Venturi Scrubbers

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Venturi Scrubbers

• Basics • Design Parameters • Pressure Drop • Particle Collection Efficiency • Example Design Calculations

Advantages/Disadvantages • Relatively small • Simple to operate • Low capital costs • Comparable operating and

maintenance costs to esp, baghouse

• Handles sticky, flammable, corrosive PM

• Independent of particle resistivity

• Higher energy costs • Lower flow rates than esp,

baghouse (105 acfm) • Potential for downstream

corrosion and visible plumes • Produces sludge

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In the fixed-throat venturi, the gas stream enters a converging section where it is accelerated toward the throat section. Liquid droplets are also introduced into the converging section. Owing to inertia, they have a different velocity relative to the smaller particles. The particles in the gas stream are collected when they impact upon the drops.

Venturi Basics

Exhaust gas

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Liquid injection

Atomizing Spray Liquid Entrainment

5 Photos at: http://members.aol.com/apcutk/index.htm

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“Pease Anthony” design

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• All wet scrubbers produce entrained droplets.

• These droplets contain the contaminants and must be removed downstream

• This is referred to as mist elimination or entrainment separation.

• A cyclone is typically used for the small droplets generated in a venturi

Mist Eliminator

To determine if a wet scrubber system is working properly, field personnel should observe if possible: Outlet Gas Stream Opacity, but take into consideration the presence of water droplets, the Temperature Difference between the Gas Inlet and Outlet, the Liquid Flow Rate into the scrubber, and Pressure Drop changes in the wet scrubbers and mist eliminators. As with any inspection of an air pollution control device, attention must be given to the system’s: Records & Physical Condition, and Compliance with Applicable Rules. Wet scrubber systems used for air pollution control have many safety considerations including: Inhalation Hazards and Corrosive Liquids.

System Parameter Checklist

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• The pressure drop across the mist eliminator provides an excellent indicator of its physical condition

• A decrease in the pressure drop across the mist eliminator may indicate structural failure

• The performance of the mist eliminator can also be evaluated by observing the stack and areas adjacent to the stack

• Rain-out of droplets around the stack, mud-lips and discolored streaks at the stack discharge, or heavy drainage from open ports all indicate a poorly performing mist eliminator.

Mist Eliminator Performance

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Typical Venturi Scrubber Design Parameters

• Liquid to Gas Ratio (10–30 gallons/1000 acf )

• Gas Velocity at “Throat” (60 – 150 m/s)

• Gas Pressure Drop (< 80 inches H2O)

• Inlet Particle Size (>0.2 micrometers)

• Energy Consumption (4-12 Watts/cfm)

Liquid-to-Gas Ratio

• Higher L/G, higher η • L/G optimal at 7–10 gal/1000ft3

• L/G > 10 increases ∆P and operating costs

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Due to their inertia, the larger water droplets respond slowly to changes in the surrounding gas velocity, whereas the smaller pollution particles respond rapidly. The difference in velocity, the “relative velocity” causes impaction of the particles onto the droplets.

Relative Velocity

•Increased relative velocity, increased η •Highest gas velocity at center of throat (150 – 500 ft/s)

•High relative velocities in throat and downstream of throat

Pressure Drop • ∆P = 10 to 80 in. w.c. • ∆P > 45 in w.c. does not typically increase η in standard designs

13 Gonsalves, JAS et al Journal of Hazardous Materials B81 (2001) 123-140

Throat exit

Pressure Drop

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( )2waterthroat

gas

QP vQ

∆ ∝

Calvert’s Model: ( )4 25.4 10 sat throatLP x vG

ρ− ∆ =

∆P = pressure drop, inches w.c. L/G = liquid to gas ratio, gal per 1000 ft3 ρsat = saturated gas stream density, lb/ft3 vthroat = gas velocity at throat, ft/sec

In general:

Assumptions: • All liquid forms droplets • Droplet acceleration only contribution to ∆P • All droplets have no initial axial velocity • Drops reach gas velocity in throat • Flow is 1-D, incompressible, adiabatic

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satthroat

throat sat

Q Pv KA ρ

∆= =

Vthroat = gas velocity in venturi throat (ft/sec) Qsat = gas volumetric flow rate at saturated conditions (ft3/sec) Athroat = cross-sectional area of venturi throat (ft2) ∆P = pressure drop across venturi (inches H2O) ρsat = density of gas at saturated conditions (lb/ft3) K = empirical constant to account for energy losses from Calvert’s equation:

1850KLG

=

where L/G = liquid to gas ratio (gallons per 1000 ft3)

Calvert’s Model: Throat Velocity vs. ∆P

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throatthroat inlet

inlet

vA Av

=

From mass continuity of the gas, the throat area is given as:

For optimal pressure recovery, the length of the throat area is taken as 3 times the throat diameter and the length of the diverging section is > 4 times the throat diameter.

