (3) the functions are dO (john) and oC (a fool). How can you tell the difference between the two types of verb? Easy a ditransitive verb is the indirect object to take the form of either an NP or PP. if a verb is ditransitive, then the noun phrase immediately following the verb functions as the iO.

2-ray told a story to the children.3-kate thought a fool to/for john. 4-kate put the cake in the oven 5-she gave a bone to the dog there is a similarity between a sentence with complex-transitive verb and a following structure NP+PP, and a sentence with a ditransitive verb and a following structure NP+PP. what is the difference between these examples? In the first example the prepositional phrase in the oven is an object complement (oC) and in the second, the PP to the dog is an indirect object(iO). As before, a PP which functions as an iO should be able to take the form if an NP. If you try it with the examples before the result are: 4-kate put the oven the cake.5-she gave the dog a bone.

Thank you for listening

PNULiterature department