Lthroat

Ldiverging

inlet

Throat Dimensions

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Calvert’s model over-predicts pressure drop, worse for short throats

Gonsalves, JAS et al Journal of Hazardous Materials B81 (2001) 123-140

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( ) ( ) ( ) ( )21

2gas

gas gas gas dropgas eq

m f vdP v dv mv dv dxDρ

+− = + +

Gas kinetics Drop kinetics Film kinetics

LmG

= (dimensionless)

Relatively Simple Numerical Model R.H. Boll, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 12 (1973) 40 : See supplemental reading on course website

f = friction factor Deq = hydraulic diameter

Solve numerically for small dx, moving in the downstream direction while conserving mass and momentum:

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Boll’s model works better

Gonsalves, JAS et al Journal of Hazardous Materials B81 (2001) 123-140

20 EPA Handbook Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants EPA625/6-91/014 June 1991

Collection Efficiency • Main removal mechanism is impaction • Particles < 0.1 µm mainly diffusion • Efficiency decreases exponentially with

decreasing particle size

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Predicting Collection Efficiency • Manufacturer Performance Curves • Contact Power Theory • Calvert Cut Diameter Method

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Performance Curve (specific to a given venturi geometry)

EPA Handbook Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants EPA625/6-91/014 June 1991

• Reported pressure drop across venturi • Performance curve applicable to venturi • Reported collection efficiency

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Permit Application Information

Contact Power Theory

All scrubbers give the same level of particle collection at the same level of power consumption (Lapple & Kamack)

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T G L mechP P P P= + +

PT = total contact power, PG = power due to pressure drop of gas passing through the scrubber, PL = power due to the scrubber liquid atomization, and Pmech = power due to mechanical devices to increase contact, i.e., a rotor.

Lapple, C.E. and H.J. Kamack, “Performance of Wet Dust Scrubbers”, Chemical Engineering Progress, vol. 51, March 1955.

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0.157GP P= ∆

0.583L LLP pG

=

ΔP = pressure drop across venturi, in w.c. pL = liquid inlet pressure in pounds per square inch*

L/G = liquid to gas ratio in gallons per cubic feet (gal/ft3)

*0.5 – 2 psig

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( )1 exp TPβη α= − −

Davis, W.T. Ed., Air Pollution Engineering Manual (2nd Edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2000; Theodore, Louis and Anthony Buonicore, Ed., Air Pollution Control Equipment: Selection, Design, Operation, and Maintenance, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1982.

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Calvert Cut Diameter Model

( ){ }exp 1.3 0.518lncutd P= − ∆

2

1 exp ln(2) jj j

cut

dPt

dη

= − = −

( )j jPt Pt mass= ∫

Integrating over all inlet particle sizes

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This program estimates the outlet size distribution from a Venturi Scrubber operating at a specified pressure drop. Theparticle penetration estimates are based upon the empiricalmodel of Calvert et al ("Scrubber Handbook" NTIS PublicationNo. PB-213-016, NTIS, Springfield, VA, 1972)Input parameters

pressure drop (cm H2O)= 50 inlet mass conc. (g/m3) = 1.00sigma g = 1.50 MMAD (um)= 10.00 maximum throat velocity of gas (m/sec) 67.00

020406080

100

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

diameter, um

% R

em

ova

l

Calvert’s Cut Diameter Model*

*spreadsheet located on course website

Example Design Calculations


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Municipal Waste Incinerator • Stack Gas flow rate: 110,000 acfm • Stack Gas temperature: 400 F • Moisture content: 5% by volume • Dry gas MW = 29 • Particle mean size: 1 micrometer • Required efficiency: 99.9%

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Line of Maximum Possible

Humidity Value (saturated; both vapor &

liquid present)

Vapor Only Not possible


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Humidification of Inlet Gas

lb-mole water 18lb water lb-mole gas lb water0.05 =0.031lb-mole gas lb-mole water 29 lb dry gas lb dry gasinH =

sat

sat

400 FT 127

lb waterH = 0.10lb dry gas

inTF

=

=

From psychrometric chart:

Humidified air in the venturi

Air entering the venturi

5% by volume

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Entering scrubber

Leaving scrubber

Adiabatic Cooling & Humidification

As water is added upstream of the scrubber, the water evaporates, cooling the gas until it is saturated

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Venturi Scrubbers are sized based upon either the dry gas inlet volumetric flow rate or the saturated gas flow rate. Here we are using the saturated gas flow rate.

Saturated Gas Flow Rate

( )( )( )( )

460460

satsatin in w

in

dry inin gas sat in

ww

TQ Q Q

T

Q H HQ

ρ

ρ

+= +

+

−=

satin

in

w

sat

iningas

w

sat

in

QQQTT

HH

ρ

ρ

====

=

=

==

=

Saturated emission stream flow rate, acfm

Inlet emission stream flow rate, acfm

Flow rate of water vapor added, acfm

Temperature of saturated emission stream, F

Temperature of inlet emission stream, F

Density of emission stream, lb/ft3

Density of water vapor, lb/ft3

Absolute humidity of saturated emission stream, lb H2O/lb dry air

Absolute humidity of inlet emission stream, lb H2O/lb dry air

( )P MWRT

ρ =

3

P = pressure of emission stream, atmMW = molecular weight of gas, lb/lb-mole

atm-ftR = gas constant, 0.7032

T = temperature of gas, lb mole R

R− −

( )1dryin in wsQ Q B= −

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Venturi Scrubbers are sized based upon either the dry gas inlet volumetric flow rate or the saturated gas flow rate. Here we are using the saturated gas flow rate.

Saturated Gas Flow Rate

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )460 127 460

110,000 11,500 86,540460 400 460

satsatin in w

in

TQ Q Q acfm

T+ +

= + = + =+ +

( ) ( )( )( ) 3

1 atm 29 lb/lb-mole lb dry gas0.06760.7302 460 127 ftdry

P MWRT

ρ = = =+

( ) ( )1 110,000 1 0.05 104,500dryin in wsQ Q B acfm= − = − =

( )( ) ( )( )( )104,500 0.0676 0.10 0.031611,504

0.042

dry inin gas sat in

ww

Q H HQ acfm

ρ

ρ

− −= = =

( ) ( )( )( ) 3

1 atm 18 lb/lb-mole lb water vapor0.0420.7302 460 127 ftW

P MWRT

ρ = = =+

Additional flow of evaporated water vapor

Total flow of gas inside scrubber at saturated conditions.

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Venturi Scrubber Performance Curve

ΔP 47 inches w.c. at =99.9%η≅

Within suggested operating range



Although a ∆P of 47” w.c. is not typical for municipal incinerators, it is still < 80” w.c. and should work.

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satthroat

throat sat

Q Pv KA ρ

∆= =

Vthroat = gas velocity in venturi throat (ft/sec) Qsat = gas volumetric flow rate at saturated conditions (actual ft3/sec) Athroat = cross-sectional area of venturi throat (ft2) ∆P = pressure drop across venturi (inches H2O) ρsat = density of gas at saturated conditions (lb/ft3) K = empirical constant to account for energy losses from Calvert’s empirical equation:

1850KLG

=

where L/G = liquid to gas ratio (gallons per 1000 actual ft3)

Throat Velocity (used to size the scrubber)

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( )1850 1850 9.62

20K

LG

= = =

• Gas Pressure Drop (< 80 inches H2O) • Gas Velocity at “Throat” (60 – 150 m/s) • Liquid to Gas Ratio (10–30 gallons/1000 acf ) • Inlet Particle Size (>0.2 micrometers)

479.62 263 / sec0.063

satthroat

throat sat

Q Pv K ftA ρ

∆= = = =

( )286,540 5.4

263 / sec 60sec/ minsat

throatthroat

Q acfmA ftv ft

= = =

( )24throat diameter= 5.4ft = 2.6 ftπ

3

3

lb water 29 moles water ft water0.1 0.16 0.16lb dry gas 18 mole gas ft gaswsB = = =

( )3 3

3 3 3 3 3

ft water vapor lb water ft dry gas lb dry gas lb gas ( ) 1 0.16 (0.042 ) 0.84 0.0676 = 0.063ft gas ft water vapor ft gas ft dry gas ft gassat ws w ws gasB Bρ ρ ρ

= + − = +

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For optimal pressure recovery, the length of the throat area is taken as 3 times the throat diameter and the length of the diverging section is 4 times the throat diameter.

Throat and Diverging Sections

= 7.8 ft

= 10.4 ft Ldiverging

Condensation/Venturi Scrubber

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Venturi Scrubbers

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